Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
No
Days to months
Weeks to months
Yes
Short, curved, motile, gramnegative, non-sporulating rod. Strongly anaerobic, these organisms prefer alkaline and high salt environments. Gram-negative bacillus primarily noted for producing disease in horses, mules, and donkeys
Negl.
Low/Mode rate-High
1-5 days
1 or more weeks
Yes
Initial vomiting and abdominal distension with little or no fever or abdominal pain. Followed rapidly by diarrhea, which may be either mild or profuse and watery, with fluid losses exceeding 5 to 10 liters or more per day. Without treatment, death may result from severe dehydration, hypovolemia, and shock.
Therapy consists of fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antibiotics will shorten the duration of diarrhea and thereby reduce fluid losses. Tetracycline, ampicillin, or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole are most commonly used.
1.
2.
B A C T E R I A
Negl.
/ModerateHigh
10-14 days
N/A
No
N/A
Inhalational exposure produces fever, rigors, sweats, myalgia, headache, pleuritic chest pain, cervical adenopathy, splenomegaly, and generalized papular/pustular eruptions. Almost always fatal without treatment.
Few antibiotics have been evaluated in vivo. Sulfadiazine may be effective in some cases. Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and rifampin have in vitro efficacy. Extrapolating from melioidosis guidelines, a combination of TMP-SMX + ceftazidime gentamicin might be considered.
Aerosol.
High
Negl.
1-2 days
Less important because of high transmissibilit y. Unstable in aerosols and pure water, more so in polluted water. Not very stable
Yes
High fever, chills, headache, hemoptysis, and toxemia, progressing rapidly to dyspnea, sturdier, and cyanosis. Death results from respiratory failure, circulatory collapse, and a bleeding diathesis.
Early administration of antibiotics is very effective. Supportive therapy for pneumonic and septicemic forms is required.
May be delivered via contaminated vectors (fleas) causing bubonic type, or, more likely, via aerosol causing pneumonic type. Contaminated food or water
N/A
No
Symptoms usually within 2-3 days, however, known to demonstrate in as little as 12 hours or as long as 7 days.
Fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, and occasionally, traces of blood in the feces. Symptoms range from mild to severe with some infected individuals not experiencing any symptoms.
The antibiotics commonly used for treatment are ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (also known as Bactrim* or Septra*), nalidixic acid, or ciprofloxacin. Persons with mild infections will usually recover quickly without antibiotic treatment. Antidiarrheal agents such as loperamide (Imodium*) or diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil*) are likely to make the illness worse and should be avoided. Administration of anitbiotics with early treatment is very effective. Streptomycin 1 gm I. M. q. 12 hrs x 10 10-14 d. Gentamicin 3-5 mg/kg/day x 10-14 d.
Small, aerobic, non-sporulating, non-motile, gram-negative coccobacillus ~0.2x(0.2-0.7) m Rod-shaped, motile, nonsporulating gram-negative bacterium Bacterium-like, gram-negative organism, pleomorphic 300-700 nm
No
Negl.
R I C K E T T S I A E
No
1-10 days
Yes
Ulceroglandular tularemia with local ulcer and regional lymphadenopathy, fever, chills, headache, and malaise. Typhoidal or septicemic tularemia presents with fever, headache, malaise, substernal discomfort, prostration, weight loss, and non-productive cough. Sustained fever, severe headache, malaise, anorexia, a relative bradycardia, splenomegaly, nonproductive cough in the early stage of the illness, and constipation more commonly than diarrhea. Chills, retrobulbar headache, weakness, malaise and severe sweats.
Aerosol.
6-21 days
Stable
Yes
Chloramphenicol amoxicillin or TMP-SMX. Quilone derivatives and third generation cephalusporins and supportive therapy.
10-20
2 days to 2 weeks
Stable
Yes
Tetracycline or doxycycline are the treatment of choice and are given orally for 5 to 7 days.
May be a dust cloud either from a line source or a point source (downwind one-half mile or more). May be delivered via contaminated vectors (lice or fleas).
No
High/High
6-15 days
Weeks to months
No
Variable onset, often sudden. Terminates by rapid lysis after about 2 weeks of fever
Headache, chills, prostration, fever, and general pain. A macular eruption appears on the fifth to sixth day, initially on the upper trunk, followed by spread to the entire body, but usually not the face, palms, or soles.
Tetracyclines or chlormphenical orally in a loading dose of 2-3 g, followed by daily doses of 1-2 g/day in 4 divided doses until ind. becomes afelorite (usually 2 days) plus 1 day.
Encephalitis
Lipid-enveloped virions of 50-60 nm dia., icosohedral nucleocapsid w. 2 glycoproteins Negl. High/High 5-15 days 1-3 weeks Days to weeks Relatively unstable Relatively unstable Yes Inflammation of the mengies of the brain, headache, fever, dizziness, drowsiness or stupor, tremors or convulsions, muscular incoordination. Sudden Inflammation of the mengies of the brain, headache, fever, dizziness, drowsiness or stupor, tremors or convulsions, muscular incoordination. Malaise, myalgias, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur with any of the hemorrhagic fevers May also include a macular dermatologic eruption. May also include a macular dermatologic eruption. Sudden No specific treatment; supportive treatment is essential Airborne spread possible. Airborne spread possible. Airborne spread possible.
-Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis (EEE, WEE) V I R U S E S -Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Hemorrhagic Fever -Ebola Fever -Marburg -Yellow Fever Filovirus Filovirus Flavivirus. Isosahedral nucleocapsid 37-50 nm diam., lipoprotein env. w/ short surface spikes Asymmetric, brick-shaped, rounded corners; DNA virus any of the seven distinct neurotoxins produced by the bacillus, Clostridium botulinum
Low
High/Low
1-5 days
Yes
No specific treatment; supportive treatment is essential No specific treatment; intensive supportive treatment is essential
High/High
7-9 days
No No Yes
High/High
3-6 days
High
High/High
7-17 days
Stable
Yes
2-4 days
Botulinum Toxin
No
NA/High
Stable
Yes
12-72 hours
Malaise, fever, rigors, vomiting, headache, and backache. 2-3 days later lesions appear which quickly progress from macules to papules, and eventually to pustular vesicles. They are more abundant on the extremities and face, and develop synchronously. Initial signs and symptoms include ptosis, generalized weakness, lassitude, and dizziness. Diminished salivation with extreme dryness of the mouth and throat may cause complaints of a sore throat. Urinary retention or ileus may also occur. Motor symptoms usually are present early in the disease; cranial nerves are affected first with blurred vision, diplopia, ptosis, and photophobia. Bulbar nerve dysfunction causes dysarthria, dysphonia, and dysphagia. This is followed by a symmetrical, descending, progressive weakness of the extremities along with weakness of the respiratory muscles. Development of respiratory failure may be abrupt. Rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and severe diarrhea with vascular collapse; death has occurred on the third day or later. Following inhalation, one might expect nonspecific symptoms of weakness, fever, cough, and hypothermia followed by hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and nonproductive cough. In more severe cases, dyspnea and retrosternal chest pain may also be present. In many patients nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea will also occur. Victims are reported to have suffered painful skin lesions, lightheadedness, dyspnea, and a rapid onset of hemorrhage, incapacitation and death. Survivors developed a radiation-like sickness including fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, bleeding, and sepsis.
(1) Respiratory failuretracheostomy and ventilatory assistance, fatalities should be <5%. Intensive and prolonged nursing care may be required for recovery (which may take several weeks or even months). (2) Food-borne botulism and aerosol exposureequine antitoxin is probably helpful, sometimes even after onset of signs of intoxication. Administration of antitoxin is reasonable if disease has not progressed to a stable state. Use requires pretesting for sensitivity to horse serum (and desensitization for those allergic). Disadvantages include rapid clearance by immune elimination, as well as a theoretical risk of serum sickness. Management is supportive and should include maintenance of intravascular volume. Standard management for poison ingestion should be employed if intoxication is by the oral route.
2.
T O X I N
Ricin
Glycoprotein toxin (66,000 daltons) from the seed of the castor plant
No
NA/High
Hours
Days
Stable
Not effective
6-72 hours
Aerosol
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
No
NA/Low
Days to weeks
Days to weeks
Stable
Not effective
30 min-6 hours
Treatment is limited to supportive care. No specific antitoxin for human use is available.
1.
No
NA/High
Hours
Hours
Stable
Not effective
Sudden
General supportive measures are used to alleviate acute T-2 toxicoses. Prompt (within 5-60 min of exposure) soap and water wash significantly reduces the development of the localized destructive, cutaneous effects of the toxin. After oral exposure management should include standard therapy for poison ingestion.
2. 1. 2.
Page v
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION Volatility (mg/m3) 610 @ 25C Heat of Vaporization (cal/g) 79.56 Decomposition Temperature (C) 150 Flash Point Stability Median Lethal Dose (LD50) (mg-min/m3) 15,000 by skin (vapor) or 1500 (liquid); 70 inhaled 10,000 by skin (vapor) or 1700 (liquid); 35 inhaled 2,500 by skin (vapor) or 350 (liquid); 35 inhaled 2,500 by skin (vapor) or 350 (liquid); 35 inhaled 150 by skin (vapor) or 5 (liquid); 15 inhaled --Median Incapacitating Dose (ID50) <50 inhaled Eye & Skin Toxicity Very high Rate of Action Physiological Action Detoxification Rate Slight, but definite cumulative
CWC
CWC
Schedule
State @ 20C Colorless to brown liquid Colorless liquid Colorless liquid Liquid
Odor
162.3
Faintly fruity; none when pure Almost none when pure Fruity; camphor when impure Sweet; musty; peaches; shellac None
Liquid Density (g/cc) 1.073 at 25C 1.0887 at 25C 1.0222 at 25C 1.1327 at 20C 1.0083 at 20C 1.062 at 20C 1.268 @ 25C; 1.27 @ 20C 1.09 @ 20C 1.15 @ 20C 1.24 @ 20C --
78C
140.1
4.86
-56
158
80
150
Non-flammable
Stable in steel at normal temperatures Stable when pure Less stable than GA or GB Relatively stable in steel Relatively stable at room temperature Relatively stable
Very Rapid
Cessation of breath -- death may follow Cessation of breath death may follow Cessation of breath death may follow Cessation of breath death may follow Produces casualties when inhaled or absorbed Produces casualties when inhaled or absorbed Blisters; destroys tissue; injures blood cells Blisters; affects respiratory tract; destroys tissue; injures blood cells Similar to HD; bronchopneumonia possible after 24 hours Similar to HN-2
1.A.(2)
25 inhaled
Very high
Very rapid
1.A.(1)
182.178
6.33
-42
198
72.4
130
180.2
6.2
-30
239
0.044 @ 20C
438 @ 20C
90.5
---
25 inhaled
Very high
Very rapid
25 inhaled
Very high
Very rapid
1.A.(1)
1.A.(1)
267.38
211.2
Colorless to amber liquid Colorless liquid Colorless to pale yellow liquid Dark liquid
9.2
below -51
298
10.5 @ 25C
78.2 @ 25C
159C
Very high
Very rapid
None
7.29
---
256
67.2
---
---
Very high
Rapid
Distilled Mustard; HD (ClCH2CH2)2S Nitrogen Mustard; HN-1 (ClCH2CH2)2NC2H5 Nitrogen Mustard; HN-2 (ClCH2CH2)2NCH3 B L I S T E R Nitrogen Mustard; HN-3 N(CH2CH2Cl)3 Phosgene oximedichloroforoxime; CX CCl2NOH Lewisite; L ClCHCHAsCl2 Mustard-Lewisite mixture; HL Phenyldichlorarsine; PD C6H5AsCl2 Ethyldichlorarsine; ED C2H5AsCl2 Methyldichlorarsine; MD CH3AsCl2 Hydrogen cyanide; AC HCN B L O O D Cyanogen chloride; CK CNCl Arsine; SA AsH3 Phosgene; CG COCl2 Diphosgene; DP ClCOOCCl2 Diphenylchloroarsine; DA (C6H5)2AsCl Adamsite; DM C6H4(AsCl)-NH)C6H4 Deiphenylcyanoarsine; DC (C6H5)2AsCN BZ
159.08
5.4
14.45
217
94
149 177
105C; ignited by large explosive charges High enough not to interfere w/ military use High enough not to interfere w/ military use High enough not to interfere w/ military use
170.08
5.9
-34
194
0.24 @ 25C
1,520 @ 20C
77
156.07
Dark liquid
204.54
Dark liquid
5.4
-65 to -60
75 at 15mmHg 256
0.29 @ 20C
3,580 @ 25C
78.8
7.1
-37
121 @ 25C
74
Decomposes before boiling is reached Below boiling; polymerizes with heat generation Below boiling point Decomposes slowly at normal temperature >100
900 (inhaled); 5,000 by skin (vapor) or 1,400 (liquid) 1,500 (inhaled); 20,000 (skin) 3,000 (inhaled)
500 (skin); 100 (inhaled); 25 (eyes or nose) 200 by eye; 9,000 by skin <HN-1 & >HN-3; 100 by eye 200 by eye; 2,500 by skin (est.) very low
Eyes very susceptible; skin less so Eyes susceptible to low concentration; skin less so Toxic to eyes; blisters skin Eyes very susceptible; skin less so Powerful irritant to eyes and nose; liquid corrosive to skin Severe eye damage; skin less so Very high
3
Delayed: hours to days Delayed: 12 hours or longer Skin delayed 12 hrs or more; Eyes faster than HD Serious effects same as HD; minor effects sooner Immediate effects on contact Rapid
low, essentially cumulative low, essentially cumulative Very low cumulative Not detoxified; cumulative Not detoxified; cumulative Not detoxified cumulative ---
1.A.(3)
1.A.(4)
1.A.(6)
Unstable
1.A.(6)
Stable
1.A.(6)
113.94
207.35
Colorless solid or liquid Colorless to brownish Dark, oily liquid Colorless liquid Colorless liquid Colorless liquid Colorless gas or liquid Colorless gas or liquid Colorless gas Colorless gas Colorless gas White to brown solid Yellow to green solid White to pink solid White crystal Solid Liquid Liquid
3.9
35 to 40
53 54 at 28mmHg 190
1,800 @ 20C
101 at 40C
---
Decomposes slowly Stable in steel and glass Stable in lacquered steel Very stable
7.1
1.89 @ 20C 1.66 @ 20C 1.65 @ 20C 1.66 @ 20C 1.836 @ 20C 0.687 @ 20C 1.18 @ 20C 1.34 @ 20C 1.37 @ 20C 1.65 @ 20C 1.387 @ 50C 1.65 (solid) @ 20C 1.3338 @ 35C Bulk 0.51 solid; Crystal 1.33 1.318 (solid) @ 20C 1.40 @ 20C 1.47 @ 20C 1.14 @ 20C 1.47 @ 25C 1.04 @ 20C --1.66
-18
4,480 @ 20C
58 at 0C to 190C 58 to 94
None
1,2001,500 (inhaled); 100,000 (skin) 15,000 (inhaled); >10,000 (skin) 2,600 (inhaled)
186.4
6.5
-25.4 (pure)
<190
0.248@ 20C
2,730 @ 20C
>100
High enough not to interfere w/ military use High enough not to interfere w/ military use High enough not to interfere w/ military use High enough not to interfere w/ military use
222.91
None
7.7
-20
0.033 @ 25C
390 @ 25C
69
Stable to boiling point Stable to boiling point Stable to boiling point >65.5
174.88
6.0
-65
2.09 @ 20C
20,000 @ 20C
52.5
Stable in steel
<300 by eye; >1,500 to 2,000 by skin 200 by eye; 1,500 to 2,000 by skin 16 as vomiting agent; 1,800 as blister 5 to 10 by inhalation 25 by inhalation
Violently irritates mucous membranes, eyes, and nose; forms wheals rapidly Similar to HD, plus may cause systemic poisoning Similar to HD, plus may cause systemic poisoning Irritates; causes nausea, vomiting and blisters Damages respiratory tract; effects eyes; blisters; can cause systemic poisoning Irritates respiratory tract; Injures lungs and eyes; Causes systemic poisoning Interferes with body tissues oxygen use; accelerates rate of breathing Chokes, irritates, causes slow breathing rate Damages blood, liver, and kidneys Damages and floods lungs Damages and floods lungs Like cold symptoms, plus headache, vomiting, nausea Like cold symptoms, plus headache, vomiting, nausea Like cold symptoms, plus headache, vomiting, nausea Fast heart beat, vomiting, dry mouth, blurred vision, stupor, increasing random activity Causes tearing; irritates eyes and respiratory tract Cause tearing; irritates eyes and respiratory tract Vomiting and choking agent as well as a tear agent Powerfully lacrimatory
Not detoxified
1.A.(5)
160.86
5.5
-55
133
7.76 @ 20C
74,900 @ 20C
49
Stable in steel
633 mg-min/m produces eye casualty; less toxic to skin Vapor harmful on long exposure; liquid blisters <L Eye damage possible; blisters less than HD Moderate
Prompt stinging; blistering agent about 13 hours Immediate eye effects; skin effects in 30 to 60 minutes Immediate irritation; delayed blistering Immediate irritation; delayed blistering Very rapid
Not detoxified
1.A.(4); 1.A.(5)
Probably rapid
Rapid
Rapid
27.02
Bitter almonds
-13.3
25.7
1,080,000 @ 25C 2,600,000 @ 20C 30,900,000 @ 20C 4,300,000 @ 7.6C 45,000 @ 20C 48 @ 45C
233
61.48
77.93
-6.9
12.8
103
100
None
2.69
-116
-62.5
280
CHOKING
3.4 6.8
Forms little vapor Forms little vapor Forms little vapor
Stable if pure; can burn on explosion Tends to polymerize; may explode Not stable in uncoated metal containers Stable in steel if dry Unstable; tends to convert to CG Stable if pure
3.A.(3)
Very rapid
3.A.(2)
5,000
2,500
Delayed 2 hours to 11 days Immediate to 3 hr. depending on conc. Immediate to 3 hr. depending on conc. Very rapid
3.A.(1) 3.A.(1)
V O M I T I N G
Incapacitating
277.57
None
195
410
Negligible
80
>boiling point
None
255.0
31.5 to 35
350
2.8 @ 20C
71.1
Low
10,000 (est.)
Very rapid
More rapid than DM or DA Delayed; 1 to 4 hours depending on exposure Instantaneous Instantaneous Instantaneous
337.4
11.6
167.5
320
0.5 @ 70C
62.9
246C
200,000 (est.)
---
---
2.A.(3)
5.3 4.4 ~5
54 0.23 2
248 variable, 60 to 247 variable, 60 to 247 variable 75 to 247 Decomp oses at 242 310 to 315 335 112
98 n/a n/a
Stable to boiling point Stable to boiling point Stable to boiling point >247
80 80 60
Temporarily severe eye irritation; mild skin irritation Temporarily severe eye irritation; mild skin irritation
None None
119.7
Liquid
Benzene
~4
-7 to -30
196
Soured fruit
6.7
25.5
n/a
<4.44C
Adequate
11,000 (est.)
80
115 @ 20C
79.5 @ 20C
60 to 242
None
188.5
Pepper
---
93 to 95
0.71 @ 25C
53.6
---
197C
30
Temporarily severe eye irritation; mild skin irritation Irritating; not toxic
Instantaneous
Instantaneous
61,000
10 to 20
Highly irritating; not toxic Highly irritating; not toxic Highly irritating
Instantaneous
195.25 164.38
Liquid
6.7 5.6
72 -69
-----
-->400
--2,000
0.15 9
Instantaneous Instantaneous
Irritates skin, eyes, nose, and throat Acts as tear, vomiting, and choking agent
Moderate Slow
3.A.(4)
U.S. Department of the Army, Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds, U.S. Army Field Manual 3-9, (NAVFAC P-467, AFR 355-7), 12 December 1990. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council. 1997. Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical Warfare Agents. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
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