characteristic imp

source free region with current and charge densities 0

These are all peak formulas....rms formulas will hav 1/2 owing to root2 of current and voltage each

so gamma changes only in phase as we go away frm load...remember const VSWR circle...

Note that gamma L might be complex in itself...but then again at dist x mag is stillm| gammaL|

horn dimentions

Any mention of power reflection and transmission percentage points to gamma

Isotropic radiator: Pt is power fed to antenna (Pdelivered ) via tx line or w/g

Electric Field at dist R from antenna

Deciding where far field lies

use to calculate max electric field at a certein distance

n0=377 ohm

For antenna same as any other load

Condition for cutoff freq of antenna and hence BW(11% reflection) Use RL chart

DIPOLE1.64 is the derived standard gain

for a dipole

This follows from BW in each of the planes

Rough estimate of 3dB Beamwidth
for High gain Ant(use K1~70 o )...D is aperture dimention in plane in consideration

Parabolic antenna: Effective area for 55% efficiency

Parabolic Antenna Gain and HPBW(expect a few thousands of magnitude)

HORN gain

Step#1

Step#2^^
Plug in step#5This is not gain...its susceptance
PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN>>

The only parameters given e.g. are these

No gain constraints but matching is priority

Step#6 Matching to 50 ohm line with Qwave txfrmr(which is again uStrip..so use wheeler for w/h) keep h same as tht of patch length of Qwave is offcourse lambdag /4 Step#3 Step#5Get Rin from this

gain in terms of effective aperture Circular Horn Design

Step#4Length of patch Gain is prod of DIRmax and aperture efficiency, hence a more coplete discription of its performance Illustration 1: Circular Horn

Directivity

power density for nonisot radiator

Ii=indi mag.//phi= feed phase progression(0,phi, 2*phi...)

3dB BW With Halfwavelength Spacing(good 2 avoid grating ie sidelobes)

In fig below, theta0 is the phase front(corres to line joining all equiphase pts)...and logically by varying phi, we get diff theta0

Array factor...2d array has 2 product of such summ terms

___________________________________________________________________________________

imp: o/p noise of 1st stage in cascade sys this is then I/p to stage 2

Take loss as -ve in dB gain domain

MDS at o/p....at i/p its just kTB in dBm +3dB intermodulation freqs at o/p of a mixer

Illustration 2: spurius freq,,,

Illustration 3: Power amp

regenerative mixer type freq divider

Microwave Couplers

NOISE

#2: pwr density near target

#4capture by radar

#3 RCS
#4 backscatter

#1Wave leaves radar:

above is relation betn aperture and gain #6: a combined version finally with Gt=Gr=G #5max distance by substituting min allowed pwr

#7: replace Aer with formula in Gr

#8:Si(min) is nothing but MDS

Illustration B=BW of radar

Pulse radar formulae

Chapter6

Numerator is difference betn the carr pwr nd noise pwr at freq fm near carr... FM and phase both noises produce noise sidebands arnd carr amount of FM(or Phase) noise present is written wrt. Carr always ie dBc(ie similar 2 calculating dBm except that one has to norm wrt carr pwr here by takin 10log)

Illustration 4: To improve the stability, one can use (1) highQcircuits to build the oscillators (examples are waveguide cavities, dielectric resonators,or superconducting resonators=cavities); (2) temperature compensation circuits;or (3) phase-locked oscillators or frequency synthesizersFEEDDWD AMP: Used to avoid IM products in amp: basically produces -ve IM1 and IM2 frm signal itself and then adds them 2 signal 2 cancel IM1 and IM2

For a VCO with vtg range in deno.

Crystal Equivalent ckt formulae

colpitt's crystal osc:a)series b) || resonant config....used as reference for PLOs

R=c*tR/2...tR is shown and found as= (freq variatn/slope) ie x=y/m slope is 2*deltaF*fm.....hence tR is fR/slope

fR is middle of (average) two fb s we get

while doppler shift is found like this

find velocity from fd...note that this is cosine of actual velocity

parallelly

An error signal will be generated if the antenna beam is not exactly on the target. This error signal will be used to control a servomotor to align the antenna to the target. There are three methods for generating the error signal for tracking: 1. Sequential lobing 2. Conical scan 3. Monopulse

Sequential lobing....whichever voltage is greater move antt towards tht side

beam rotated at Wm....if its not aligned, return s/g is AM

power divided betn 2 or 4 antenna....alignment results only if all antt recieve same vtg...2 antt give only 1D tracking 4 antt give 2D tracking

Illustration 5: Friss for Link Budget..Lsys includes antenna feed mismatch, pointing error, atmospheric loss, and polarization loss

it can be seen that the range is doubled if the output power is increased four times. In the radar system, it would require the output power be increased by 16 times to double the operating distance Also it can be seen that the receiver output SNR ratio can be increased if the transmission distance is reduced. The increase in transmitting power or antenna gain will also enhance the output SNR ratio as expected

Steps to Friis

deriving space loss(atmospheric loss is diff from space loss)

Deriving BPSK BER

BPSK constellation

Hence it can be said that BER performance of any system is probability that noise will take value so high as to make RV N+Si go into region of other symbol Sj

We plot Pe vs Eb/No...Eb/No is one valued description of channel and conditions in general High Eb/No ie S/g energy results in better performance and vice versa...thats why graph is decreasing for all modula schemes Pe will depend on Euclidean Distance between symbol points in constellation

Illustration 7: ASK

Illustration 8: BFSK

Modulation and more

Illustration 9: BPSK

Illustration 6: if n is no of symbols and M is number of bits, then M is B/W efficiency(M not to be confu with privious use of M)

Practical purposes due to BER performance^^ thats why we dont go for infinite -ary modulation

So, knowing capacity and bandwidth, one can find wat maximum M-ary system can be used...as we know, as M increases constellation becomes crowded and probability of error increases