420

CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS

and so Equation 8 becomes

9

y y

a a

f x dx

u du

f x dx

(a) If f is even, then f

a a

f u so Equation 9 gives

f x dx u

f u du

f x dx

2 y f x dx
a 0

(b) If f is odd, then f

f u and so Equation 9 gives

y
y

a a

f x dx

f u du

f x dx

_a
a _a

0
a 0

Theorem 7 is illustrated by Figure 4. For the case where f is positive and even, part (a) says that the area under y f x from a to a is twice the area from 0 to a because of symmetry. Recall that an integral xab f x dx can be expressed as the area above the x-axis and below y f x minus the area below the axis and above the curve. Thus, part (b) says the integral is 0 because the areas cancel.
EXAMPLE 10 Since f x

(a) even, j dx=2j dx

y _a 0 a x

x6 x6

1 satises f 1 dx 2 y x6
2 0

f x , it is even and so 1 dx

2 2

2 1 x7 7
EXAMPLE 11 Since f x

2 0

2(128 7

2) x

284 7

(b) odd, j dx=0

_a

tan x

1
1 1

x2

x 4 satises f 0

f x , it is odd

and so

FIGURE 4

y Exercises
744

tan x dx x2 x4

|||| 5.5
16
||||

Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution. u

10

||||

Evaluate the indenite integral.

2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

y cos 3x dx, yx4 yx y y ye

3x u u sx u u

7.

y 2x x y
3x

3 4 dx 2
20

8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18.

yx y y y y yy

x3

5 9 dx x 6 dx

x2

dx,

4 x3

x2 1

9. 11. 13.

dx dx

sx 3

1 dx, u

sin sx dx , sx 4 1
sin

y s1 y5 y

1 x 3x 3 1

4x 2x 2

x x2 x x2 1 5t
3

1 1 4

dx

dx

dx dt 1 dy

2x

dx,

1 sin

2x
15. 17.

2y

dy

2.7

cos d ,

y s4

t dt

s2y 4

SECTION 5.5 THE SUBSTITUTION RULE

421

19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29. 31.

y sin y y
ln x x

t dt
2

20. 22. 24.

y sec 2 y1
1

tan 2 d

55. 57.

y y y y y y y y
2 1

6 6

tan3 d

56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 68.

y y y y y y y y

dx 2x xe
2 2 2 x2

3 dx

dx

tan x dx x2 x3
5 2

e1 x dx x2
3

cos st dt st sin
6

y sx sin 1 y
1
cos t

dx d

59. 61. 63.

0 13

sin d cos2 dx
3 s1

x 2 sin x dx 1 x6

y cos ye
x

26. 28. 30. 32.

tan

sec

0 2

2x

0 4

cos x sin sin x dx x dx

s1 z
2

e x dx dz

ye

sin t dt ax
2

1 e4

x sx dx x sln x dx x x sx 2

1 dx

y s1
3

z3

y sax ye y y
x

b 2bx dx

s1

2x

dx

65. 67. 69.

1 2

e 4

0 a

y x ln x y scot x csc x dx
2

dx

ex 1

sin 1x dx s1 x 2 x 2 dx a 2 dx

0 a

0 a

x sa 2 x sx 2

33. 35. 37. 39. 40.

34. 36. 38.

cos x dx x2 1
3

a 2 dx

70.

y cot x dx y sec3x tan x dx yx

a

sin x dx cos2x 1 x 5 dx

y sx 3
1

; 7172
71. y

|||| Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the region that lies under the given curve. Then nd the exact area.

s2x 2 sin x

1, 0

1 x

sb

cx
2

a 1

dx

0, a

72. y

sin 2x, 0

y sin t sec y1
1 x 2

cos t dt
42. 44.

73. Evaluate x 2 2 x

41. 43.

x dx x2 dx

x 1 x4 x2 x

dx dx

3 s4 x 2 dx by writing it as a sum of two integrals and interpreting one of those integrals in terms of an area. x 4 dx by making a substitution and interpreting the resulting integral in terms of an area.

y sx
4

y s1

1 74. Evaluate x0 x s1

75. Which of the following areas are equal? Why?

y y y

; 45 48

|||| Evaluate the indenite integral. Illustrate and check that your answer is reasonable by graphing both the function and its antiderivative (take C 0).

y=2x
x y=e

y=e sinxsin2x

45. 47.

3x 3x 2
3

1 2x 1
4

dx

46. 48.

y sx y tan

x
2

1 sec

dx
0 1x 0 1x 0 1

y sin x cos x dx

x 2

76. A bacteria population starts with 400 bacteria and grows at a

4970

||||

Evaluate the denite integral, if it exists. 1

25

rate of r t 450.268 e1.12567t bacteria per hour. How many bacteria will there be after three hours?
77. Breathing is cyclic and a full respiratory cycle from the begin-

49. 51. 53.

y y y

0 1

x x2 1

dx
5

50.

y y y

0 s

s4

3x dx

2x 3

dx

52. 54.

x cos x 2 dx csc t cot t dt

0 1 2

sec 2 t 4 dt

1 6

ning of inhalation to the end of exhalation takes about 5 s. The maximum rate of air ow into the lungs is about 0.5 L s. This 1 explains, in part, why the function f t 2 sin 2 t 5 has often been used to model the rate of air ow into the lungs. Use this model to nd the volume of inhaled air in the lungs at time t.

422

CHAPTER 5 INTEGRALS

78. Alabama Instruments Company has set up a production line to

manufacture a new calculator. The rate of production of these calculators after t weeks is dx dt 5000 1 100 t 10
2

For the case where f x 0 and 0 a b, draw a diagram to interpret this equation geometrically as an equality of areas.
82. If f is continuous on

, prove that c dx

calculators week

f x

b c

a c

f x dx

(Notice that production approaches 5000 per week as time goes on, but the initial production is lower because of the workers unfamiliarity with the new techniques.) Find the number of calculators produced from the beginning of the third week to the end of the fourth week.
79. If f is continuous and y f x dx
4 0

0, draw a diagram to interpret this For the case where f x equation geometrically as an equality of areas.
83. If a and b are positive numbers, show that

xa 1

x b dx

xb 1

x a dx

10, nd y f 2x dx.
2 0

84. Use the substitution u

x to show that 2

80. If f is continuous and y f x dx

9 0

4, nd y x f x 2 dx.
3 0

x f sin x dx

f sin x dx

81. If f is continuous on

, prove that x dx

85. Use Exercise 84 to evaluate the integral

a

f x dx

x sin x dx cos2x

|||| 5.6

The Logarithm Defined as an Integral

Our treatment of exponential and logarithmic functions until now has relied on our intuition, which is based on numerical and visual evidence. (See Sections 1.5, 1.6, and 3.1.) Here we use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to give an alternative treatment that provides a surer footing for these functions. Instead of starting with a x and dening log a x as its inverse, this time we start by dening ln x as an integral and then dene the exponential function as its inverse. In this section you should bear in mind that we do not use any of our previous denitions and results concerning exponential and logarithmic functions.

The Natural Logarithm

y

We rst dene ln x as an integral.

y= 1 t

1
area=lnx

Definition The natural logarithmic function is the function dened by

ln x
0 1 x t

1 dt t

FIGURE 1
y

The existence of this function depends on the fact that the integral of a continuous function always exists. If x 1, then ln x can be interpreted geometrically as the area under the hyperbola y 1 t from t 1 to t x. (See Figure 1.) For x 1, we have
area=_ lnx y= 1 t

ln 1

y
1 dt t

1 dt t

0
1

For 0

1,

ln x

1 dt t

FIGURE 2

and so ln x is the negative of the area shown in Figure 2.