CH1

Unit 1 Forces and Motion
ARE YOU READY?

(Pages 23) NOTE: Answers may vary. Students can revisit their answers as they progress through the unit.
Knowledge and Understanding

1. The car accelerates to the right for the first 2.0 s, then moves with a constant velocity for 3.0 s, and then slows to a stop in the final 2.0 s. 2. (a) Starting at A, the dog moves east, then south, then west, and finally north. (b) 56 m (c) 0.0 m (d) 3.5 m/s (e) 0.0 m/s 3. Set A represents the motion of the falling ball because the ball undergoes constant acceleration, so the distance it travels increases with each successive time interval. 4. (a) At A, the force of gravity is pulling downward and the force of the board on the diver is pushing upward. At B, only the downward force of gravity is acting on the diver. (b) The required diagram is shown below.
(c) The force of gravity is the non-contact force because it acts on a body without needing to be in contact with the body. 5. For A: For B: A = lw B =r 2 = (3.0 m)(1.8 m) 2 2.7 m A = 5.4 m2 = 2 B = 5.7 m 2 6. The travel times are all equal (20 s). Car N has the highest velocity because it travels 80 m in 20 s (which is a velocity of 4 m/s). Car M has a velocity of 2 m/s, and car L has a velocity of 1 m/s. 7. Finding the slope of the line: rise slope = run 4 m/s [S] 4 m/s [S] = 8s slope = 0 m/s The slope represents the acceleration, which in this case is zero. Finding the area under the line: area = lw = (4 m/s [S])(8 s) = 32 m [S] area = 3 101 m [S] The area represents the change of position or the displacement from t = 0 s to t = 8 s. NOTE: Students can choose either one or two significant digits. The concepts of significant digits and rounding off calculated answers will be addressed early in Chapter 1.
Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning Unit 1 Are You Ready? 1
Inquiry and Communication

8. (a) The density determined by Group A is the most reasonable. (b) When rounded off to two significant digits, Group B has the same value as Group A. However, stating an experimental measurement to six significant digits does not make sense. Group C is the only group with a density greater than 1.0 g/mL. Likely their value is the reciprocal of what it should be. Group D has the same basic numerical value as Groups A and B, but their value would be the density of a gas. Likely they meant to write 0.76 g/mL. 9. To determine velocity, both the distance travelled and the time interval to travel that distance are needed. These measurements can be determined using a metric measuring tape and a stopwatch as the jogger runs from one marked distance position to another. Then velocity = . time 10. (a) The motion is occurring at a constant velocity because in each 1.0 s time interval the distance covered is 4.0 m. (b) See the graph below.
(c) Several sets of data points can be used to calculate the velocity. One example is: distance speed = time 4.0 m = 1.0 s speed = 4.0 m/s
CHAPTER 1 MOTION
Try This Activity: Comparing Velocities
(Page 5) (a) Answers may vary, but a typical arrangement with estimated values is: D: 10 000 km/h, B: 1000 km/h, A: 10 km/h, C: 1 km/h (b) A: 3 km/h; B: 8.5 102 km/h; C: 1.0 km/h; D: 1.38 104 km/h (c) Answers will depend on the predictions. To improve skills of estimating average velocities, students could learn more about approximate distances between places (on maps or a globe), learn the approximate range of velocities of various vehicles, and practise various estimations.
1.1 MOTION IN OUR LIVES

PRACTICE
(Pages 68)
Understanding Concepts
1. (a) (c) (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) (b)
2
The rubber stopper is accelerating under gravity as it falls. The rocket must accelerate from rest while rising from the launch pad. The motorcycle slows (decelerates) as the brakes are applied, bringing the motorcycle to rest. 12 ms, (b) 500 MHz, (e) 15 cm2, (f) 50 mL are all scalar quantities. None of these have directions associated with them. scalar quantities: velocity, distance, time, mass, grade (inclination), frequency, area other scalar quantities: volume, electrical current, sound intensity, luminosity
Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning
Inquiry and Communication

8. (a) The density determined by Group A is the most reasonable. (b) When rounded off to two significant digits, Group B has the same value as Group A. However, stating an experimental measurement to six significant digits does not make sense. Group C is the only group with a density greater than 1.0 g/mL. Likely their value is the reciprocal of what it should be. Group D has the same basic numerical value as Groups A and B, but their value would be the density of a gas. Likely they meant to write 0.76 g/mL. 9. To determine velocity, both the distance travelled and the time interval to travel that distance are needed. These measurements can be determined using a metric measuring tape and a stopwatch as the jogger runs from one marked distance position to another. Then velocity = . time 10. (a) The motion is occurring at a constant velocity because in each 1.0 s time interval the distance covered is 4.0 m. (b) See the graph below.
(c) Several sets of data points can be used to calculate the velocity. One example is: distance speed = time 4.0 m = 1.0 s speed = 4.0 m/s
CHAPTER 1 MOTION
Try This Activity: Comparing Velocities
(Page 5) (a) Answers may vary, but a typical arrangement with estimated values is: D: 10 000 km/h, B: 1000 km/h, A: 10 km/h, C: 1 km/h (b) A: 3 km/h; B: 8.5 102 km/h; C: 1.0 km/h; D: 1.38 104 km/h (c) Answers will depend on the predictions. To improve skills of estimating average velocities, students could learn more about approximate distances between places (on maps or a globe), learn the approximate range of velocities of various vehicles, and practise various estimations.
1.1 MOTION IN OUR LIVES

PRACTICE
(Pages 68)
1. (a) (c) (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) (b)
2
The rubber stopper is accelerating under gravity as it falls. The rocket must accelerate from rest while rising from the launch pad. The motorcycle slows (decelerates) as the brakes are applied, bringing the motorcycle to rest. 12 ms, (b) 500 MHz, (e) 15 cm2, (f) 50 mL are all scalar quantities. None of these have directions associated with them. scalar quantities: velocity, distance, time, mass, grade (inclination), frequency, area other scalar quantities: volume, electrical current, sound intensity, luminosity
4. The distance from the equator to the geographic North Pole (10 million metres) is imprecise because the exact location of these positions cannot be known to absolute precision (and may change slightly with time). The second, as originally defined (86 400 s for Earth to rotate once on its own axis), changes over the course of time. The length of the day is not constant due to the gravitational drag the Sun places on Earth, slowing its rotation. 5. Surface area is measured in m2, derived from metres metres; volume is measured in m3, derived from metres metres metres. d 6. d = 42.2 = 4.22 104 m vav = t = 3 h 53 min 17 s t = 3(3600 s) + 53(60 s) + 17 s 4.22 104 m t = 13 997 s = 13 997 s vav = ? vav = 3.01 m/s 3.0 m = 3.0 10 km
3
1.0s = 3.0 m / s =
1 3600h 3.0 103 km 1 3600 h
=10.9 km / h The average velocity is 3.01 m/s or 10.9 km/h. 7. d = 38 cm d vav = d = 0.38 m t t = 1.9 107 s 0.38 m = vav = ? 1.9 10 7 s vav = 2.0 106 m/s The average velocity of the electrons is 2.0 106 m/s. d 8. d = vav(t), t = vav 9. d = 3.8 105 m vav = 9.5 103 m/s t=? t= = d vav 3.8 105 m 9.5 103 m/s
t = 4.0 107 s t = 2.5 s vav = 480 m/s d=? d = 1800 m vav = 24 m/s t=? d = vav(t) = 480 m/s(2.5 s) d = 1.2 103 m t= = d vav
1800 m 24 m/s t = 75 s d = vav(t) 10. vav = 28 cm/s t = 0.20 s = 28 cm/s (0.20 s) d=? d = 5.6 cm Blood will travel a distance of 5.6 cm in the aorta in 0.20 s.
Chapter 1 Motion
11. vav = 1.6 103 km/h d = 2r = 2(3.14)(6.5 103 km) d = 4.08 104 km t=? It will take 26 h to complete the trip.
t= =
d vav 4.08 10 4 km 1.6 103 km/h
t = 26 h
Activity 1.1.1 Calibrating a Ticker-Tape Timer

(Page 10)
Analysis
(a) Most timers operate at a frequency of 60.0 Hz, which corresponds to a period of 0.0167 s. Students results should be expressed to two significant digits and are acceptable if they are within about 15% of the accepted values. (b) Answers will depend on the calculated values. (c) The major source of error in this activity is human reaction time. The student operating the stopwatch will have a difficult time starting and stopping the watch at the exact instants required. Another major source of error is the overlapping of dots at the start of the motion where a few dots may be difficult or impossible to distinguish. Yet another source of error could occur if the timer is not working properly; it could be double dotting or skipping dots.
PRACTICE
(Page 10)
12. (a) f = 60.0 Hz T=? T= = 1 f
1 60 Hz T = 1.67 102 s The period of the spark timer is 1.67 102 s. (b) f = 30.0 Hz 1 T= T=? f 1 = 30.0 Hz T = 3.33 10 2 s The period of the spark timer is 3.33 102 s. 13. T = 0.10 s 1 f= f=? T 1 = 0.10 s f =1.0 101 Hz The frequency of the spark timer is 1.0 101 Hz.
Section 1.1 Questions

(Page 11)
1. d =3.9 km + 180.2 km + 42.2 km d = 226.3 km (2.263 105 m) t = 8 h 17 min 17 s = 8 h (3600 s/h) + 17 min (60 s/min) + 17 s t = 29 837 s vav =? vav = = d t
2.263 105 m 29 837 s = 7.584 m/s vav = 27.30 km/h
(1.0 m/s = 3.6 km/h) The winners average velocity was 7.584 m/s or 27.30 km/h. d = vav(t) 2. (a) v =3.00 108 m/s (velocity of light) t =1.00 s = 3.00 108 m/s (1.00 s) d =? d = 3.00 108 m Light travels a distance of 3.0 108 m in a time of 1.00 s. d = vav(t) (b) v = 3.00 108 m/s t = 1.00 ms = 3.00 108 m/s(1.00 103 s) 3 d = 3.00 105 m. = 1.00 10 s 5 Light travels a distance of 3.00 10 m in a time of 1.00 ms. 3. Estimated distance: d = 5.0 103 km = 5.0 106 m d t= Estimated average walking velocity: vav = 1.5 m/s vav t=? 5.0 106 m = 1.5 m/s = 3.3 106 s t = 38 d Walking non-stop, it would take about 38 d to walk across Canada.
Applying Inquiry Skills

4. (a) One could measure the distance travelled by the tip of the golf club as it moves through the arc. This is the value of d. By counting the number of separate images and knowing the period of the stroboscopes flash, the total time for the swing is determined by the number of intervals (number of images minus one) multiplied by the period of the d stroboscope. This is the value of t. The average velocity is calculated by using the equation vav = . t (b) The slowest instantaneous velocity occurs when the distance between successive images is the least. The fastest instantaneous velocity occurs when this distance is the greatest (as the club is striking the ball). In both cases, the d velocities can be calculated using vav = , where d = distance travelled and t = time taken (period of strobe). t 5. (a) 138 dots represent 137 complete vibrations (cycles). The time interval is t = 2.50 s. 137 frequency: f = = 54.8 Hz 2.50 s (b) measured frequency: 54.8 Hz; true frequency: 60.0 Hz experimental accepted % error = 100 accepted = 54.8 Hz 60.0 Hz 60.0 Hz 100
% error = 8.7% The experimental error is 8.7%.
Chapter 1 Motion
Making Connections
6. The cars odometer measures the distance travelled. Its speedometer measures the instantaneous velocity. 7. Sign (d) is the best because it indicates the maximum allowed velocity (as opposed to a possible interpretation of velocity as average velocity). Second, the unit of km/h is proper SI form. The unit kph is not recognized and the velocity of 60 omits units completely.
1.2 UNIFORM MOTION

PRACTICE
(Pages 1214)
1. An object that falls straight down experiences linear motion but not uniform motion because it is accelerating as it falls. 2. d1 = 2.1 m [S] d = d2 d1 = 9.7 m [S] 2.1 m [S] d2 = 9.7 m [S] d = 7.6 m [S] d =? The curling rocks displacement is 7.6 m [S]. 3. d1 = 2.8 m [W] d = d2 d1 = 12.6 m [E] 2.8 m [W] d2 = 12.6 m [E] d = 15.4 m [E] d =? The dogs required displacement is 15.4 m [E]. 4. (a) d1 = 0.0 m d = d2 d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] 0.0 m d2 = 4.4 m [fwd] d = 4.4 m [fwd] d =? (b) d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] d2 = 8.8 m [fwd] d =? (c) d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] d2 = 13.2 m [fwd] d =? 5. They are the same. 6. d = 50.0 m [fwd] t = 16.9 s v av = ? d = d2 d1 = 8.8 m [fwd] 4.4 m [fwd] d = 4.4 m [fwd] d = d2 d1 = 13.2 m [fwd] 4.4 m [fwd] d = 8.8 m [fwd] vav = d t 50.0 m [fwd] = 16.9 s
vav = 2.96 m/s [fwd] The athletes average velocity was 2.96 m/s [fwd]. d 7. d = v av (t), t = vav 8. v av = 2.4 mm/s [fwd] d = v av (t) t = 140 s = 2.4 mm/s [fwd](140 s) d =? = 3.4 102 mm [fwd] d = 34 cm [fwd] The snails displacement was 34 cm [fwd]. 9. v av = 20.8 m/s [fwd] (assumed) d t = d = 178 m [fwd] vav t = ? 178 m [fwd] = 20.8 m/s [fwd] t = 8.56 s It would take the record holder 8.56 s.
6 Unit 1 Forces and Motion Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning
Making Connections
6. The cars odometer measures the distance travelled. Its speedometer measures the instantaneous velocity. 7. Sign (d) is the best because it indicates the maximum allowed velocity (as opposed to a possible interpretation of velocity as average velocity). Second, the unit of km/h is proper SI form. The unit kph is not recognized and the velocity of 60 omits units completely.
1.2 UNIFORM MOTION

PRACTICE
(Pages 1214)
1. An object that falls straight down experiences linear motion but not uniform motion because it is accelerating as it falls. 2. d1 = 2.1 m [S] d = d2 d1 = 9.7 m [S] 2.1 m [S] d2 = 9.7 m [S] d = 7.6 m [S] d =? The curling rocks displacement is 7.6 m [S]. 3. d1 = 2.8 m [W] d = d2 d1 = 12.6 m [E] 2.8 m [W] d2 = 12.6 m [E] d = 15.4 m [E] d =? The dogs required displacement is 15.4 m [E]. 4. (a) d1 = 0.0 m d = d2 d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] 0.0 m d2 = 4.4 m [fwd] d = 4.4 m [fwd] d =? (b) d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] d2 = 8.8 m [fwd] d =? (c) d1 = 4.4 m [fwd] d2 = 13.2 m [fwd] d =? 5. They are the same. 6. d = 50.0 m [fwd] t = 16.9 s v av = ? d = d2 d1 = 8.8 m [fwd] 4.4 m [fwd] d = 4.4 m [fwd] d = d2 d1 = 13.2 m [fwd] 4.4 m [fwd] d = 8.8 m [fwd] vav = d t 50.0 m [fwd] = 16.9 s
vav = 2.96 m/s [fwd] The athletes average velocity was 2.96 m/s [fwd]. d 7. d = v av (t), t = vav 8. v av = 2.4 mm/s [fwd] d = v av (t) t = 140 s = 2.4 mm/s [fwd](140 s) d =? = 3.4 102 mm [fwd] d = 34 cm [fwd] The snails displacement was 34 cm [fwd]. 9. v av = 20.8 m/s [fwd] (assumed) d t = d = 178 m [fwd] vav t = ? 178 m [fwd] = 20.8 m/s [fwd] t = 8.56 s It would take the record holder 8.56 s.
6 Unit 1 Forces and Motion Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning
Try This Activity: Attempting Uniform Motion

(Page 14) (a) If the motion is uniform, the position-time graph is a straight line with a positive or negative slope. (The corresponding velocity-time graph is a straight horizontal line.) (b) It is fairly easy to use a battery-powered toy vehicle or a glider on an air table to produce uniform velocity; however, in both cases, the moving object should be on a level surface to prevent slowing down or speeding up. It is much more difficult for a person to create uniform motion; in fact, it is impossible when starting or stopping. Walking backwards is also a problem.
PRACTICE
(Pages 1516)
d t 36 m [W] = 2.0 s m = 18 m/s [W] The slope from 2.0 s to 4.0 s is the same as the slope of the entire line. 11. (a) Position (m [S]) Time (s) 0.0 0.0 2 1.0 9.3 10 3 2.0 1.86 10 3 3.0 2.79 10 3 4.0 3.72 10 3 5.0 4.65 10 3 6.0 5.58 10 3 7.0 6.51 10 3 8.0 7.44 10 3 9.0 8.37 10 3 10.0 9.30 10 4 11.0 1.023 10 4 12.0 1.116 10 (b) m= 10. d = 108 m [W] 72 m [W] d = 36 m [W] t = 2.0 s m=?
(c) slope: m =
d t 4 1.116 10 m [S] 12.0 s = m = 9.3 102 m/s [S] All line segments have the same slope, indicating that the velocity is constant.
Chapter 1 Motion 7
(d)
(e) area = length width = 9.3 102 m/s [S] (12.0 s) area = 1.1 104 m [S] This area represents the jets displacement during the time interval. d 12. (a) m = t 15.0 m [E] = 0.10 s m = 1.5 102 m/s [E] d (b) m = t 5.0 m [E] = 0.10s m = 5.0 101 m/s [E] d (c) m = t 10.0 m [W] = 0.20s m = 5.0 101 m/s [W] 13. (a) d = area under graph = 40.0 m/s [N](3.0 s) d = 1.2 102 m [N] (b) d = area under graph = 30.0 m/s [N](4.0 s) d = 1.2 102 m [N] (c) d = area under graph = 15.0 m/s [N](8.0 s) = 1.2 102 m [N] d = 1.2 102 m [S]

(Pages 1718)
1. (a) The slope of a line on a positiontime graph represents average velocity. (b) The area under a line on a velocitytime graph represents displacement. 2. The magnitude of the slope of the line on a positiontime graph and the magnitude of the velocity of the motion are equivalent. 3. (a) The runners average velocity should be greater in the 60.0-m sprint than in the 50.0-m sprint since the athlete is able to maintain the top velocity for a greater distance (and time). This assumes the period of acceleration from the start of the race to the top velocity is the same for both sprints.
d t 50.0 m = 5.96s v av = 8.39 m/s [E] 60.0-m sprint: d v av = d = 60.0 m [E] t t = 6.92 s 60.0 m = v av = ? 6.92s v av = 8.67 m/s [E] The runner has a greater average velocity when competing in the 60.0 m sprint. 4. v av = 3.30 km/h [W] d t = 3 d = 8.00 10 km [W] v av 3 t = ? 8.00 10 km[W] = 3.30 km / h[W] = 2.42 103 h t = 101 d, 0.2 h The Kon-Tiki expedition took 101 d, 0.2 h to complete. 5. d = 110.0 m [fwd] d t = v av = 8.50 m/s [fwd] v av t = ? 110.0 m [fwd] = 8.50 m / s [fwd] t = 12.9 s The hurdle race would take 12.9 s to complete. 6. v av = 90.0 km/h [E] = 25 m/s [E] d = v av ( t ) t = 1.0 s (the time interval between the first and second riders) = 25 m/s [E](1.0 s) d = ? d = 25 m [E] (or 2.5 102 km [E]) The second rider has a displacement of 25 m [W] of the first rider (and slightly south as well, being in the other lane). v av =
(b) 50.0-m sprint: d = 50.0 m [E] t = 5.96 s v av = ?

7. (a) Puck A has the higher average velocity because it travels farther than puck B during the same time interval. (b) Time (s) dB (m[fwd]) dA (m[fwd]) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.00 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 0.00 0.90 1.95 3.10 4.30 5.45 6.65
(c) Puck A appears to travel with uniform motion. All points fall along a straight line on the positiontime graph. Puck B appears not to travel with uniform motion. When a line of best fit is drawn, not all points fall on the line. This indicates that puck B does not always travel equal distances in equal time intervals. The puck may have encountered wrinkles in the paper that could have affected the motion.
Chapter 1 Motion
(d) average velocity = slope of positiontime graph. d slope = t 7.50 cm [fwd] = 0.60s slope = 12 cm/s [fwd] (or 12.5 cm/s [fwd] if 3 significant digits are carried) (e) area under graph: A=lw = 0.60 s(12.5 cm/s [fwd]) A = 7.5 cm [fwd] This area represents the displacement of puck A during the recorded time interval. (f) sources of error: - imprecise measurements of distances using the ruler - unknown precision of the period of the spark timer - imprecision involved with the plotting of data on the positiontime graph - factors that could have influenced the motion of the pucks include: - contact with the paper on the air table - motion of the pucks restricted by the air hoses - ambient air currents affecting pucks
1.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

PRACTICE
(Pages 1923)
2. If the vectors are added in any order, the resultant is the same. For example, if the vectors are added in the reverse order as shown below: 8.0 km [W] + 4.0 km [S] + 5.0 km [E]
3. (b)
d1 = 26 m [N] d2 = 36 m [E] dR = ? (dR)2 = (d1)2 + (d2)2 dR = (d1 ) +(d2 )

2 2
= (26 m) 2 + (36 m) 2 dR = 44 m The resultant displacement is 44 m [36N of E]
d = tan1 2 dR d1 36 m = tan1 26 m
= 54
10
(d) average velocity = slope of positiontime graph. d slope = t 7.50 cm [fwd] = 0.60s slope = 12 cm/s [fwd] (or 12.5 cm/s [fwd] if 3 significant digits are carried) (e) area under graph: A=lw = 0.60 s(12.5 cm/s [fwd]) A = 7.5 cm [fwd] This area represents the displacement of puck A during the recorded time interval. (f) sources of error: - imprecise measurements of distances using the ruler - unknown precision of the period of the spark timer - imprecision involved with the plotting of data on the positiontime graph - factors that could have influenced the motion of the pucks include: - contact with the paper on the air table - motion of the pucks restricted by the air hoses - ambient air currents affecting pucks
1.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

PRACTICE
(Pages 1923)
2. If the vectors are added in any order, the resultant is the same. For example, if the vectors are added in the reverse order as shown below: 8.0 km [W] + 4.0 km [S] + 5.0 km [E]
3. (b)
d1 = 26 m [N] d2 = 36 m [E] dR = ? (dR)2 = (d1)2 + (d2)2 dR = (d1 ) +(d2 )

2 2
= (26 m) 2 + (36 m) 2 dR = 44 m The resultant displacement is 44 m [36N of E]
d = tan1 2 dR d1 36 m = tan1 26 m
= 54
10
4. (a)
d1 = 34 m [N] d2 = 46 m [W] t = 1.5 min t = 90.0 s (dR)2 = (d1)2 + (d2)2 dR = (d1 ) +(d2 )
2 2
46 m [E]
= (34 m) 2 + (46 m) 2 dR = 57 m dR d = tan1 2 d1 46m = tan1 34 m 34 m [N]
= 54 The resultant displacement is 57 m [36N of W]. d (b) d = 34 m + 46 m vav = d = 80 m t 80 m t = 90.0 s = vav = ? 90.0 s vav = 0.89 m/s The average velocity is 0.89 m/s. dR (c) d R = 57.2 m [36N of W] v av = t t = 90.0 s 57.2 m [36 N of W] = 90.0 s
v av = 0.64 m/s [36 N of W] The average velocity is 0.64 m/s [36N of W]. 5. (a) d = 100 m (half the circumference of d vav = the circular track) t t = 13 s 100m = vav = ? 13s vav = 7.7 m/s The average velocity is 7.7 m/s. (b) d = 63.7 m [E] (the diameter of the circular track: C = d) d v av = t = 13 s t 63.7 m [E] = 13s v av = 4.9 m/s [E] The average velocity is 4.9 m/s [E]. v WS 6. v CW = 3.2 m/s [N] v WS = 2.3 m/s [E] v CS = ? v CS v CW v CS = v CW + v WS = 3.2 m/s [N] + 2.3 m/s [E] = 3.9 m/s [36E of N] (from Pythagoras Theorem and trigonometry) The velocity of the canoe relative to the shore is 3.9 m/s [36E of N]. v BA
Chapter 1 Motion
11
7.
v BA = 22 km/h [E] v AG = 15 km/h [S] v BG = ?
v BG
v AG
v BG = v BA + v AG = 22 km/h [E] + 15 km/h [S] v BG = 27 km/h [34S of E] (from Pythagoras Theorem and trigonometry) The velocity of the blimp relative to the ground is 27 km/h [34S of E].
Making Connections
8. The passenger is likely more concerned with the planes ground velocity because this is what determines how long the trip will takethe velocity of the plane relative to the ground.

(Page 24)
1. (a) The magnitude of the displacement of an object from its original position can never exceed the total distance moved because the displacement is represented by the straight line joining the two endpoints of the motion. This is necessarily the shortest distance between these two positions. (b) The total distance moved will exceed the magnitude of the objects displacement provided the object doesnt travel in a straight line between the two positions. d 2. (a) d = 32 m + 46 m vav = = 78 m t t = 2.7 s 78 m = 2.7 s vav = 29 m/s (or 1.0 102 km/h) The cheetahs average velocity is 29 m/s. 1 46 m (b) d R = (46 cm) 2 + (32cm) 2 = tan 32 m d R = 56 m = 55 dR = 56 m [55W of N] t = 2.7 s dR t 56 m [55W of N] = 2.7s v av = 21 m/s [55W of N] 3. (a) d = 35 cm + 15 cm + 22 cm = 72 cm t = 1.50 ms = 1.50 103 s v av =
vav = =
d t 72 cm
1.50 103 s = 4.8 104 cm/s The air molecules average velocity is 4.8 104 cm/s.
12
(b) d R =
(47 cm) + (15 cm)
15 = tan1 47
d R = 49.3 cm vav = = dR t 49.3 cm [18S of E] 1.50 10 s

3 4
= 18
vav = 3.3 10 cm / s [18S of E] dR = 49.3 cm [18S of E] t = 1.50 ms t = 1.50 103 s (only 2 significant digits are allowed) v AB and v BA are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. An airplane should fly west, into the wind. In this way, its velocity relative to the air is still large enough to provide sufficient lift and its velocity relative to the ground is small enough to make stopping possible with a shorter distance than if it went the other way.
4.
Making Connections
7.
1.4 UNIFORM ACCELERATION

PRACTICE
(Page 26)
1. Data sets (a) and (d) show acceleration with increasing velocity for the entire time. Data set (b) shows acceleration for the first part of the interval, followed by constant velocity. Data set (c) shows a constant velocity (no acceleration). Data set (e) shows a constant acceleration but the object is slowing down (decreasing velocity). 2. (a) The object has a uniform acceleration (increasing velocity) for the first interval, then maintains a constant velocity throughout the second interval. (b) The object has a constant velocity for the first interval, then maintains a constant acceleration with decreasing velocity during the second interval. (c) The object has a uniform acceleration of moderate magnitude during the first interval and then has another uniform acceleration of greater magnitude during the second interval. The velocity is increasing uniformly during each of the intervals, but with a greater rate during the second interval.
Try This Activity: Analyzing Motion Graphs

(Page 26) (a) Using up the ramp as positive, the graphs for the motion are shown in Figure 1. Students predictions may differ.
Figure 1
Chapter 1 Motion
13
(b) d R =
(47 cm) + (15 cm)
15 = tan1 47
d R = 49.3 cm vav = = dR t 49.3 cm [18S of E] 1.50 10 s

3 4
= 18
vav = 3.3 10 cm / s [18S of E] dR = 49.3 cm [18S of E] t = 1.50 ms t = 1.50 103 s (only 2 significant digits are allowed) v AB and v BA are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. An airplane should fly west, into the wind. In this way, its velocity relative to the air is still large enough to provide sufficient lift and its velocity relative to the ground is small enough to make stopping possible with a shorter distance than if it went the other way.
4.
Making Connections
7.
1.4 UNIFORM ACCELERATION

PRACTICE
(Page 26)
1. Data sets (a) and (d) show acceleration with increasing velocity for the entire time. Data set (b) shows acceleration for the first part of the interval, followed by constant velocity. Data set (c) shows a constant velocity (no acceleration). Data set (e) shows a constant acceleration but the object is slowing down (decreasing velocity). 2. (a) The object has a uniform acceleration (increasing velocity) for the first interval, then maintains a constant velocity throughout the second interval. (b) The object has a constant velocity for the first interval, then maintains a constant acceleration with decreasing velocity during the second interval. (c) The object has a uniform acceleration of moderate magnitude during the first interval and then has another uniform acceleration of greater magnitude during the second interval. The velocity is increasing uniformly during each of the intervals, but with a greater rate during the second interval.
Try This Activity: Analyzing Motion Graphs

(Page 26) (a) Using up the ramp as positive, the graphs for the motion are shown in Figure 1. Students predictions may differ.
Figure 1
Chapter 1 Motion
13
(b) Using down the ramp as positive, the graphs for the motion are shown in Figure 2. Again, students predictions may differ.
Figure 2 (c) Refer to Figures 1 and 2.
PRACTICE
(Page 28)
3. v i = 0.0 km/h v f = 265 km/h [fwd] t = 2.0 s aav = ?
aav =
vf vi t 265km / h [fwd] 0.0 km / h = 2.0 s 2 = 1.3 10 km/h/s [fwd] aav = 37 m/s2 [fwd]
265 km/h = (265/3.6) m/s The acceleration of the jet was 37 m/s2 [fwd]. 4. (a) vf = v i + aav t (b) v i = v f aav t v vi (c) t = f a av 5. (a) v f = 93 m/s [E] v i = v f aav t aav = 8.5 m/s2 [E] = 93 m/s [E] 8.5 m/s2 [E](4.0 s) v i = 59 m/s [E] t = 4.0 s vi = ? (b) v i = 15 m/s [E] v f = v i + aav t aav = 0.50 m/s2 [E] = 15 m/s [E] + 0.50 m/s2 [E](120 s) v f = 75 m/s [E] t = 120 s vf = ? v f vi (c) v f = 12 m/s [E] t = v i = 24 m/s [E] aav aav = 0.20 m/s2 [E] 12m / s [E] 24 m / s [E] = 0.20 m / s2 [E] t = 6.0 101 s v vi 6. v f = 1.0 103 m/s [up] t = f a av v i = 1.0 104 m/s [up] 4 3 aav = 31 m/s2 [up] (1.0 10 m / s [up] 1.0 10 m / s [up] = 2 31m / s [up] 2 t = 2.9 10 s The acceleration of the rocket would last 2.9 102 s.
14
7.
v i = 90.0 km/h [W] aav = 4.00 (km/h)/s [W] v f = 0.0 km/h t = ?
vf vi a av 0.0 km / h 90.0 km / h [W] = -4.00 (km / h) / s [W] t = 22.5 s Since the truck must be stopped in 20.0 s and it will take 22.5 s to reach the stalled car, there will be a collision. t =
8.
Alternative Method: Find the velocity of the truck after 20.0 s: v i = 90.0 (km/h) [W] vf = v i + a av t = 90.0 km/h [W] + (4.00 (km/h)/s [W])(20.0 s) aav = 4.00 (km/h)/s [W] vf = 10.0 km/h [W] t = 20.0 s vf = ? Since the truck is still moving after 20.0 s, a collision will occur. v f = 0.0 m/s v i = v f aav t aav = 9.8 m/s2 [down] = 0.0 m/s 9.8 m/s2 [down](2.2 s) = 22 m/s [down] t = 2.2 s v i = 22 m/s [up] The ball must leave the throwers hand with a velocity of 22 m/s [up].
Try This Activity: Student Accelerometers

(Page 29) (a) Probably most students will be able to predict what will happen to each type of accelerometer. Expect only a brief explanation since a full explanation is not possible without involving Newtons first law of motion, presented in Chapter 2. (b) As each device accelerates to the right, the indicator will move toward the left relative to the device itself. Thus, the stopper will be at an angle to the left of the vertical, the liquids will be higher on the left side than the right side, and the beads will move up and to the left.
PRACTICE
(Pages 3031, 33)
10. (a) The velocity at 0.40 s is 2.0 m/s[E] and at 0.80 s the velocity is 1.0 m/s [E] as read directly from the graph. vf vi (b) aav = t 0.0 m / s 6.0 m / s [E] = 0.60 s aav = 1.0 101 m/s2 [E] (or 1.0 101 m/s2 [W]) v vi (c) aav = f t 4.0 m / s [E] 0.0 m / s = 0.80s 2 aav = 5.0 m/s [E] v vi (d) aav = f t 3.0 m / s [E]1.0 m / s [E] = 0.40 s aav = 5.0 m/s2 [E]
Chapter 1 Motion
15
11.
VelocityTime
12.
first gear: v aav = t 48 km / h [fwd] = 4.0 s aav = 12 (km/h)/s [fwd] third gear: v aav = t 32 km / h [fwd] = 17.6 s aav = 1.8 (km/h)/s [fwd]
second gear: v aav = t 48 km / h [fwd] = 8.9 s aav = 5.4 (km/h)/s [fwd] braking: v aav = t 128km / h [fwd] = 4.7 s aav = 27 (km/h)/s [fwd] (or 27 (km/h)/s [backward])
13. (a)
(b)
Slopes of tangents: at t = 0.0 s, slope = 0.0 m/s; at t = 2.0 s, slope = 8.0 m/s; at t = 4.0 s, slope = 16.0 m/s; at t = 6.0 s, slope = 24.0 m/s; at t = 8.0 s, slope = 32.0 m/s
(c)
(d)
16
(e) Area under the velocitytime graph: bh A= 2 8.0 s (32 m/s [N]) = 2 = 128.0 m [N] (significant digits ignored) = 1.3 102 m [N] (significant digits used) This represents the objects displacement.
Area under the accelerationtime graph: A =lw = 8.0 s (4.0 m/s2 [N]) = 32 m/s [N] This represents the objects change in velocity.
Investigation 1.4.1 Attempting Uniform Acceleration

(Page 33)
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation involves studying the type of motion exhibited by a cart rolling down a ramp.
Question
What type of motion (uniform motion, uniform acceleration, or nonuniform acceleration) is experienced by a cart moving down an inclined plane?
Hypothesis/Prediction
If friction is limited, a cart will move with uniform motion if directed along a flat surface. It is predicted that a cart will experience uniform acceleration if allowed to roll freely down an inclined plane.
Design
A ticker-tape timer is used to record the motion of the cart as it rolls down an inclined plane. An analysis of the tape, including plotting position-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs will reveal the motion of the cart.
Materials
ticker-tape timer and ticker tape dynamics cart one 2-m board books clamp masking tape metre stick calibrated in millimetres
Procedure
1. An inclined plane was constructed using a 2-m board supported at one end by several books. The height of the plane was approximately 10 cm. 2. The ticker tape was taped to the back of the cart and the timer was secured to the top of the ramp using the clamp. The timer produced 60 dots per second. 3. Once the timer was activated, the cart was allowed to roll down the ramp and stopped at the bottom. The ticker tape was allowed to move freely through the timer. 4. The timer was turned off and the tape inspected to ensure a clear pattern of dots was produced. 5. A clear dot was chosen near the beginning of the tape to serve as the reference point at time zero. Intervals representing tenths of seconds were marked on the tape (every 6 dots) for the next 0.1 s. 6. The position of the cart with respect to the reference point was measured and recorded in a data table of position and time. 7. The equipment was dismantled and returned.
Observations
Since the cart was at rest when released and moving at the bottom of the inclined plane, it must have accelerated. The motion appeared to be smooth, the velocity gradually increasing as the cart moved down the inclined plane. The measurements were made and recorded in Table 1.
Chapter 1 Motion
17
Table 1 Position and Time Position (cm) Time (s) 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.10 6.0 0.20 9.8 0.30 14.0 0.40 18.7 0.50 24.0 0.60 29.7 0.70 36.0 0.80 42.8 0.90 50.0 1.00
Analysis
(a) Using the observations, a position-time graph was plotted and smooth curve drawn to join the points. See Figure 3: PositionTime.
Figure 3 (c) Tangents were drawn every 0.20 s along the curve beginning with 0.0 s. The slopes of these tangents represent the instantaneous velocity at these specific times. They are recorded in Table 2: Instantaneous Velocity and Time. The slope of the tangent was calculated as follows: instantaneous velocity: rise slope of tangent = run 23 cm = 0.5s slope of tangent = 46 cm/s Table 2 Instantaneous Velocity and Time Instantaneous velocity (cm/s) Time (s) 26 0.00 34 0.20 46 0.40 55 0.60 66 0.80 74 1.00
(d) The values in Table 2 of the carts velocity at various times were used to plot a velocitytime graph. See Figure 4: Instantaneous Velocity Time. This graph was a straight line (of best fit). Its slope was taken to determine the acceleration of the cart along the inclined plane. The acceleration was calculated as follows: acceleration = slope of velocitytime graph rise = run 50 (cm / s) = 1.0 s acceleration = 50 cm/s2
Figure 4
18
(e) The area under the velocitytime graph corresponds to the distance the cart travels during the recorded time interval. The area was calculated as follows: bh area of triangle + area of rectangle = + 1(w) 2 1.0 s (50 cm/s) + 1.0 s (25 cm/s) = 2 area of triangle + area of rectangle = 50 cm When the value of the area (cm) is compared with the value of the distance traveled by the cart as measured from the ticker tape during the same interval (cm), they are found to be equal. (f) (g) Since the velocitytime graph indicates a uniform acceleration, the corresponding accelerationtime graph is a horizontal line at a = 50 cm/s2. See Figure 5: Acceleration Time.
Figure 5
Evaluation
(h) (i) This investigation shows that a cart rolling down an inclined plane experiences uniform acceleration. This is supported by all three graphs. The positiontime graph shows a smooth curve, the velocity time graph shows a straight diagonal line and the accelerationtime graph shows a straight horizontal line; all of which are indicative of uniform acceleration. The prediction was supported by this evidence. (j) (k) The sources of experimental error and uncertainty include the dots on the ticker tape itself. It was assumed the timer 1 was producing a dot every s on a consistent basis. The first dot was chosen as the first clear dot and did not 60 correspond to the cart at a position of rest. This explains why the velocitytime graph did not pass through the origin. The cart was already in motion at the time zero chosen for this investigation. There are uncertainties with all distance measurements produced by the calibrations on the metre stick and the judgement of those taking the measurements. There are uncertainties as well with the position of the tangents on the positiontime graph. Their placements were the best judgement of the person plotting them. As such, the values for the instantaneous velocity are similarly affected as a result. There is some friction present in this investigation, both between the cart and the ramp and between the ticker tape and the timer. This will affect the motion of the cart. However, if the friction is relatively constant throughout, the acceleration should be relatively constant as well. When the area under the graph was compared to the distance the cart travels in the same time interval, the values were found to be equal.
Synthesis
(l) Assume that the cart started from rest (vi = 0.0 cm/s) and in a particular time interval (t) it travels a measured distance (d), both values determined from the ticker tape. The carts average velocity can be determined by the expression: d v= . This value of the average velocity would correspond to the carts instantaneous velocity at the midpoint of the t entire interval provided the cart is experiencing uniform acceleration. The defining expression for acceleration: v vi a= f can then be used to determine the carts acceleration. The value of t is one half the entire time interval used t to determine the carts average velocity.
Chapter 1 Motion
19

(Pages 3637)
1. (a) The object accelerates uniformly and then maintains a constant velocity. (b) The object decelerates uniformly. (c) The object accelerates uniformly: then maintains a constant velocity: then decelerates to rest and immediately reverses direction while maintaining the same acceleration (now speeding up in the opposite direction): finally decelerating to rest. 2. (a) instantaneous velocity (b) average acceleration (c) change in velocity 3. An object that is moving in the eastward direction while decelerating will have an eastward velocity and a westward acceleration. 4. v = 281 km/h [fwd] v v aav = aav = = 78.1 m/s [fwd] t t t = 6.0 s 281 km/h [fwd] 78.1 m/s [fwd] = = 6.0 s 6.0s aav = 47 (km/h)/s [fwd] a = 13 m/s 2 [fwd] 5. The motorcycles acceleration is 47 (km/h)/s [fwd] or 13 m/s2 [fwd]. vf = v i + aav t v i = 8.0 km/h [fwd] = 8.0 km/h [fwd] + 35.3 (km/h)/s [fwd] (4.3 s) aav = 35.3 (km/h)/s [fwd] 2 vf = 1.6 10 km/h [fwd] t = 4.3 s vf = ? The coasters maximum velocity is 1.6 102 km/h [fwd]. vf = 37 m/s [fwd] v i = vf aav (t) aav = 46 m/s2 [fwd] = 37 m/s [fwd] (46 m/s2 [fwd])(0.80 s) v i = 74 m/s [fwd] t = 0.80 s vi = ? The birdies initial velocity was 74 m/s [fwd]. (b) instantaneous velocities: at t = 0.0 s, slope of tangent = 0.0 mm/s [W], at t = 0.10 s, slope of tangent = 60.0 mm/s [W] at t = 0.20 s, slope of tangent = 1.2 102 mm/s [W] at t = 0.30 s, slope of tangent = 1.80 102 mm/s [W] at t = 0.40 s, slope of tangent = 2.40 102 mm/s [W]
av
6.
7. (a)
20
(c) v (mm/s [W]) 0.0 60.0 2 1.20 10 2 1.80 10 2 2.40 10 t (s) 0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
(d) The straight line on the velocitytime graph indicates a uniform acceleration. aav = slope of velocity versus time graph 2.40 102 mm / s [W] = 0.40 s aav = 6.0 102 mm/s2 [W] (e) Area under velocitytime graph bh A= 2 0.40 s(2.4 10 2 mm / s [W]) = 2 A = 48 mm [W] Area under accelerationtime graph: A=lw = 0.40 s(6.0 102 mm/s [W]) A = 2.4 102 mm/s [W] 8. (a) The cart is moving to the right and accelerating OR the cart is moving to the left and decelerating. (b) The cart is moving to the left and accelerating OR the cart is moving to the right and decelerating. (c) The cart is moving to the left and accelerating OR the cart is moving to the right and decelerating.
Making Connections
9. (a) v i = 125 m/s [up] vf = 344 m/s [up] t = 2.30 s
vf v i t (344 m / s [up] 125 m / s [up]) = 2.30 s aav = 95.2 m/s2 [up] (b) The danger the astronauts experience is the inability for their hearts to continue to pump oxygenated blood to their brains, resulting in a loss of consciousness. 10. It is difficult to draw tangents to curves. To minimize this difficulty, take a short time interval centred on the point at which the tangent is to be drawn. This small section of the curve is nearly a straight line. By extending this line, the tangent is accurately drawn. (See diagram at right.) aav =
Chapter 1 Motion
21
1.5 ACCELERATION NEAR EARTHS SURFACE

Try This Activity: A Vertical Accelerometer
(Page 38) (a), (c) The readings will be 1 g in all three cases. (b), (c) The reading will be greater than 1 g when the accelerometer is thrust upward and will be zero if the accelerometer is dropped vertically so it falls freely downward. (d) The device can be used to determine the acceleration at various positions on rides at the amusement park.
PRACTICE
(Page 38)
vf = v i + aav (t) 1. (a) v i = 0.0 m/s = 0.0 m/s + 9.8 m/s2 [] (3.0 s) aav = 9.8 m/s2 [] vf = 29 m/s [] t = 3.0 s The stuntmans velocity after 3.0 s was 29 m/s []. vf = v i + aav (t) (b) v i = 0.0 m/s = 0.0 m/s + 9.8 m/s2 [] (6.0 s) aav = 9.8 m/s2 [] vf = 59 m/s [] t = 6.0 s The stuntmans velocity after 6.0 s was 59 m/s []. vf = v i + aav (t) 2. (a) v i = 4.0 m/s [] = 4.0 m/s [] + 9.8 m/s2 [] (2.2 s) aav = 9.8 m/s2 [] vf = 18 m/s [] t = 2.2 s The stones velocity is 18 m/s [] if thrown upward. vf = v i + aav (t) (b) v i = 4.0 m/s [] = 4.0 m/s [] + 9.8 m/s2 [] (2.2 s) aav = 9.8 m/s2 [] vf = 26 m/s [] t = 2.2 s The stones velocity is 26 m/s [] if thrown downward.
Investigation 1.5.1 Acceleration Due to Gravity

(Pages 3940)
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation is to measure the acceleration of objects of different masses falling freely in the classroom, and compare the values to the known acceleration due to gravity on Earth.
Question
What type of motion is experienced by a free-falling object?
Hypothesis/Prediction
(a) An object will accelerate when it falls freely through the air. It will accelerate a little less than 9.8 m/s2 due to friction with air. The value of the acceleration will be the same regardless of the mass of the object.
Design
A picket fence is allowed to free-fall through a photogate connected to a computer interphase with and without a rubber stopper attached. The software produces position-time and velocity-time graphs.
Materials

22
picket fence with photogate computer interphase software one single hole rubber stopper string
masking tape metric ruler piece of foam
Procedure
1. The photogate was set up at the edge of a bench approximately one metre above the floor. It was connected to the interphase box which was connected to the computer. 2. A square piece of foam was placed directly below the photogate to cushion the picket fence. 3. The distance between the leading edges of the picket fence was measured. 4. The interphase was enabled and the picket fence was dropped straight through the photogate. 5. A single-hole rubber stopper was attached to the bottom of the picket fence using a short piece of string and together they were dropped through the photogate.
Observations
Students will submit a position-time graph and a velocity-time graph computer print-out. These will ideally reflect the answers to analysis questions that follow.
Analysis
(b) (c) (d) (e) The position-time graph is a smooth curve, parabolic in shape, which represents uniform acceleration. The velocity-time graph is a straight line with a positive slope, which describes uniform acceleration. The slope of the line on the velocity-time graph indicates an average acceleration of 9.6 m/s2. The motion is a uniform acceleration. The average acceleration of the picket fence is 9.6 m/s2.
Evaluation
(f) The computer samples position-time data several times per second and calculates the velocities at several instants. Thus, these are instantaneous velocities. (g) Evidence for uniform acceleration comes from a smooth parabolic curve of the position-time graph, a straight line with a constant slope on the velocity-time graph, or a straight horizontal line on the acceleration-time graph. (h) A freely falling object experiences uniform acceleration with an average value of 9.8 m/s2 on Earths surface. 9.6 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 % error = 9.8 m/s 2 % error = 2% The percent error is 2%. My predictions were correct to within 2% of the accepted value. Sources of error included mistakes in measuring the distance between the leading edges of the bands of the fence. Another source of error involves dropping the picket fence at an angle to the vertical. The acceleration in free-fall is independent of the mass of the falling object. One way to improve the accuracy of the measurement between the leading edges of the picket fence is to measure the distance between, for example, 8 pickets, then divide by 8 to get the distance between subsequent leading edges. Better care taken when releasing the picket fence to make sure that it does not fall at an angle or discounting trials where the fence falls at an angle by mistake.
(i) (j) (k) (l)
PRACTICE
(Page 41)
3. VelocityTime
Chapter 1 Motion
23

(Page 42)
1. (a) Downward is positive.
(b) Upward is positive.
2. (a) Plot a positiontime graph as shown and take two tangents that represent velocities at two particular times. By applying the acceleration equation, the acceleration of gravity on the Moon can be determined. Slope of tangent at t = 0.400 s : vi = 0.64 m/s [down] Slope of tangent at t = 1.200 s : vf = 1.92 m/s [down] t = 1.200 s 0.400 s t = 0.800 s v vi aav = f t 1.92 m/s [down] 0.64 m/s [down] = 0.800 s 2 aav = 1.6 m/s [down] (b) Since there is no atmosphere on the Moon, falling objects do not reach a terminal velocity due to a lack of air resistance. All objects will accelerate at the same rate: 1.6 m/s2 [down]. 3. When driving a car, deceleration rates while braking are generally greater than acceleration rates while accelerating. Yellow and red traffic lights often catch drivers by surprise. When playing sports that require jumping, the acceleration upward is much less than the deceleration rate upon landing.
24
4. See graph below.
5. Without the airbag: v i = 28 m/s [fwd] vf = 0.0 m/s t = 0.10 s aav = ? v vi aav = f t 0.0 m/s 28 m/s [fwd] = 0.10 s aav = 2.8 102 m/s 2 [fwd] (or 2.8 102 m / s 2 [bkwd]) The airbag decreases the deceleration rate by a factor of 3.
With the airbag: v i = 28 m/s [fwd] vf = 0.0 m/s t = 0.30 s aav = ? vf v i aav = t 0.0 m / s 28 m / s [fwd] = 0.30 s aav = 93 m / s [fwd] (or 93 m/s2 [bkwd])
2

6. If both experiments are done well, the results should be identical (or nearly so). Experimental errors, even limited ones, can have an effect on the results. 7. See diagram of apparatus. Explanation: If the apparatus accelerates upward, the spring will extend. If the apparatus accelerates downward, the spring will compress (shorten). The amount of stretch in the spring, when stationary, corresponds to the force of gravity. Twice the stretch will correspond to twice that force (or to an acceleration twice that of the normal acceleration due to gravity). Once calibrated in this way, this accelerometer can measure vertical accelerations.
1.6 SOLVING UNIFORM ACCELERATION PROBLEMS Activity 1.6.1 Human Reaction Time
(Pages 4546)
Analysis
2 d . As an example, if the ruler a drops 11 cm or 0.11 m, the reaction time works out to 0.15 s. (This is a good reaction time.) (b) Answers will vary. (c) The calculation here involves the constant velocity equation (distance = average velocity time interval). Using a reaction time of 0.15 s at a velocity of 100 km/h or 27.8 m/s, this distance works out to 4.2 m. (d) It is highly likely that the reaction times, and the corresponding distances travelled, will be greater than without the distractions. (a) Using magnitudes only, the uniform acceleration equation for the time interval is t =
Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning Chapter 1 Motion 25
4. See graph below.
5. Without the airbag: v i = 28 m/s [fwd] vf = 0.0 m/s t = 0.10 s aav = ? v vi aav = f t 0.0 m/s 28 m/s [fwd] = 0.10 s aav = 2.8 102 m/s 2 [fwd] (or 2.8 102 m / s 2 [bkwd]) The airbag decreases the deceleration rate by a factor of 3.
With the airbag: v i = 28 m/s [fwd] vf = 0.0 m/s t = 0.30 s aav = ? vf v i aav = t 0.0 m / s 28 m / s [fwd] = 0.30 s aav = 93 m / s [fwd] (or 93 m/s2 [bkwd])
2

6. If both experiments are done well, the results should be identical (or nearly so). Experimental errors, even limited ones, can have an effect on the results. 7. See diagram of apparatus. Explanation: If the apparatus accelerates upward, the spring will extend. If the apparatus accelerates downward, the spring will compress (shorten). The amount of stretch in the spring, when stationary, corresponds to the force of gravity. Twice the stretch will correspond to twice that force (or to an acceleration twice that of the normal acceleration due to gravity). Once calibrated in this way, this accelerometer can measure vertical accelerations.
1.6 SOLVING UNIFORM ACCELERATION PROBLEMS Activity 1.6.1 Human Reaction Time
(Pages 4546)
Analysis
2 d . As an example, if the ruler a drops 11 cm or 0.11 m, the reaction time works out to 0.15 s. (This is a good reaction time.) (b) Answers will vary. (c) The calculation here involves the constant velocity equation (distance = average velocity time interval). Using a reaction time of 0.15 s at a velocity of 100 km/h or 27.8 m/s, this distance works out to 4.2 m. (d) It is highly likely that the reaction times, and the corresponding distances travelled, will be greater than without the distractions. (a) Using magnitudes only, the uniform acceleration equation for the time interval is t =
Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning Chapter 1 Motion 25

(Pages 4647)
1. vi vf d d aav = 5.0 m/s [E] = 33.0 m/s [E] = 0.30 km [E] = 3.0 102 m [E] =? aav = =
2
vf 2 v i 2 2d (33.0 m / s [E]) 2 (5.0 m / s [E]) 2 2(3.0 10 2 m[E]) 1.8 m / s [E] vf 2 v i 2 2d (0.0 m / s) 2 (26 m / s [fwd]) 2 2(0.090m [fwd])
2
3.8 103 m / s2 [fwd] (or 3.8 103 m/s2 [bkwd]) The average acceleration of the ball is 3.8 10 m/s2 [bkwd]. vf = v i + aav (t) 3. (a) v i = 52 m/s [W] = 52 m/s [W] + 2.8 m/s2 [W](5.0 s) aav = 2.8 m/s2 [W] vf = 66 m/s [W] t = 5.0 s vf = ? The planes velocity is 66 m/s [W]. (b) v i = 52 m/s [W] v + vf d = i t vf = 66 m/s [W] 2 t = 5.0 s 52 m / s [W] + 66 m / s [W] = 5.0 s d = ? 2
av
3
aav = The cars average acceleration is 1.8 m/s [E]. 2. v i = 26 m/s [fwd] aav = vf = 0.0 m/s d = 9.0 cm [fwd] = d = 0.090 m [fwd] aav = ? a =
d = 3.0 102 m [W] The plane will have travelled west along the runway for a distance of 3.0 102 m. 4. v i = 0.0 m/s aav = 1.8 m/s2 [fwd] d = 95 m [fwd] t = ? 1 d = v i t + a av (t)2 2 Since v i = 0, the first term ( v i t) is also zero, 2 d t = 1 2 a av and the equation reduces to d = a av (t) 2 2(95 m [fwd]) = 1.8 m / s2 [fwd] It would take the skier 1.0 10 s to reach the point. aav = 4 g 5. (a) = 4(9.8 m/s 2 [ ]) aav = 39.2 m/s 2 v i = 32 m/s [S] vf = 0.0 m/s aav = 39.2 m/s2 [N] t = ? t = = vf vi aav
1
t = 1.0 101 s
0.0 m/s 32 m/s [S] 39.2 m/s 2 [N] t = 0.82 s The motorcycle will take 0.82 s to stop.
26
v + vf d = i t 2 32 m / s [S] + 0.0 m / s = 0.816 s 2 d = 13 m [S] The motorcycle will travel 13 m [S] while stopping. 6. (a) (b) v f vi aav = (1) t v + vf d = i t (2) 2 Solve equation (1) for v i : v i = vf aav t (3) Substitute equation (3) into equation (2): ( vf a av t ) + v f d = t 2 (b) v i = 32 m/s [S] vf = 0.0 m/s t = 0.816 s d = ? 2vf t a av (t) 2 2 1 d = vf t aav (t) 2 2 Area of large rectangle: A=lw A = vf t =
Area of triangle: bh A= 2 t (vf vi ) A= 2
Using vf v i = aav t (equation of motion): t (aav t ) A= 2 a ( t ) 2 A = av 2 1 Subtracting areas, the shaded area becomes d = vf t aav (t ) 2 . 2 1 v f = 12 m/s [N] 2 d = v f t aav (t) 2 t = 3.0 s 2(d vf t ) d = 58 m [N] aav = aav = ? (t ) 2 = 2(58 m [N] 12 m/s [N](3.0 s)) (3.0 s) 2
7.
aav = 4.9 m/s 2 [N] (or 4.9 m/s2 [S]) 2 The cars acceleration is 4.9 m/s [S]. v i = vf aav t vf = 12 m/s [N] = 12 m/s [N] 4.89 m/s2 [S] (3.0 s) t = 3.0 s 2 v i = 27 m/s [N] aav = 4.89 m/s [S] (the unrounded value) vi = ? The cars initial velocity is 27 m/s [N].
Chapter 1 Motion
27
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
(Pages 4951)
2. d= = = 3. vt 2 (3.00 108 )(2.51) 2 7.53 108 m 2
d = 3.76 108 m d = vt 12.5 km = (402 km/h)t t = 3.11 102 h or 112 s
32 + 2.52 = 3.91 km 2.5 tan = 3 = 40 4.5 + 2.5 + 1.5 = 4.3 km/h (b) 2 3.9 km [40 S of E] = 2.0 km/h [40 S of E] (c) 2h 6. (b) 2.5 m/s [W], 0 m/s [W], 7.5 m/s [E], 0 m [W] 4. (a) 4.9 VBS = 3.82 + 4.92 3.8 VBS = 6.2 m/s [52 S of E] = 52 850 m (b) = 173 s 4.9 m / s = 1.73 s 102 s = 2.9 min (c) d = 6.2 m/s [52 S of E] 173 s d = 1072 m or 1.1 km [52 S of E] 9. (a) 9.8 m/s2 [] (b) 9.8 m/s2 [] (c) 9.8 m/s2 [] 12. 3rd gear: 5th gear: 5.2 2.2 5.2 0 a= a= 10 5.0 a = 0.30 m/s 2 a = 0.44 m/s 2 0.44 m/s2 [fwd], 0.30 m/s2 [fwd] 13. (a) 7.5 m/s [W], 15.0 m/s [W], 7.5 m/s [W] (b) 7.5 m/s2 [W], 0 m/s2 [W], 15 m/s2 [E] 1 14. (a) 0 = v1(2.8) + (9.8)(2.8)2 2 v1 = 14 m/s [] (b) d = (14)(1.4) 4.9(1.4)2 d = 1.0 101 m [] 7. (a) tan =
28
15. v1 = 0 (75)2 = (0)2 + 2a(0.75) v2 = 75 m/s a = 3.8 103 m/s2 [fwd] d = 0.75 m a =? 16. v1 = 0 (12)2= (0)2 + 2(9.8)(d) v2 = 12 m/s d = 7.3 m [] a = 9.8 m/s2 d = ? 17. (a) 45 s (b) for dA = dB 1 1 (30)(15) + (t 30)15 = (60)(20) + (t 60)(20) 2 2 225 + 15t 450 = 600 + 20t 1200 t = 75 s (c) 225 + 15(75) 450 = 900 m or 0.90 km [E] 9.74 9.82 20. (a) 100% = 0.81% 9.82 9.95 9.82 100% = 1.3% (b) 9.82
Making Connections
26. (a)
60.0 km / h 2 = 33 m 3.6 100.0 km / h (b) 2 = 56 m 3.6
Chapter 1 Motion
29

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Unit 1 Forces and Motion

ARE YOU READY?

Knowledge and Understanding

Inquiry and Communication

1.1 MOTION IN OUR LIVES

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Inquiry and Communication

1.1 MOTION IN OUR LIVES

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

1 3600h 3.0 103 km 1 3600 h

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

d vav 4.08 10 4 km 1.6 103 km/h

Activity 1.1.1 Calibrating a Ticker-Tape Timer

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

Section 1.1 Questions

2.263 105 m 29 837 s = 7.584 m/s vav = 27.30 km/h

Applying Inquiry Skills

% error = 8.7% The experimental error is 8.7%.

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

1.2 UNIFORM MOTION

1.2 UNIFORM MOTION

Try This Activity: Attempting Uniform Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

Section 1.2 Questions

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

(b) 50.0-m sprint: d = 50.0 m [E] t = 5.96 s v av = ?

Applying Inquiry Skills

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

1.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

d1 = 26 m [N] d2 = 36 m [E] dR = ? (dR)2 = (d1)2 + (d2)2 dR = (d1 ) +(d2 )

= (26 m) 2 + (36 m) 2 dR = 44 m The resultant displacement is 44 m [36N of E]

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

1.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

d1 = 26 m [N] d2 = 36 m [E] dR = ? (dR)2 = (d1)2 + (d2)2 dR = (d1 ) +(d2 )

= (26 m) 2 + (36 m) 2 dR = 44 m The resultant displacement is 44 m [36N of E]

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

= (34 m) 2 + (46 m) 2 dR = 57 m dR d = tan1 2 d1 46m = tan1 34 m 34 m [N]

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

v BA = 22 km/h [E] v AG = 15 km/h [S] v BG = ?

Section 1.3 Questions

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

(47 cm) + (15 cm)

d R = 49.3 cm vav = = dR t 49.3 cm [18S of E] 1.50 10 s

1.4 UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Try This Activity: Analyzing Motion Graphs

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

(47 cm) + (15 cm)

d R = 49.3 cm vav = = dR t 49.3 cm [18S of E] 1.50 10 s

1.4 UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Try This Activity: Analyzing Motion Graphs

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

Figure 2 (c) Refer to Figures 1 and 2.

Unit 1 Forces and Motion

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

v i = 90.0 km/h [W] aav = 4.00 (km/h)/s [W] v f = 0.0 km/h t = ?

Try This Activity: Student Accelerometers

Copyright 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning

Unit 1 Forces and Motion