ICS 93.080.

20

R O M AN I AN S TAN D AR D
ROAD WORKS

STAS 1338/1-84
Classification index G 71 Supersedes: STAS 1338-65 Previous editions: 1950;1965;1983

ASPHALT MIXTURES AND HOT BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS Preparation of mixtures, of specimens and making of test pieces
LUCRARI DE DRUMURI

MIXTURI ASFALTICE SI IMBRACAMINTI BITUMINOASE EXECUTATE LA CALD Prepararea mixturilor, pregatirea probelor si confectionarea eprubetelor
TRAVAUX ROUTIERS

MIXTURES ASPHALTIQUES ET REVETEMENTS BITUMENINEUX EXECUTE A CHAUD Preparation des mixtures, des echantillons pour essai et confection des eprouvettes

Validation date: 1984-03-01

1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope

This standard specifies the specimen elaboration and preparation manner and the test piece-making manner, in laboratory, for physical and mechanical determinations of asphalt mixtures and hot bituminous pavements. 1.2

General specifications

1.2.1 Determinations and tests of specimens and test pieces are made according to STAS 1338/2-82 and the asphalt mixture and the bituminous pavement are made with road petroleum bitumens, according to STAS 754-72, or with natural asphaltic sands, according to the technical regulations. 1.2.2
The size of the specimens used for dosage checking is chosen according to the type of asphalt mixture and the size of specimens used for physical and mechanical determinations is chosen according to the test piece type.

1.2.3 Test pieces are made by compacting or casting, depending on the composition and the industrial placement of asphalt mixture. The shape of test pieces is as follows: -cubic; -cylindrical; -prismatic; 1.2.4
Cubic test pieces are used at asphalt mixtures for the following determinations: -apparent density; -water suction; -swelling; - compression resistance.

ASOCIAIA DE STANDARDIZARE DIN ROMNIA (ASRO),

Adresa potal: str. Mendeleev 21-25, 70168, Bucureti 1, Direcia General: Tel.: +40 1 211.32.96; Fax: +40 1 210.08.33, Direcia Standardizare: Tel. : +40 1 310.43.08; +40 1 310.43.09, Fax: +40 1 315.58.70, Direcia Publicaii: Serv. Vnzri/Abonamente: Tel: +40 1 212.77.25, +40 1 212.79.20, +40 1 212.77.23, +40 1 312.94.88 ; Fax : +40 1 210.25.14, +40 1 212.76.20

ASRO

Entire or partial multiplication or use of this standard in any kind of publications and by any means (electronically, mechanically, photocopy, micromedia etc.) is strictly forbidden without a prior written consent of ASRO

STAS 1338/1-84

1.2.5

Cylindrical test pieces are used for asphalt mixtures, as follows: a) in case of Marshall test, for the following determinations: -apparent density; - water suction; -stability and creeping; b) in case of triaxial test, for the following determinations: -internal friction angle; -cohesion; c) in case of Brazilian test, for the following determinations: - compression resistance; -stretching resistance; d) in case of cohesion test, for the determination of stretching resistance.

1.2.6 Prism-shaped test pieces are used for determinations concerning flexibility and the cracking-behavior of asphalt mixture, based on the values of bending fracture strength. 1.2.7 Test pieces that have the same shape, made in individual specimens, prepared of the same asphalt mixture, kept and tested under the same conditions, stand for a series. For each determination and test specified in STAS 1338/2-84, the test piece series shall be made up of: -at least three test pieces, in the case of worksite test laboratories or station test laboratories; -at least five test pieces, in the case of test laboratories from research and design institutes.

2 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES

The preparation of asphalt mixtures, for laboratory tests can be made manually, in pots, or mechanically, in laboratory mixers, by mixing up to the obtaining of a homogenous product of natural aggregates, filler, petroleum bitumen, or asphaltic sands, in certain proportions.

2.1

Equipment
-Balances, with load and precision class depending on STAS 3308-78, for maximum 0.5 kg, 5 kg and 10 kg loads, from IIIrd precision class. -Ovens, with a thermostat device, for maintaining temperature between 20oC and 200oC ( 1oC) -Perforated sheet screens, with round eyelets of: 31.5, 25, 16, 8, 5, 3.15 and 1 mm, depending on STAS 107873, or wire cloth screens, with square eyelets of: 25, 16, 10, 6, 4, 2 mm, depending on STAS 1077-67; - Wire cloth screens of: 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.09 mm, depending on STAS 1077-67 -Wire brushes; -Brushes; -Soffits; -Pols, with a 180 and 240 diameter; -Baskets; -Hheating plate; -Boiling plates; -Mechanical mixer, 120 rot/min, 5 l capacity, provided with a mixing recipient and an element for heating and maintaining temperature for asphalt mixture preparation, depending on STAS 174-83 and STAS 175-76, able to mix fast 2000 g of natural aggregates, filler and bitumen without losses and produce a homogenous mixture.

2.2 2.2.1

Operating mode

Preparation of asphalt mixture components Natural aggregate specimens, extracted depending on STAS 667-84 and STAS 662-82 and filler specimens, extracted depending on STAS 539-79 are dried up to constant mass and analyzed separately, depending on STAS 73081 and STAS 4606-80, respectively STAS 539-79. Bitumen and natural asphaltic sand specimens, after being extracted, are dehydrated and analyzed, depending on STAS 754-72 and the technical regulations.

STAS 1338/1-84

2.2.2

Elaboration of asphalt mixture prescription

Natural aggregate and filler proportions are established on basis of the granular composition of each component material, as follows: The average values of fractions exceeding 3.15 mm, respectively, below 0.09 mm are estimated from the granular zone, specific to the asphalt mixture type, that is to be designed, the remaining fractions, up to 100, being completed by fractions between 0.09 and 3.15 mm. b) The values of fractions exceeding 3.15 mm, those between 0.09 and 3.15 mm and the ones below 0.09 mm are separated, for each material, due to the table indicating the granular compositions. c) Fraction percentages, for each component material that contributes to the achievement of mixture prescription, are calculated, by probing. d) The mixture prescription is calculated, thus obtaining the granulometric curve that corresponds to the suggested zone. Depending on the selected granular composition, three bitumen dosages are suggested and the obtaining of three asphalt mixtures is pursued; the volume of the test piece that is to be made determines the size of an individual mixture. Weighing and introducing natural aggregates is made differentiately, in worksite stations and laboratories, respectively, in design institute laboratories, as follows: -per sorts, in worksite and station laboratories; -per fractions, 0.3.15; 3.15..5; 5.8; 8..16; 16..25; and 25.31 mm, separated from each sort (seeing to that fractions smaller 0..3.15mm should previously be well-homogenized), in research and design institutes. a)

2.2.3

Preparation of asphalt mixtures, for hot cylindered bituminous pavements.

2.2.3.1 Manual preparation, in pots, of asphalt mixtures, performed with petroleum bitumen:
Mineral components are prepared separately, for each test piece, under the conditions from subclause 2.2.2 of this standard. Mineral components are placed in the pot, then heated up to a 160170oC and the bitumen is heated separately, at a 140160oC. The bitumen weighed in the established quantity is added to every pot removed from the oven and the mixing process starts. Mixing duration, 57 min, made in an energetic rhythm, at a 155.165oC temperature, provides total filming of bitumen aggregates and the obtaining of a homogenous mixture in the pot. 2.2.3.2 Mechanical preparation, in the mixer of asphalt mixtures executed with petroleum bitumen: Mineral components are prepared separately for each mixer charge, depending on subclause 2.2.2 of this standard. Mineral components are heated at a 160170oC temperature and placed into the mixer. Bitumen is added (heated separately, at a 140.160oC temperature), weighed in the established quantity and mixing starts. Mixing duration, 57 min, at a 155.165oC temperature, provides total filming of bitumen aggregates and the obtaining of a homogenous mixture in the mixer. 2.2.3.3 When preparing asphalt mixtures executed with natural asphaltic sand, regardless of their preparation manner (manual or mechanical), the following procedure is respected: a) In the case of natural asphaltic sand, with a bitumen content exceeding 10%: -mineral components are dried up, weighed, mixed and heated together with the natural asphaltic sand, at a 170180oC temperature; -rough bitumen is added, separately heated at a 180190oC temperature, in a quantity established by a test pieces volume, or having a size corresponding to a mixer charge; -mixing duration, 1015 min, at a 170180oC temperature, provides complete emollescence of the oil asphalt from natural asphalt with the rough added bitumen and the achievement of a homogenous mixture. b) In the case of natural asphaltic sands, with a bitumen content below 10%: -mineral components and the natural asphaltic sand are prepared depending on the conditions from above; -besides the added rough bitumen, necessary to the emollescence of oil asphalt from the natural asphaltic sand, the total bitumen content, required by the obtained granulometric curve shall be corrected by adding further liquid asphalt, depending on the technical and normative regulations and by adding rough petroleum asphalt, depending on STAS 755-79. c) in both situations, from above, the emollescence proportions, between the oil asphalt from natural asphaltic sands, respectively the liquid bitumen and the added rough bitumen, necessary for emollescence, are chosen depending on the normative regulations.

STAS 1338/1-84 2.2.4

Preparation of asphalt mixtures for hot cast bituminous pavements. The operating mode, for manual or mechanical preparation is made as follows: - heated bitumen, at a 180.190oC temperature, is placed into the pot or into the mixer and the mixing process is started; - filler is also added, heated previously at a 180190oC temperature, gradually. The mixing duration, for 2025 min, at a 180.190oC temperature provides total fillers filming and the obtaining of homogenous bitumen-filler mixture; - natural aggregates (natural sand and then crushed sand, broken stone and gravel), previously heated at a 180190oC temperature, are added. The mixing period, 35.40 min, in the pot, respectively 65.70 min, in the mixer, at a 180.190oC temperature provides total inclusion of natural aggregates, within the asphalt mastic, and the achievement of a homogenous asphalt mixture.

3 PREPARATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURE SPECIMENS

The specimen preparation is made depending on the asphalt mixture origin, as follows: -laboratory-prepared asphalt mixtures; -industrial plant-made asphalt mixtures; -disks or cores extracted from the bituminous pavement.

3.1

-Thermometers for measuring temperatures between 0oC 250oC (1oC) -Balances, with load and precision class depending on STAS 3308-78, for maximum 0.5 kg, and 10 kg loads, from IIIrd precision class. -Ovens, with a thermostat device, for maintaining temperature between 20oC and 200oC ( 1oC) -Devices for making small pieces of asphalt mixtures, from disks and cores extracted from the bituminous pavement; -pots, with a 180 and 240 mm diameter; -Baskets, cutters; -Heating plate; -Boiling plates -Filter paper elements.

Equipment

3.2 3.2.1

Operating mode
Preparation of laboratory-made asphalt mixture specimens

The preparation of laboratory-made asphalt mixture specimens is made depending on the preparation manner of asphalt mixtures, as follows: a) In the case of asphalt mixtures, manually prepared in pots, the specimen preparation is made at the same time with the mixture preparation, considering that the size of a specimen corresponds to the test pieces volume. b) In the case of asphalt mixtures prepared mechanically in laboratory mixer, the specimen preparation is made by extracting the following quantities of asphalt mixture, from the mixer charge: 800 g, for the cubic test piece, with a 70.7 side; 650 g, for the prism-shaped test piece, (40x40x160 mm); 1.200 g for the cylindrical test piece, with a 63.5 mm height and a 101.6 mm diameter; 650 g, for the cylindrical test piece, with a 70.0 mm height and a 70.0 mm diameter; 450 g, for the cylindrical test piece, with a 100.0 mm height and a 50.0 mm diameter; 1.300 g, for the cylindrical test piece, with a 140.0 mm height and a 70.0 mm diameter; 600g, for the cylindrical test piece, with a 31.75 mm height and a 101.6 mm diameter.

3.2.2

Preparation of specimens from asphalt mixtures made in industrial plants. The preparation of specimens from asphalt mixtures made in industrial plants is performed as follows: -the asphalt mixture is placed into the oven and kept at a 130140oC temperature, until it gets soft; -the agglomerate material is turned into small pieces and mixed until it becomes homogenous;

STAS 1338/1-84

-the minimum quantity of a specimen, necessary for dosage checking (of bitumen content and of granulometric composition) is chosen depending on the granules maximum size, as follows: 300 g, for asphalt grout; 500 g, for asphalt concrete, with fine aggregate and cast asphalt mixture; 700 g, for asphalt concrete, with big aggregate; 1000 g, for asphalt mixture, used as fundamental layer and binder; -the minimum quantity of a specimen, necessary for determining physical and mechanical properties, is chosen depending on the test pieces volume, according to subclause 3.2.1 b) of this standard. 3.2.3 Preparation of specimens from disks and cores, extracted from bituminous pavement

3.2.3.1 The specimens having a disk or core shape are extracted from bituminous pavement as follows: - In the case of specimens having a disk shape - manually, with a chisel, or mechanically, with special cutting devices; - Core-shaped specimens mechanically, with the core-extractor, equipped with a diamond bit (101.61mm diameter). After the extraction process, specimens are packed properly, for maintaining real moisture. 3.2.3.3 The preparation of asphalt mixture specimens, obtained from bituminous pavement is made as follows: - by cleaning the disks and cores, with wire brushes; - by separating, at the environments temperature, the disks or cores (extracted with the chisel or with cutting devices), per component layers; - disk-shaped specimens can be used directly, as test specimens at determinations concerning moisture, apparent density and water suction, or indirectly, by preparing the asphalt mixture extracted from these specimens, depending on subclause 3.2.2 of this standard, at determinations regarding the dosage checking and the checking of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the origin asphalt mixture; - core-shaped specimens that can be used directly as test specimens concerning moisture, apparent density and water suction, the stability and the creeping, by Marshall method, for cores with a minimum 25.0 height, or indirectly, by preparing the asphalt mixture extracted from these specimens, under the conditions specified for core-shaped specimens; - in the case of water content determination, by the solvent extraction method, the disks or cores are introduced in retailing devices, thus the resulting material shall be homogenized and the specimens are extracted from the asphalt mixture, sized depending on subclause 3.2.2 of this standard.

4 TEST PIECE MOULDING

4.1 Shapes and dimensions

Test pieces, moulds and the accessories used for their moulding and dismantling, have shapes and dimensions as follows: -test pieces, depending on table 1; -moulds and accessories for moulding test pieces, by compacting and casting, depending on STAS 1338/3-85. Table 1 Test piece shape Cubic Prismatic Marshall type cylinder Brazilian type cylinder Triaxial cylinder Cylinder for direct cohesion
x)

Dimensions 70.7 x 70.7 x 70.7 40 x 40 x 160 d = 101.6; h = 63.5 d = 70; h = 70 d = 50; h = 100 d = 70; h = 100 d = 101.6; h = 31.75

Maximum size of natural aggregate granules used for moulding the asphalt mixture mm 25 16 31.5 25 16 25 16

Test area of the test pieces surface mm2 5000*) 1600 4000**) 4900***) -

In the case of cubic test piece tests, in the moulding sense (in the case of those made by casting) and perpendicular to the moulding sense (in the case of those made by compacting) xx) In the case of cylindrical test pieces, along their axis. xxx) In the case of cylindrical test pieces, perpendicular to their axis.

STAS 1338/1-84

4.2

Equipment
- Thermometers - Chronometers; - Ovens provided with thermostatic device, for maintaining temperature between 20200oC (1oC). - Hand-operated drop hammer, for moulding cubic test pieces, depending on fig. 1, made up of: frame (1), support (2), piston (3), guiding rod (4), hammer (5), hammer handle (6), hammer travel limiter (7)

STAS 1338/1-84

-mechanical drop hammer, for moulding cubic test pieces, depending on figure 2, made up of : metallic frame (1), support (2), piston (3), guiding rod (4), hammer (5), chain for lifting the hammer (6), motorized reducer (7), control panel (8), hammer travel limiter (9)

STAS 1338/1-84

-hand-operated drop hammer, for moulding Marshall cylindrical test pieces, depending on fig. 3 a, made up of: frame (1), pad (2), piston (3), guiding rod(4), hammer (5), hammer handle (6), hammer travel limiter(6). Figure 3b shows details, of components (3) (7).

STAS 1338/1-84

-mechanical drop hammer, for moulding Marshall cylindrical test pieces, depending on fig. 4, made up of: frame (1), support (2), piston (3), guiding rod(4), hammer (5), motorized reducer (6), control panel (7), hammer travel limiter(8), travel counter (9).

-device for cylindrical test piece moulding, with the hydraulic press, depending on figure 5, made up of: support (1), mould (2) and piston (3).

- device for prismatic test piece moulding, with the hydraulic press, depending on figure 6, made up of: support (1), mould (2) and piston (3).

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device for test piece dismantling, depending on figure 7, made up of: frame (1), support (2), lever (3), mating gears (4), pressing screw (5)

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STAS 1338/1-84

-device for test piece manual mechanical dismantling, depending on figure 8, made up of: frame (1), support (2) electric engine (3), cord pulley (4), pressing screw (5), travel limiter(60, control panel (7).

NOTE- drop hammers and presses for the test piece moulding are assembled on concrete foundation.

4.3 4.3.1

Operating mode.
Test pieces moulded by compacting.

Test piece compacting is made by clapping against a single side, in the case of cubic test pieces, respectively against both sides, in case of cylindrical test pieces, for Marshall test; in the case of prismatic and cylindrical test pieces, compacting is made for the triaxial and the Brazilian tests and for the pressure cohesion.

4.3.1.1 Cubic test pieces.

Moulds are heated for 2 hours, at a 150160oC temperature. Moulds are extracted, one by one and introduced into the clutch dogs of drop hammers support. The drop hammers base surface, the mould inner side and the lower surface of the piston are oiled with

glycerin. The asphalt mixture specimen, necessary for moulding a cubic test piece, prepared depending on clause 3, is carefully heated at a 160.170oC temperature and introduced into the mould. In order to prevent granule agglomeration within the asphalt mixture, they are handled, due to a metal heated blade, by vertically piercing the inside area, especially near corners and walls on the asphalt mixture from the mould.

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The piston is introduced at the upper side of the mould. Compacting is made, due to the manual or mechanical drop hammer, compacting being thus provided by the 13 shocks, generated by the 5.1 kg heavy striking hammer, in free falling from a 105 mm height. The cylindrical moulds for Marshall test are heated in the oven, at a 90150oC temperature. Moulds are removed, one by one, an extension is added above and then, they are placed into the drop hammers clutch dogs. The drop hammers support surface , the moulds inner side and the extensions inner side, as well as the pistons inner side are oiled with glycerin and Kraft paper is added on the support, cut with the moulds size. Each asphalt mixture specimen, necessary for moulding a Marshall cylindrical test piece, prepared depending on clause 3 is heated carefully, at a 130140oC temperature and then placed into the mould. In order to prevent granule agglomeration, within the asphalt mixture, they are handled by vertically piercing, with a heated metal blade, the inside area, especially near the walls on the asphalt mixture from the mould. The extension is removed and the surface is leveled. The piston is introduced at the upper side of the mould. Compacting is made with the manual/mechanical drop hammer, compacting being thus provided by the 50 shocks of the 4.55 kg heavy hammer (striking hammer), in free falling from a 457 mm height. The same number of shocks is applied to the other side of the test piece. Moulds are heated in the oven for two hours, at a 150.160oC temperature. Moulds are extracted, one by one and assembled on the moulding support. The asphalt mixture specimen, necessary for moulding a test piece, prepared depending on clause 3 is carefully heated at a 160.170oC temperature and placed into the mould. In order to prevent granule agglomeration, within the asphalt mixture, they are handled by vertically piercing, with a heated metal blade, the inside area, especially near the walls on the asphalt mixture from the mould. The surface is leveled and the piston is placed at the upper side of the mould. The whole moulding assembly, made up of support, asphalt mixture mould and piston, is introduced between the cups of the hydraulic press. Compacting is guaranteed by a 30N/mm2 pressure, applied for 3 hours. NOTE: 1. After having moulded the first test piece, the precise asphalt mixture quantity, necessary for obtaining the specified height (m), is calculated with prescription: m = m0 where, mo is the mixture quantity used for moulding the first test piece, in grams; h is the specified height of the test piece, mm; ho is the height of the first test piece, mm. 2. The asphalt mixture specimens, prepared for test piece moulding are heated only once, at the temperature specified for moulding.

4.3.1.2 Cylindrical test pieces for Marshall test.

4.3.1.3 Prismatic and cylindrical test pieces.

h (g) h0

4.3.2

Cast-moulded test pieces

Test piece compacting is obtained by casting and ramming, (manually), of the asphalt mixture into the mould. The sides of the cubic or prismatic mould are mounted with screws on the support. The mould extension is assembled. The inner sides of the mould and of the mould extension are oiled with glycerin, as well as the upper side of the moulding support. The asphalt mixture specimen, necessary for moulding a cubic/prismatic test piece, prepared depending on clause 3, is heated in the oven, at a 180190oC temperature. Heating is continued, due to a heating source, by continuously mixing , up to the obtaining of an uniformous maneuverable mixture, without exceeding the 2000C temperature. The hot mixture is introduced into the extension mould, by uniformously distributing it, by vertical piercing, with a spatula or a hot cutter. The extension is taken out and a part of the asphalt mixture is removed, also allowing the presence of some material in excess. This material in excess is removed after 1520 min, by leveling with a hot cutter, thus obtaining a perfectly plane surface.

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STAS 1338/1-84

4.3.3

Cylindrical test pieces extracted from bituminous pavement.

These test pieces, extracted by core drilling from the bituminous pavement, have a 101.6 mm diameter and prepared depending on subclause 3.2.3 of this standard.

4.3.4

Preservation of test pieces.

4.3.4.1 Preservation of test pieces, before dismantling and dismautling.

After the moulding process, the test piece moulds are kept for an hour at the environments temperature. Test pieces in the mould are removed, with the dismantling devices, depending on subclauses 4.2 , figures 7 and 8, in the case of compacting-moulded test pieces, respectively by detaching the side walls, in the case of castmoulded test pieces.

4.3.4.2 Test pieces, after dismantling and the ones extracted from the bituminous pavement are kept on a plane surface, at the environments temperature.

___________

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Elaborated by MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Institute of research and technological design in Transports Project Coordinator: Eng. Pompiliu Musat Final Elaboration: Romanian Standards Institute Service Constructions, Building Materials And Forest Economy Eng Paula Stanescu

Collaborators: -Road Department -Enterprise Of Roads And Bridges, Bucharest -County Department For Roads And Bridges, Buzau -Construction Institute, Bucharest -Committee For Peoples Councils Problems