Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering curriculum towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a student can realize the theory thought in class room and it also gives an exposure to modern technology. In the field of Electronics Computer engineering there has been rapid development to support the ever increasing volume information, so Electronics students has an opportunity during Training period to knowledge about the latest technologies. The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete knowledge of technology used but one is expected to identify components, the process flow in an industry for high efficiency and about the knowledge of product technology. Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in books. For this we perform experiments and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that field so that we may solve them and became successful person. After achieving the proper goal of life an Engineer has to enter in professional life. According to this life he has to serve an industry, may be public or private sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment & must know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc., so we can tackle them successfully. Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of 28 days. During this period a student in industry and gets all type of experience and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various types of machinery. The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the objective. I have undergone by 28 days of training (after 3RD yr.) at BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (B.S.N.L), HISAR, (Haryana). This report has been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my 28 days training at Company.
Acknowledgement:Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering student for practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest technology. First of all, I would like to express my attitude towards Mr.AMIT SHARMA (Training cum placement officer, GPC, Kota) and towards Mr. GAJENDRA SUJEDIYA (H.O.D., Electronics department, SBCET, Jaipur) for providing me a great opportunity to undertake training at BSNL, Hisar. I would also like to thanks to Mr. Rajkishore Sharma (TTA EWSD, Hisar) and the cooperative management helpful staff for giving me a knowledge of their services and helping me time to time. Last but not least I would like to thanks to training incharge Mr. Balbir Singh (SDE SDOP1, Hisar), BSNL for arranging the training programmer for my practical training. With extreme regards and obligations.
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the BSNL:
BSNL is India's oldest and largest Communication Service Provider (CSP). Currently BSNL has a customer base of 64.8 million (Basic & Mobile telephony). It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi which are managed by MTNL . As on March 31 , 2010 BSNL commanded a customer base of 33.7 million Wireline, 3.6 million CDMA-WLL and 27.5 million GSM Mobile subscribers. BSNL's earnings for the Financial Year ending March 31 , 2010 stood at INR 401.8b (US$ 9.09 b) with net profit of INR 89.4b (US$ 2.02 billion). Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking of the country with authorized share capital of US$ 3.95 billion (INR 17,500 Crores) and networth of US$ 14.32 billion.
1.2 History
The foundation of Telecom Network in India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department (P&T). In 1975 the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. It is a well known fact that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private telecoms.Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for Private investment, therefore it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing from Operations wing. The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on October 01 , 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).BSNL operates as a public sector.
2.1.2 Internet
Keeping the global network of networks connected, the countrywide Internet Services of BSNL under the brand SANCHAR.NET includes internet dialup/ leased access service, for web browsing and E-mail applications. Internet Telephony service is also started under the brand name WEB FONE recently.
2.1.3 ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network service of BSNL utilizes a unique digital network providing high speed and high quality voice, data and image transfer over the same line. It can also facilitate both desktop video and high quality video conferencing.
2.1.5 I-Net
Indias x.25 based packet switched public data network is operational in 104 cities of the country. It offers x.25 leased, x.28 dial up (PSTN) connection and frame relay services.
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialled is stored and then passed to the exchanges central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Todays automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.
3.3 POWERPLANT
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power. The main parts of the power room are: Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data. Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged. The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator. The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience.
4. OVERVIEW OF E-10B
The main function of a Telephone Exchange is to connect a subscribers link or a trunk to any other line or trunk out of the total number of lines and trunks connected to this exchange. The connection is brought about in accordance with the information given by the calling line (dial) or the incoming trunk (signaling code). In Electrochemical Exchanges, a free physical link (2 wires or sometimes 4 wires for transit) is established between the two junctions. This path is a voice frequency circuit like a subscribers line: In digital time division switching systems like E-10B, the same function is carried out but the analog circuits are first converted into PCM links before they are brought to the switching network. The switching network connects a time slot of any one PCM link of any one time slot of other PCM link connected to it. In this manner, the switching network carries only digital data. As a consequence of the general use of the PCM links in E10B system, the subscribers connection unit can either be in the same location as the switching network or it may be remote.
Fig.4.1
4.2.1. Connection Units: The connection units compromise basically of equipment directly connected to external interfaces of the system, subscriber lines and circuits and equipment, which sends and receives audio-frequency signaling samples. These units are of following types: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Local subscriber connection unit . Remote subscriber connection unit . Multiplex connection unit. Frequency sender/Receiver unit . Auxiliary Equipment Rack.
4.3 Time Division Switching Network : The time division-switching network is a 3-stage system (time space time). It provides a 4 W switching between the time slot allocated to the called party and the time slot allocated to the called party. For one call two sample connections are set up. The principal in the switching network is shown below: -
4.4 Control Units: The control units are partly based on dedicated mini-computers and are used to carry out all the switching operations required to set up release connections between subscribers and /or circuits. These units can be classified as follows: -
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4.4.1 Marker
The marker is responsible for routing switching messages between the connection units, the switching network and the multi register.
4.4.2 Switching network control unit : The switching network control unit co-ordinates operations executed by the switching network (path finding, connection marking etc.). This involves: Checking the speech paths. Receiving transfer link status indications from each switch module. Connecting and disconnecting speech channels, tones, recorded announcements and signals when ordered to do so by multi-registers or charging units. Checking marking operations.
4.4.3 Multi-register : The multi-register is in charge of the setting up and releasing of calls. It is at the heart of the system and is only control unit, which can take initiative and send orders to other units in real time. It has access to all data from subscribers and trunk circuits (E & M wires) and to all units in the exchange. The main functions of the multi-register involve: Servicing new call and on-hook conditions on subscriber lines and circuits, detected by connection units. Releasing subscriber lines and circuits. Receiving and sending signals from/to connection units. Ordering the transmission of various tones. Requesting the characteristics of a subscriber line or circuit. Requesting the translator to determine the connection address of the subscriber line or circuit at the exchange, on the basis of directory number. Sending and receiving messages to/from OMC.
The multi-register uses a programmed logic. A call processing register includes 1024 bits (extendable up to 1536 bits) stored in cyclic RAMs with a processing time of 8ms. Each multi-register comprises of 256 registers and can handle the setting up of releasing of 254 calls simultaneously. The two registers (0 & 255 are assigned to routine tasks, i.e., traffic observations. In an exchange the number of multi-registers varies from 2 to 6, depending upon the traffic load. These multi-registers are working on a traffic-sharing basis.
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4.4.4 Translator : The translator provides the multi-registers on request, with data on subscribers and trunks required to setup and release of calls. Data (categories, corresponding between directory number and subscriber or trunk equipment in the exchange) are held in TR files. This data may be written, deleted or modified from the operating and maintenance center with operating requirements. The translator executes the following operations: Seeking subscribers lines or circuit class of service data when a new call or on-hook condition is detected. Translating pre-fixes or the first digits dialed by the calling party. Translating translation operations for chaining and overflow or circuit number. Handling translation operations for chaining and overflow routing functions. Managing additional services. Handling all management maintenance and test operations in conjunctions with OMC.
The total capacity of the translator files is 768k words, each of sixteen bits, i.e., 12288 Mbits.
4.4.5 Charging unit : The charging unit handles the subscriber line accounts, computes the number of basic metered units chargeable for a given telephone calls and outputs detailed billing data for subscribers entitled to this service. Multi-registers initiate the charging unit operations. At the start of each telephone call, on receiving instructions form MR, the charging unit seeks and assigns a charging register. It receives charge-metering pulses from trunk circuits. It orders signal transmission where required. It sends detailed billing messages and observation messages to standby charge recording unit (DSF) where the OMC is down or unavailable. It sends subscriber meter readings (periodically demand from OMC), detailed billing messages and traffic observation messages to OMC. It stores traffic observation data.
Each charging unit can be configured as follows: 1000 charging registers of 512 bits, or 2000 charging registers of 256 bits or a combination of 256 & 512 bits charging registers. Each charging unit can therefore handle up to 2000 calls simultaneously. Charging registers compute the charge for a given telephone call. At the end of the call, the subscriber meter is incremented simultaneously in both changing units and these two values are read periodically by the OMC.
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4.4.6 Standby charge recording unit (DSF): In normal conditions, detailed billing and traffic observation messages are send from the exchange to OMC. In the event of failure of OMC or interruption of the link between the OMC and the monitoring unit, the standby charge-recording unit can receive these messages and record them onto magnetic tape. This unit can also reload the translator memories, the charge rates, and the charge-based data in the charging units. The DSF does not participate in traffic handling functions of the exchange.
4.4.7 Monitoring unit :The monitoring unit is an interface between the OMC and the other units of an E-10B exchange. It has access to all the units and handles the transfer of all the messages between the OMC and the exchange. The messages involve: Message from the OMC to the exchange units: Operating messages (subscriber line creations, circuit creation etc.). Unit positioning messages. Maintaining messages. Control messages addressed to test modules.
4.5 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC): The E-10B exchange management functions are carried our at the OMC using a nondedicated computer. The main management functions are: 1. Operating functions Translation memory management, charging functions. 2. Supervision functions Lock out condition processing subscriber line and set tests, circuit tests, load and traffic observations. 3. Maintenance functions Exchange equipment-positioning, anomaly and alarm processing, fault location.
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OCB-283 is digital switching system, which supports a variety of communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile, data communication. ALCATEL of France has developed this system. The first OCB-283 exchange of R11 version were commissioned in Brest (France) and Beijing (China) in 1991, first OCB-283 exchange came to India in 1993. The system has been upgraded and current version R20 has fully validated in Jan 1994. The latest version is R24. All new technology switching system, are based on (SPC) stored program control concept. The call processing program is distributed over different control organs of the system and is stored in ROM/RAM of the units. Data required to handle the calls are also managed in RAM of different control units.
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ANALOG
DIGITAL
NOKIA
OCB-283
OCB-286
In MDF, all lines are coming from subscribers, non exchange lines, telex lines and analog junction lines, are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas discharge tubes type protective devices are provided to tackle voltages and current surges. These tag blocks are located on one side of the MDF called line side. On the other side of the MDF called exchange side tag blocks re provided for terminating the cables from CSE for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines.
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The Exploitation Room operates the whole OCB-283 exchange. So it is also known as operational room. My main responsibilities are come under this exploitation room. As in this room all the operations are done through system software by operating different commands over there. I have to operate some of these commands, which are named as under and discussed in detail with the help of example as under: IDABSE INDIN
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6.2 HARDWARE:
E 10-B CSE 90 CS
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7. EWSD
7.2 General Overview
EWSD (ElektronischesWhlsystemDigital in German, Electronic Digital Switching System/Electronic World Switch Digital in English) is one of the most widely installed telephone exchange systems in the world. EWSD can work as a local or tandem switch or combined local/tandem, and for landline or mobile phones. It is manufactured by Siemens AG, who claims that EWSD switches perform switching for over 160 million subscriber lines in more than 100 countries. DeTeWe bought its first EWSD under license in 1985 for remote switching. Bosch built its first EWSD as a local exchange in 1986. Deutsche Telekom, formerly Deutsche Bundespost, the largest German telephone company, uses EWSD and System 12 (Alcatel), the former more than the latter. In 2007, Nokia Corporation and Siemens AG formed the new company Nokia Siemens Networks, and responsibility of further development and shipments of the EWSD system is dependent on this new company.
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8. Call Processing
MDF
TELE PHO NE
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9. CDMA Technology
9.1 Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution in past. Quick deployments of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options available are as follows: 8.1.1. Multi Access Radio Relay 8.1.2. Wireless in Local Loop 8.1.3. Fiber in the Local Loop
frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment. A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time.
On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals, whose codes do not match contribute only to the noise and are not despread back in bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by codes using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technique as opposed to conventional method of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access. In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps is spread using a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. At the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell, users of different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined with the desired signal but using a correct PN code the original data can be reproduced back. CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system are as follows: Frequency of operation: Duplexing Method: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 MHz Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
1.25 MHz 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx. 20 Km with fixed
information. The VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of calls in the database for the MSC to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas.
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the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data.
overlaid on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum. CDMA2000 includes: 1. 1x using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps 2. 3x using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps 3. 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps optimized for data WCDMA/FDD-DS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division DuplexingDirect Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz channel. WCDMA uses a single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of 3.84 Mcps. UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed (TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.
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In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard cabling. A wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic, usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters. The AP can reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network as shown in Figure-1. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through another AP. The Access Point (or the antenna attached to the Access Point) is usually mounted high but may be mounted essentially anywhere that is practical as long as the desired radio coverage is obtained.
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Figure -1: A typical Wi-Fi Network. Like a cellular phone system, the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and reconnecting to the network through other APs residing at other points on the wired network. This can allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment as shown in Figure 2.
An important feature of the wireless LAN is that it can be used independent of a wired network. It may be used as a stand alone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without having to build or extend a wired network. Then a peer to peer workgroup
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can be established for transfer or access of data. A member of the workgroup may be established as the server or the network can act in a peer to peer mode as Shown in Figure-3.
End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as cards in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS) and the airwaves via an antenna. The nature of the wireless connection is transparent to the NOS. WiFi deals with fixed, portable and mobile stations and of course, the physical layers used here are fundamentally different from wired media.
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Figure-6: Multiple Access Points and Roaming. Use of an Extension Point: To solve particular problems of topology, the network designer some times uses Extension Points (EPs) to augment the network of Access Points (APs). Extension Points look and function like Access Points, but they are not tethered to the wired network as are APs. EPs function just as their name implies: they extend the range of the network by relaying signals from a client to an AP or another EP. EPs may be strung together in order to pass along messaging from an AP to far-flung clients as shown in Figure-7.
The Use of Directional Antennae: One last item of wireless LAN equipment to consider is the directional antenna. Lets suppose you had a Wi-Fi network in your building-A and wanted to extend it to a leased building-B, one mile away. One solution might be to install a directional antenna on each building, each antenna targeting the other. The antenna on A is connected to your wired network via an Access Point. The antenna on B is similarly connected to an Access Point in that building, which enables Wi-Fi network connectivity in that facility as shown in Figure-8.
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11. INTERNET
11.1 Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link to information. GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.
11.2 The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under1. Interconnecting of computers to form a network. 2. Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks. 3. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network. 4. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not working. 4. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.
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12.2 HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
12.3 HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and link media.
12.4 ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that provides both voice and data services over the same connection.
12.5 ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net related services.
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13.2TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for WLL services can be divided in two following parts:-
13.2.1 BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it
consists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:I. V-5.2:-This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local exchange / PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this type of BSC for rural areas. II.CCS-7 / R2:-These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesnt depend on local exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for urban areas.
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13.2.2 BTS (Base Transreceiver System):-As it is clear from its name it transmits as
well as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in transmission.
13.2.3 BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL
services. It can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.
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Excellent speech quality High security and privacy Low module terminal cost Low service and facilities cost Design of sleek and handled mobile terminals International roaming Wide range of services and facilities Ability to adopt to new and innovative features Narrowband ISDN compatibility . 37
3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) i. Registration ii. Authentication and security iii. Location updating iv. Handovers and v. Routing to roaming subscribers 4. Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMS) i. Operation and Maintenance Centre Switch ii. Operation and Maintenance Centre Radio 5. Enhanced Services Subsystem (ESS) 6. Billing and Customer Care System (B&CCS)
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15.THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY : 15.1 Introduction: Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) used primarily in China.
W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kbps/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps (UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location)
Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including:
Number of users in cell/sector Distance of user from cell User is moving or stationary Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements
1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 2.457 Mbps 1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of up to 3.072 Mbps FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps connection or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection. TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6 Mbps respectively
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16.ABBREVIATIONS:
1. LAN: 2. AP: 3. EP: 4. ISM: 5. MAC: Local Area Network. Access Point. Extension Point. Industrial scientific & medical Media Access Control.
6. CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. 7. CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO: CDMA 2000 1x Evolution Version Data Only. 8. IEEE: 9. OSI: 10. WEP: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers. Open systems Interconnect. Wireless Equivalent Privacy.
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17.REFERENCE
17.1 WEBSITES:
17.1.1 WWW.BSNL.CO.IN 17.1.2 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM 17.1.3 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited 17.1.4 www.indiabroadband.net 17.1.5 www.cellone.in
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