Energy Conservation in Buildings: Status, Challenges and Opportunities in Indian Scenario

NAVDEEP SINGH Department of Electrical Engineering Chitkara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajpura , Punjab 2011

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)

Seminar Title: Energy Conservation in Buildings:

Status, Challenges and Opportunities in Indian Scenario

Name: Navdeep Singh College Roll Number: E083026 University Roll Number: 80904109025
Faculty in charge: Ms. ANU SINGLA

Date of submission: November 1, 2011

Energy Conservation in Buildings: Status, Challenges and Opportunities in Indian Scenario

B. TECH. SEMINAR Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING by NAVDEEP SINGH (University Roll no. 80904109025) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CHITKARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RAJPURA, PUNJAB NOVEMBER 2011

CERTIFICATE

Department of Electrical Engineering Chitkara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajpura , Punjab

The seminar report entitled ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS submitted by Mr. Navdeep Singh (University Roll No.80904109025) may be accepted for being evaluated.

Date: November 20, 2011

Signature
Name of Faculty In charge: Ms. ANU SINGLA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Before starting the report on my seminar topic, I must express my gratitude to the people who helped me & guided me in this project. The real spirit of achieving is through the way of excellence & adulterous discipline. Id never have succeeded in finishing it but am really thankful for the encouragement & help provided by Ms. Anu Singla (In-charge of Seminar Laboratory) for providing me with the opportunity for finishing my work of seminar topic I am grateful to her for taking extra pain to help us in my problems. She has always been a source of encouragement & courage to me. Under her guidance, I never had any problem in understanding & getting my jobs done. It had been a wonderful experience. I am deeply indebted to all those who made it happen. Even after leaving this Temple of education, I will remember them at every step of success.

ABSTRACT
Energy Efficiency in Buildings has tremendous potential in Indian context. It is estimated that more than 25% of electricity is consumed in houses, office buildings, shops and malls. This proposition may increase when in the next 3-4 years the rural India is electrified under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna. It needs to be noted that at this point of time, 56% of rural India is not covered by electricity infrastructure and the remaining 44% hardly get electricity for , on an average, 50% of the time. When electricity coverage is extended and when electricity supplies are provided for longer hours of the day and night, consumption would shoot up. Obviously, therefore, the electricity consumption proportion in buildings and houses might increase. It is also true that the electricity consumption pattern in unorganized sector, has an inefficiency of the order of almost 25 30%. A few years back, this was the case even in organized industrial sector. With lot of efforts aimed at energy conservation technologies and practices, there have been some modest achievements in this sector. In the building sector, however, a lot of work is required. Ancient buildings offer good examples of natural lighting & ventilation. Old buildings would require an appropriate retrofitting approach. They may have been designed in terms of layout, in terms of structure and details on the basis of old materials and specifications, and therefore, the scope for improvement would depend on the extent of renovation that could be practical and permissible. A comprehensive energy audit will throw up energy saving projects For the new buildings, the field could be wide open. The layout could provide for natural lighting and ventilation, thereby, reducing the need for external energy input both for lighting as well as heating/cooling. Building materials used for walls/doors and windows, as also in roofs and floors could be such that energy requirement is optimized. Design of structure, specifications, architectural features and materials to be used should all be integrated to offer energy efficient buildings.

CONTENT
Sr. No. Title Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Introduction Literature Survey Climatic zones effect the conservation of energy Opportunities for energy efficiency in buildings Building Envelope Energy Efficient Models Review about Energy Conservation in Buildings Overview of usage of energy in India Energy Efficiency in Existing facilities How much energy can we save? Page No. 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 11 11 16 17 Buildings/ 17 17

Energy Efficiency Improvements at Rashtrapathi 18 Bhawan Ongoing initiatives 20 Grading Scale ESCO Grading Distribution Star rating scheme for rating buildings Demand Side Management Short term Solution Why CFL ? Cost Benefit Analysis Government initiative on Energy Conservation Industry Initiative Agenda for participants Abbreviations Used 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26

1.

Introduction
In India, 30-40% of all primary energy is used in buildings. In high and middle income regions, the requirement of this energy is achieved with fossil fuels. In low income regions, biomass is still the main source of energy. These both patterns of energy consumption are environmentally intensive and contributing to global warming. Without proper policy interventions and technological improvements, the use of fossil fuels and biomass is not expected to change in near future. The construction, operation and demolition of building generate substantial social and economic benefits to the society, but it has serious negative impacts on the environment. Energy use associated with greenhouse gas emissions, waste generation, construction material use and recycling, water use and discharge and integration of building with other infrastructure and social systems is considerable. Most of the energy used in buildings is due to the acclimatization systems (space heating, ventilation and air conditioning) followed by water heating and lighting. Lowering overall consumption has a direct impact on environment such as increase in indoor air quality, decrease in natural resources use and improved comfort due to improved energy efficiency in buildings. The pattern of different energy use of a building depends upon the building type and the climate zone where it is located.

2. Literature survey
Approximately one-third of end-use energy consumption in IEA Member countries occurs in residential, commercial and public buildings. Uses include heating, cooling, lighting, appliances, and general services. Buildings are therefore a major demand on energy resources and the emissions associated with supplying and consuming this energy make up an important component of total emissions. Despite a general improvement in the thermal performance of buildings, much energy is still inefficiently used. The Implementing Agreement on Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS) focuses its work on ways to improve energy efficiency in buildings. Its programme includes developing techniques to analyse how energy use in buildings impacts on the interior, local, regional and global environments; work on the optimisation of building envelopes, advanced local energy planning, computer-aided fault detection and diagnosis, and the use of daylight in buildings (in collaboration with the Implementing Agreement on Solar Heating and Cooling); and improving the availability and use of design tools. ECBCS administers the Future Buildings Forum. In cooperation with other buildings-related Implementing Agreements, the Forum organises workshops aimed at identifying long term energy, environmental, economic and technical issues related to buildings and the R&D needs associated with them.
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3. Climatic zones effect the conservation of energy

The type of the buildings set different requirements for indoor climate and internal loads such as cooling, ventilation, lighting, space heating, water heating and others for different climate zones. Lighting energy demand remains the same for all climate zones. Focus for energy efficient measures are different in different climate zones. Focus must be given on cooling and heating energy reduction in both residential as well as commercial buildings.

4. Opportunities for energy efficiency in buildings

The diversity of buildings and their different use imply major differences for the adoption of energy conservation models. The energy sources used, methods applied and equipments added need to be tailored according to individual needs. For heating and cooling of building, the renewable energy sources such as solar heat or bio fuels should be preferred. Heat pumps based on outdoor air heat source can be a efficient way to heat a building. Raw materials for building sector are extracted, processed, transported, added in consumption phase and finally disposed. All these stages imply a number of environmental impacts. Embodied energy can be saved through the right selection of building materials. Light weight building materials such as timber frames usually have lower embodied energy compared to heavy weight construction. The building should be designed with due consideration to the facts such as local climate, transport distance, availability of materials and budget.

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5. Building Envelope
A well-insulated thermal envelope without thermal bridges is a passive way to obtain a low heat/cool demand and improve thermal comfort. High level of insulation is accomplished by constructing a thicker than normal wall and filling it by a insulating material. Windows are still the least insulating part of the building envelope with a heat loss coefficient that is typically 4-10 times higher than one of the other envelope elements. Windows are built up of a number of components such as glass, gas filling, spacer, frame etc. that can be combined so that in each case, the window meets the requirements for insulation properties, day lighting and solar shading.

6. Energy Efficient Models

There are different views in order to promote the energy efficient buildings which include low and zero energy buildings, passive house design, energy plus buildings, eco-cities etc.

6.1 Low Energy Building

In low energy buildings, the energy consumption is based on an increased level of thermal insulation, high performance windows, air tight structural details, ventilation and heat recovery systems. Heat recovery from exhaust air in the ventilation system is common in this type of building. The different energy efficient measures should be considered as energy conservation technologies and passive and solar active technologies. In this type of building, the energy consumption is strongly influenced by construction practice.

6.2 Zero Energy Building

Zero energy buildings are the buildings that produce as much as energy as they consume over a full year. This solution minimizes the impact of building on the environment and does not reduce the indoor comfort of the user. They are seen as a potential solution of mitigating global warming and other environmental problems.
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For individual house, a number of micro generation technologies can be applied to provide heat and electricity. These can include solar cells and small scale wind turbine for electricity and bio fuels or ground source heat pumps, solar thermal collectors and micro combined heat and power installation for heating.

6.3 Passive House

A passive house is a building in which a comfortable interior climate can be maintained without active heating and cooling systems. The house maintains the comfortable indoor room temperature itself. A passive house is cost effective when combined with capitalized cost (construction, design, installed equipments and operating cost). Hot water supply using regeneration energy source should use solar collector or heat pumps. There should be controlled ventilation and heat recovery of the exhaust air. Government financing and incentives for the construction of more energy efficient and environment friendly buildings should be given. Building codes, guidelines and equipment standards should be developed in consultation with industry to minimize adverse impacts on environment.

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ITC Green Building, Gurgaon

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CII Godgej Green Building, Hyderabad

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7. Review about Energy Conservation in Buildings

Average Energy Consumption :

HVAC LIGHTING Electronics Others 55 % 14 % 27 % 4%

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8. Overview of usage of energy in India

Year 1947 Power Generation was 1362 MW Year 2004 Power generation 100,000 MW Electrification of > 500,000 Villages Year 2001 44% households without Electricity Present Per Capita Consumption 350 wh Supply vs. Peak Demand Gap 39,816 million Units (Peak Demand Gap = 17%)

9. Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings/ facilities

There is vast scope for energy efficiency improvement in buildings/ existing facilities. Energy Audit Studies have revealed a savings potential to the extent of 40% in end use such as lighting, cooling, ventilation, refrigeration etc. Audits identify the Energy baselines in existing facilities along with Energy Efficiency Measures.

10. How much energy can we save?

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11. Energy Efficiency Improvements at Rashtrapathi Bhawan

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11.1 EEMs at Rashtrapati Bhawan

Electricity Savings in Energy Saving savings lakh Rupees Measure (kWh/ year) per year Air conditioning 5,54,266 35.3 3,25,028 20.7 Lighting 54,140 3.45 Pumping Total 9,33,434 59.45

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12. ONGOING INITIATIVES

An exercise for expanding the number of existing ESCOs through an open invitation and evaluation process was taken up by BEE. In order to create a sense of credibility amongst the prospective agencies that are likely to secure the services of an ESCO as well as the financial institutions, a process of rating ESCOs was taken up through CRISIL and ICRA. Rating was carried out in terms of success in implementation of energy efficiency projects based on performance contracting, availability of technical manpower, financial strength, etc. 80 ESCOs empanelled with BEE after accreditation by CRISIL/ ICRA. 50 of the 80 accredited ESCOs are at levels 1 to 3 (Above Average)

13. Grading Scale

ICRA / CRISILBEE Grading GRADE 1 GRADE 2 GRADE 3 GRADE 4 GRADE 5

Definition

Score

Very High High Good Below Average Poor

85 and above 70-84 55-69 40-54 0-39

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14. ESCO Grading Distribution

55 per cent of the graded entities have above average execution capability in 2009 against 70 per cent in 2008.

17 15 14

10 9

6 5 3 1 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 2008 2009 Grade 4 Grade 5

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15. STAR RATING SCHEME FOR RATING OF BUILDINGS

The Star Rating Program for buildings is based on actual performance of the building in terms of specific energy usage (kWh/sq m/year). This program would rate office buildings on a 1-5 Star scale with 5 Star labeled buildings being the most efficient. Five categories of buildings - office buildings, hotels, hospitals, retail malls, and IT Parks in five climate zones in the country have been identified. Office buildings in the following 3 climatic zones for air-conditioned and non- air-conditioned: Warm and Humid Composite Hot and Dry It will be subsequently extended to other climatic zones and building types.

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16. Demand Side Management

Lighting Consumes 18% of Power in India as against 8 10% in Developed countries 13% of the peak load in Indian power system occurs for 365 hours a year i.e. one hour per day at dusk In 44% households without Electricity, people still use kerosene lanterns which affect their lungs and eyes, besides generating high soot and pollution Energy backlog has concerned the government Unable to meet Demand / Supply Gap

17. Short term Solution

The most effective and practical solutions to achieve immediate relief and reduction in the peak load demand is to replace : GLS by CFL 40W Fluorescent tube light by 36W (or 28W) FTL Electromagnetic ballasts by Electronic ballasts

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18. Why CFL ?

CFL lamps can easily replace GLS lamps and offer the following benefits : Relatively small investment per point (Rs.100 - 150) Easy to install retrofit solution High luminous efficacy Saves 80% on electrical energy for same light output when compared to GLS Have longer life (6 12 times longer than GLS) Wide range of shapes, sizes and colors for varied applications Environment friendly.

lamps

19. Cost Benefit Analysis

Cost Benefit Analysis for using Retrofit CFL Savings in Electronic Retrofit CFL over a lifetime of 6000 burning hours
1 Electronic Retrofit CFL 2 Replaces GLS 3 Savings in Electricity consumption over 6000 hours (2-1) x 6000 1000 4 Savings in electricity bills per lamp @Rs.3.50 per KWH 5 Cost of Electronic Retrofit CFL 6 Cost of 6 GLS lamps 7 Net savings per GLS point (4-5+6) Rs.1680 Rs.150 Rs.66 Rs.1596 Rs.1260 Rs.100 Rs.66 Rs1226 Rs.1029 Rs.100 Rs.66 Rs.995 480KWH 360KWH 294KWH 20W 100W 15W 75W 11W 60W

Conversion of 1 million GLS lamps of 100W to CFL of 20W

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20. Government initiative on Energy Conservation

March 2005: All Central Govt. buildings to be renovated with energy efficient lighting to start with Rashtrapati Bhavan, PMs house June 2005: Chandigarh Government Directive to all Government Buildings to convert with Energy Efficient lighting Workshop on 6th August at Delhi on Energy Efficiency in Lighting, attended by Senior Utility Staff, CFL mfrs., Regulatory Commissions, Govt. officials, Central State PWD, Municipalities, Financial Agencies, DSM Lighting Experts, Consultants etc Seminar on Efficient Lighting at Nagpur 12-16 Sept 2005 PWD Workshop at Mumbai 20th Sept BEE Education Programs Children Painting Contest, Best Energy Efficient Building Awards.

21. Industry Initiative

Regular price reduction One year warranty Exhibitions & Seminars Support to BIS and BEE Regular interaction with Government Consumer Education Program: Press Handbills Exhibitions / Seminars

22. Agenda for participants

Educate large Electricity Users on energy efficient lighting Initiative to start with own buildings and installations Involve Utilities and Users at the same platform Short Term solution to convert GLS points by CFL Initiate BESCOM like projects (BESCOM-Bangalore Electric Supply Company Limited is responsible for power distribution in Bangalore and other districts in Karnataka state. Citizen can transfer the ownership of BESCOM meter in case of transfer of property, transfer of ownership to legal heir in case of death of property owner and transfer for other reasons).
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23. Abbreviations Used:

HVAC : Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning EEM : Electrical Engineering Management ESCO : Energy Services Company BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency CRISIL : Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited ICRA : Internet Content Rating Association GSL : General Service Lighting CFL : Compact Fluorescent Lamp FTL : Fluorescent Tube Light PWD : Public Works Department BIS : Bureau of Indian Standards BESCOM : Bangalore Electric Supply Company Limited

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