Perspectives

in

Nutrition
in
L.
WALDBOTT,

Fluoride
GEORGE

Food
M.D.

Is

hoped

that

Perspectives

in

Nutrition

will a spectrum to

review of medical

the ideas

literature that will

selectively, serve as a

incontinual

terpret stimalatiomi

it
to

moderately nutritional

and research

present applied

problems.

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

T
freezes and, with gaseous

lIE gas,

element condenses

fluorine, to

pale a liquid it strong

greenish at is tendency very to occurs in in nature

yellow 120#{176}c. and active combine in ;

ing.7 through

Fluoride the leaves,

ion in

in

the soil

air through from

enters the

the roots.

plant

at because other form.

minus of its elements, ion to be of metals compounds. to its is

250#{176}c. rarely widespread the is its with Some its is ubiquity human many store whether soft predicated earth.23 strong

There
ion content

are

many
of food

inconsistencies
derived

in the
plants.

fluoride
They

pureare

attributable grown ;
of whether

to the type
prevailing

the of source
dry

locality soil ;
winds or wet ;

in the
; whether

which

they from and

season, condithe

are
it is an thirteenth abundance Pharmacologiaffinity which of calciprive and tissue. tissues ion.- from ion boiling, ion of levels the same at concentrate processing vary kind plant least fluoride derived fluoride Some ion Fluoride between samples from foods its In its it for forms action effect.4 upon its presence addition may, calcium has among

distance direction
the weather

Fluoride estimated the cally and complex been clinical reactivity, nearly bones certain Most animal minute additional or widely, of food.
FLUORIDE

air-contaminating

; the

intensity especially

elements significant other ascribed significance every and teeth, foods, life, amounts. fluoride even contamination. conditions,

tions whether
Its how

at

the the

time of plant the

of was

sampling ; fertilized ;

highly edible

portion the

plant processed

is leaf, and

root fruit; or or how sprayed; it was

high prepared in In to mist,

food was for eating.

the air mainly

fluoride ion as hydrogen and in fluoride and tends

When

is present fluoride form ion settles to migrate

fluoride

as fumes or and silicon as sodium on

ion

under tetrafluoride

particulate

fluoride. When or is absorbed it

tips in and margins.8

leaves, to their
is ab-

contain

sorbed through the roots and occurs fluoride tively growing

con- levels2

roots, stems.7 parts.

conditions

it is deposited Very little

and

mainly translocation
affect

in

into ion little are

other storage fluoride

Atmospheric

season

ION

IN

FOOD

FROM

VEGETATION

by ion in

plants. in legumes

There early to

is relain the ion

Fluoride taminated contaminated factories, coal,

From I)etroit, A merican

ion air by volcanic

in and

plants from

is of

derived soil. fluoride and Harper Air

from ion combustion from Hospital,

season, high then

but in alfalfa, May, decline rise to uptake

fluoride a minimum

becomes from of

emission eruptions, of
of

in June, highest during fluoride

there is

and fluoride dry

ion

the maximum. from the air after rain. contain more than fruit; and seed.

The occurs In more

evaporation
the Department

sea

water

spray- spraying

Medicine,

periods, the experiments,8 ion than stems, little fluoride

lowest leaves stems ion inruit f

Michigan. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 455

very

Vol. 12, June

1963

456 Intake dependent in the soil of on and fluoride the on the ion concentration type into of of roots fluoride soil.9,b0 is

Waldbott
largely ion roughly wheat about tend germ, structures levels of Sweden 0.38 of ppm.2 to account fluoride in different the areas. in
Is

1 p.p.m. to contain bran, of high the and as brand same fluoride 1.35 wheat ion Fluoride for are ion levels

; corn, more, corn grain 1 1 ppm. of ion ppm.; from ion the in high and contents ranged winter location germ have

wheat oats and and shown in under content in different from dust values. and nine wheat,

and rice other

buckless. ex-

Wheat Wheat

germ
unusually ppm.) fluoride

grown
in ion

in
high soil than

an

area
fluoride contained wheat

of

North
ion twelve

Africa
content times France.1 in

with

an ternal
(7,470 ion more plants in conditions, tween kinds by Sweden up 3.69 sand.7 believed more Leafy to wide grown vegetables on a

fluoride twenty-one grown the varied different areas 0.92 soil in to was same be-

as in

a single the winter fluoride

grown

In
and the of less plants.

acid
its soil intake with A fluoride

soil

fluoride
by calcium reduces plants

ion
is oxid&3 fluoride in one to

is

more
and ion loam grown five times the

soluble7-9
Liming addition intake takes in

increased.

phosphates4 plant ion found

grown than four

clay

Nommick2

vegetables variations

particularly this According of

susceptible accounts vegetables to Mcfor

fluoride
der contain Dry skin of External the

ion

in
potato.

potato

skins
of ion

than
fruits than contained

in
and

the

remain-

air-borne

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

structures more of fluoride bananas5

vegetables parts. 51 ppm.,

internal

the

average
ranges weight fluoride basis. ion 5.2(1

fluoride
between in (8.7 ppm.) 0. 10 spinach to

ion
and Conspicuous

content
0.30 (0. 1 ppm.). ppm. are to In ion

of
the 28.3 con-

whereas Leaves bage6 leaves peaches Dalles, fluoride ularly

With deposition variations

the in the

fruit center

contained of a head ppm., 34 ppm.

only of whereas The

3.8 sprayed the suture

ppm.

fresh of and

cab- ranges outside p.p.m.) side of potatoes

had 3.0 contained in Ore.) ion during

so of in

parsley to

11.3 fluoride

(0.4

an than the
many

air-contaminated area contained substantially the ripening

factors fluoride ion would

(The more
particinto

tent
content In India, the fluoride erratic of 2.6

seems
of recent high ion to the areas26 contains levels In

to
reports in 20.0

be

related
from of with ion from an fluoride, eggplant and

to
area

the

fluoride
near Madras, of values 4(126.0 to air of containvegetables

ion

opposite season.
entering in be

natural ppm. areas

analyses showed of okra,

the

content

plants, expected.

content

Ad-ppm.2

industrial content that fluoride in ion to and 0.35 gooseberries Pineapple, 0.9 the However, ppm. protective apples

ditional are due Tea

content2 for ones,22 fluoride

discrepancies to variations leaves

and ion older

ination the available data82#{176} in methods of analysis. differs

in

fluoride (Table range fruit, currants levels. contains ion.

appreciably
i).

noncontami: 3.36 In citrus ppm.; 2. 1 ppm. showing according In most rind sprayed to

have
seem ; ones to green

the
have

highest
an than leaves more

fluoride
unusual than younger affinity

ionnated
Fruit black fruits, ones,23 in

little from between and about citrus,

0.( )7

more

noncitrus highest
19

regardless from commercial the

400 ppm. as gm23
,

of

whether fluoride
in as weight), According average 1 ppm. dried 1,758

fluoride or ion
samples.23 p.p.m. or to brew of 1 .7 mg. Jackson of tea

ion from levels

has of in

is vary
In been fluoride and ion ;

derived soil. from

some

-bananas,

atmosphere teas,
much dry* the about

the

In the
teafruits, found excludes ionwith Weid- from 6 cups 0.3 much

to

particularly fluoride

leaves, (fat-free, per mann contains

fluoride
2 and as wine
16

ion-containing
to 5.6 contents ppm. ppm. studies been in of made ppm.29 of walnuts. the in ppm. ion 1.45

insecticides
nuts vary

contain
between reported ion content Switzeras

24

England

Fluoride 7.8 have

fluoride

Truhaut9 fluoride wine-rich In

would supply about There is relatively

SC

1 mg. little
are four analyzed, to

fluoride
fluoride ten times

ion

in
ion

grain,
levels than

Extensive in

When
weight fresh

dried
unit material.

foods are

per the

higher

land imi
ranges

and
from

France.
0.05 to

The
0.3

usual

concentration
wine made

Fluoride
TABLE

in
I

Food

457

Effect

of

Air

Contamination

on

Fluoride

Ion

Levels

in

Food

Fluoride
Area Source

Ion

Food

Contamination
(p.p.m.*)

Normal

(ppm.)

The 1)alles, Ore.7 Molilin, Switzerland27 Tampa, Fla.28

Aluminumn Aluminum Phosphate

Fertilizer

Plant Plant
Plant

Peach Carrots Orange

Spinach

juice

3.2-21 5.0 0 . 05-3

.9
.

12

0.21 0.22-2.0 0 . 07-0 0.1-0.3 0.7-5.7 0.04-1.3

17

16.0
leaves 3.2 77.0-135 2.0-4.5

Strayed

food

itemns6

Milk Celery
Apples

SC

Values

vary

according

to

proximity

of

factories.

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

from Italy, IS.

grapes magnitudes 1 ppm.

growing of been have

near fluoride

active ion

volcanoes as great

in Under as accumulation muscles,

are

certain

conditions

not

yet

understood,

found.3#{176}
of hops and malt

skin
which

of and

fluoride ion other organs.6-35

usually contain

takes Thus,
relatively

place meat
little

in

Fluoride

ion contents

products,

high
noted Several

(0.9
from

and
0.2 breweries

12.2
to

ppm.).3
0.8 located ppm. in

In
of

beer

Truhaut
in

fluoride

fluoride ion ion. high fluoride ion in been as

ion,

occasionally ion intake. ranges pork reported 10.8

products
mainly

constitute In most from as and in 0.2 high kidneys

large
water

a source meats to as 2.0 3.3 and

amounts
is relatively

of fluop.p.m. liver,
of

cities with

which ride

content salt

p.p.m.,

water
for

is
brewing.32

fluoridated
Beers upto
ION

use
brewed l.2p.p.m.33
IN FOOD

nonfluoridated
fluoridated

water but have

as high

levels ;

watercontain
FLUORIDE

Marine
FROM ANIMALS fluoride

contain
because

In the
bone

animals, skeleton.
salts, and

most

fluoride

ion bones,

accumulates bone
preparations

inhigh

in

fluoride

ion

(1

to

8.72

ppm.). through accumulate

external

Some their more

por-

Therefore,
calcium-phosphate

meal of

made
ion in and

from
our

bones
daily

are
diet.

mnajor
The

sources
animals

and seafoods, especially high calcium content, fluoride fluoride ion As in

.

Crustacea tend to
plants, the

age,

the tions amounts its sardinesM in

exposed
than

to
the

fluoride
internal

ion
parts;

contain
the

larger
skin of

length
ion forage,

of
its

time
the drinking

it

has
water

been
of and

consuming
fluoride in ion supplementary

fluoride

magnitude

has whole
than
,

five fish;
that

times the skin

of
Our

more
its meat
data

fluoride twenty
(32.9
on

ion
and

than fluoride
times 1 .5

the
more ppm.

of codfish

diet
ion

mixtures
accumulation.

determine
Among

the
the

extent
widely

of bones,
he

varying

respectively).

fish

figures
of from healthy older Certain such
P-P-34

on
12(1 ones.

fluoride
are to 38(1

ion
considered ppm. and foods

content
in from made

of
reliable; young, SO to from as

Roholm4 animals

those caught found Florida

snapper and in

near showed
and Nilson37

the 50
54 reported

phosphate-rich sea ppm. fluoride

in as much as

coast of ion in a red

Lee p.p.m. 84.47

apparently $10 ppm. bone much

p.p.m.

a sheepshead.33

baby as Pablum,

contained

in dry mackerel. Gelatin is meal, as 13.7which fluoride from

reduced from
been

prepared ion-containing in curing and

160 130 and

from

animal compounds
have

skins have Levels

been

to

By
animals,

substituting
this The ion results content of level of

bone
has our Pablum

meal
been analyses ranged

applied
high as

processing.38
p.p.m.

young considerably. the 1 1 to fluoride iS

as

re-

of ported

Milk There

in gelatin.39 contains is no consistent

from

(1.09

to

0.32

ppm.4#{176} of the fluoride

ppm.33

correlation

458
ion content of milk and fluoride

Waldbott
ion the in

drinking
ride

water ion levels

of cattle or in in milk increase In

the soil.4 as the intake milk area,

Fluoride
12

fluoride grazing
did enter not

ion increases.42 in a contaminated

exceed 0.5 p.p.m.43

from fluoride
ion

diet are tea, Fluo- meal; the of content are cows there is no ionfluoride ion
may wide variations of the pies

seafood, foods fruits

with and

gelatin, the

spinach least

and fluoride

bone ion of the

sam-

vegetables.

However, the amount because of

in different

way of predicting in a certain meal

of same food. INTAKE OF FLUORIDE fluoride ion

the in

milk from cleansing place of production and combination

areas,

in the
account

both dairy.
for

at This, ion
such

with high fluoride

in

air-borne
may

fluoride levels as the

in To
(1) the

DAILY

ION

contaminated extremely p.p.m.

determine
three relation

the
of

daily
factors food-borne

fluoride
must be

ion
fluoride

intake
considered: ion

of
to

ion
a

3.2 a

person,

encountered

sample26

obtained

from plant and

found
in

cows grazing near a phosphate in Tampa, Florida. According Phillips,44 most fluoride ion
in the (0.005 water ppm.) fraction ; less (0.014 is

fertilizer fluoride ion from other to Evans and processing of food in milk the individual. is
ppm.) and in fat

sources; ; and

(2) preparation (3) food habits

of

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

casein

present

Food-Borne Fluoride Food

Fluoride Ion from and

ion air and McClure47

ion Other are

; intake

Related Sources the principal

to

and
(0.0012

precipitated
ppm.).

heat

coagulable 60 it than
1 .31

protein per

water
intake

sources
of fluoride are daily

of
ion lesser aver-

Cheese dry ingly

range
fluoride

contains in no
in

approximately Therefore, fluoride ion

0.16 and

cent fluoride
from sources. Some age

absorption from estimated

substance. richer
between

is

correspondmilk values ;

drugs the

ppm.2

intake

of fluoride

ion

from

food

by

children 0.25 0.5 Analyses to

the
sein ion

ion production
used levels

doubt is lost of cheese.

animal

with the whey In commercial

fluoride

experimentation,

twelve years of age be between to in under mg. Machie et al.48 considered ca-to 0.55 1 .0 mg. the average intake for adults. by Armstrong and Knowlton49 of three

Eggs fluoride
when

as high as 359 contain between ion. Phillips chickens were fed

p.p.m. were found.45 0.2 and 0.4 ppm. et al.46 found 3.2 ppm.

meals

served of Hospital, showed

0.27 U.S.S.R.

to an
and

the house staff of before the water individuals

0.32 mg. of

Minnesota was to
ion

General fluoridated, be area between

per day.

taming months.
as its

3 per In
lipoid

cent egg major

rock phosphate confluoride ion for twenty-eight yolk fluoride ion is present sources of fluoride ion in

intake
fluoride

Gabovich,5#{176}

in
found

low
fluoride

fluoride
ion intake

of
to be

the
be-

fraction.46

Thus,

the

tween 0.54 to 1 .2 mg. per a Fluoride Ion in Waler ride ion content of water
its source. Sea water

TABLE

II

day. (ThbIe II). The fluodepends largely upon contains between I .0

Fluoride

Ion

in Water
Fluoride (ppm.)

Source

Location

and 1.4 ppm.5 This is high compared with levels of iodine, phosphorus and arsenate. Fluoride ion content in the water of the Persian Gulf has been reported to be as much as 8.72
ppm.52 Surface water is generally low in

Seawat&
Sea Rain water6 water4 water water allowlimit6 levels Persian Germany U. S. Gulf A.

Well
River

Maximum able

In In

warm cool

climate climate

1.()-1.4 8.72 Up to 3.4 Less than 0 5SC . 0 . 0-25 and mnore 1 .4 2 4

fluoride
is in fluoride

ion,
closer,

in contrast
more minerals.

to
protracted

subsoil
contact

water
with

which ion

ion-bearing

Fluoride

content in lakes in volcanic areas is be as much as 2,800 ppm.53 kIost the U. S. A. contain traces of fluoride
than 0.5 ppm. Higher levels are

known wells ion,

found

to in less
in

SC

Higher

in

Texas,

Arizona,

Tennessee,

Ar-

kansas

and

South

Dakota.

areas

of

fluoride

ion-bearing

rock

such

as

Fluoride
Western and
an

in

Food ion III) in Processed and Cooked

459 Foods

Texas, South Dakota. polluted as 3.4 ppm.4 ppm.

Arizona, area ; Our in data in

Tennessee, Analysis Germany from revealed Tennessee, of

Arkansas rainwater showed 0.01 2.1 p.p.m. to

Fluoride in (Table
as

air

Additional
meals

fluctuations
are attributable

of
to

fluoride
processing

ion boiled fluoride

intake
and

much

from

i.o:
near River
shown One cay. daily

a
as

phosphate contaminated
much per for With intake of amount as 25 the

fertilizer by
p.p.m.SS* in in or water water

plant factory
supplies of at 1,500 ml.

in

Florida. waste has

food fluoride
cabbage

preparation. ion-containing
cooked in

When

food water,
containing

is its

in ion
ion

water
part

concentration

increases.M water

Cauliflower

and fluoride

million

is being tooth delevel, of in four habits, and (diabetes, wide deviaaverages. ion water

absorb carrots,
cooked

more which
in

fluoride are cooked such and

ion.

ion penetrable.
absorb

than
more

beets Vegetables
fluoride

and
ion

recommended

prevention

less

concentration 1,000 is

this

a saucepan

would
ion.47

supply
This

between of water
etc. conditions, changes, state etc.) ion allowable

I and a day,
Eating

1 .5 mg. or
and

of fluoride

than Dried
to

those foods, cooking59

in as

a pressure oatmeal, absorb acquire spinach,

cooker.M water

contained

six
soups,

glasses
coffee,

its

equivalent

during in In

thus

additional

amounts

of fluoride

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

drinking health for such of fluoride

canned, reported 6.8 and

from

strained the 8.2

Ham

and be

atmospheric humidity febrile tions As of maximum diseases, fluoride

temperature of from limits account intake

Smith34 between
to ranged in

unprocessed
.

fluoride ion content to p.p.m. (dry) as compared spinach which in the content to 70 7.97 p.p.m. ppm. Powdered Self-rising flour

11 1

spinach

contained

water,
in cool climates.56

health
climates Jon is fluoride areas.
city

authorities
and in available ion from from factories
atmosphere with

have
1.4

set
p.p.m.

2.4
in

p.p.m.
warm
TABLE III in Major Fluoride Ion-

Fluoride
formation tion rural emanations
normal

l ir.

Relatively
about air of in the wood contribute
a

little
daily and to
fluoride

inabsorpand coal a
ion

Fluoride

Ion

Levels

(ppm.)

Containing

Foods

of

metropolitan

Combustion

and

Food

Fluoride
(ppm.)

Ion

From a
Tea
Grain

Vegetable

Kingdom 3.2-4.()
Alxut

content daily mg. especially magnesium glass and In

of intake

0.025

p.p.m.57

This

would

provide

through
close those
,

the
proximity producing
,

air
to phosphate values Some

passages
certain steel, are persons amounts fertilizer,

of

0.16

factories, aluminum, greatly take of habitually intake of ex-

1 .0

beryllium
bricks,

\egetables Potatoes Spinach

0 . 10-0.30 0.4-5.20 0. 1-20.3

these Drugs.

Citrus
Noncitrus
Nuts

fruit
fruit

ceeded. Fluoride
into their

0.07-0.36 0 . 35-2
0.3-1.45(maxi-

1 7.8)

Ion

from system

mum Wine Beer

substantial

fluoride
and three

ion
steroids, times

from
for a

drugs.
instance, furnish day,

Certain
taken a

tranquilizers
daily

0.05-0.3(maximum 18.1) 0.2-1.2

From

Animal

Kingdom

from 0.8 to how tightly the molecule the extracellular

Iii the
noted

1 .0 mg. Not known at present is the fluoride ion remains bound to of the drug once it has reached and intracellular fluids.

Bone Meat
Driedmeat

meal

246-770 0.2-2.0

Fish
Milk Cheese Egg

3.3-7.7 1.0-8.0(maximum 0.09-0.32 0. 16-1 0.2-0.4 84.5) .31

SC

water

of

the

Peace

River,

Florida,

47

ppm. 15,

was

recently

( Tampa

Tribune,

September

1961).

460
had
7.4

Waldbott
a fluoride ion content ranging from 4.9 to take, fluoride

habitual
ion in

tea
urine

drinkers
than

eliminate
non-tea

more
drinkers.66

ppm.6#{176} fluoride
sample

In ion
it

one
was

sample was
only 0.86

of

shredded 9.4 ppm. in

,

wheat
an-

the
other

content

The subjects
than

levels
in of my the

of fluoride with the

bones patients(a imbibed years.

ion tea
of

in the
people

bones habit
in year the

of English are
U. old

p.p.m.33

drinking
fifty-five

higher
S. woman A.24

The
maximum

U.
residue in

S. Food allowable
on 1943 p.p.m.6m ; in

and Drug limit of

fruit 1944 Celery and it was

Administrations fluoride ion

was increased sprayed

in One
1.43with

spray ppm. 2.8 to

vegetables leaves6

osteoarthritis

of
I 5 to From fluoride water The

the
20 ion supply this

lower
cups ranged in urinary her of source

spine)
tea from home excretion daily alone 1 .82

had
for her to conof

from habitually extwenty-five daily 2.44 intake mg. 0.4 ppm.;

perimentally
insecticide

with
contained

a
as

fluoride
much

ion-containing
as 135

of The ppm.

apples thus ion dated

Few in food contains

as treated or as

much

as

5.6

ppm.29

large

apple tamed fluoride fluoride fluori- 1.7 to In

6.3

would much as

provide four

1 .0 mg. of glass of water on

of

ion
mg.

per

twenty-four
(six determinations).

hours is a major

ranged staple about who 1 .74 drink

of

from food.

at 1.0 reliable
a

ppm.29 data are

In

Newfoundland, daily ion.62

tea daily,

fish

Downloaded from www.ajcn.org by guest on December 17, 2011

available
Newfoundland,

fluoride
flour 0. 5 per

additives. calcium

ion The average of fluoride

cent 6 cups of

diet contains Newfoundlanders,

take in 2.74

mg.

supplement

mg.

fluoride

bone
to per ppm.,63 flour the

meal.
average

This
daily

adds
diet.62

1 .0 mg.
In

of amounts ion
ion

fluoride of of
content content.

England,

ionion from creta Tristan 0.3i tains 230

fluorosis seafood of In A
67

these da
0.2 has

two sources alone. Cunja, where

ppm., been with a high attributed skeletal

On the
to a

the water
of

island condental high was in de-

(chalk)
cent. by

is added
Creta, increases 0.7 ppm.

to

all
the above

flour fluoride
fluoride its

in

only

incidence diet

with

usual

patient

fluorosis

baking powder, been reported Artificially

the fluoride to be between fluoridated water

ion 19 and and

content ppm.64 220 fluoride

hasscribed
patient

by
obtained

Odenthal

and
practically

Wieneke.68
his entire

The
daily

of water from a mountain spring which ion intake deemed especially conducive to health. present in dyes and detergents contribute fur-he ther to the high intake of fluoride ion from food. The fluoride ion content of the water was 7.5 The magnitude of fluoride ion from these ppm. ; his daily fluoride ion intake was estito be 1 1 to 12 mg. sources has not yet been adequately studied. mated It is not the purpose of this paper to disFor instance, in a town with fluoridated water,

white

cake
contained

with

decorative analysis, 4.52 ppm.

coloring,

several thoroughly
fluoride ion

cream mixed
in the

layers before
amount

andcuss
intake. of that safe extremely 40

the the and

clinical It a should toxic narrow. latitude

phase be between level of

of

excess what fluoride fluoride tissues,

fluoride however, constitutes ion intake ion

ion a is

emphasized,

Salt
ppm.65 a high who tensively,

contains
The fluoride reside in such ion

about
latter level areas as is

5
in

ppm.
the sea

;
to teeth salt

sea
of is

salt,
children used Salt

Furthermore,

believed

account

for accumulates stantial amounts

under
in

certain
many

conditions69
soft

in of such

subac-

particu-

where Bombay,

larly exfrom cumulation

the

aorta. is not

The known
SUMMARY

significance at the present

India.

time.

various Russian p.p.m.5#{176} A person

day would consume

cities using
0.19

contained 15in. g
mg.

10
of

salt
this

to per

141 Fluoride
highest bone meal,

from

source

is present
concentrations spinach

in nearly
are and found gelatin,

every
in tea, the

foodthe ;
seafood, least in

alone.50 Effect
Food

of Food
habits

Habits
also

on Fluoride
complicate

ion
the

Intake
question

citrus amount of
food merous inion

fruits, vegetables, of fluoride ion

is unpredictable factors ; pertaining it

eggs taken
is to

and into

milk. the system

on its

The in
flu-

daily
where

fluoride
tea is a

ion
major

intake.
source

In
of

New
fluoride

Zealand

dependent the food,

proces-

Fluoride

in

Food
Operations in The College, Dalles Area.

461
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