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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES College of Engineering Computer Engineering Department NDC Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila Tel.

No. 713-59-68

COEN 3174ADVANCED LOGIC CIRCUIT Second Semester, 2011-2012

Assignment
MARY ANN E. RUFO
BSCoE 4 1

ENGR. REMEDIOS ADO

November 25, 2011

I.

IC Implementation and Family

LEVELS OF INTEGRATION:
a. SSI (Small-scale integration) Small-scale integrated devices contain several independent gates in a single package. The inputs and outputs of the gates are connected directly to the pins in the package. The number of gates is usually less than 10 and is limited by the number of pins available on the IC. Refers to the ICs with fewer than 12 gates on the same chip. Examples: 74LSXX FlipFlops 555 Timer

b. MSI(Medium-scale integration) Medium-scale integrated devices have a complexity of approximately 10 to 100 gates in a single package. They usually perform specific elementary digital functions, such as addition of 4 bits. Examples: Adders, Registers, Counters, RAM's (Random Access Memory), ROM's (Read only Memory), Code converters c. LSI(Large-scale integration) Large-scale integrated devices contain between 100 and a few thousand gates in a single package. They include digital systems such as small processors, small memories, and programmable modules. Examples: digital clock, calculators, etc.

d. VLSI(Very large-scale integration) Very large-scale integrated devices contain several thousand to over 100 million gates in a simple package. Examples are complex microprocessor and digital signal processing chips. Because of their small size and low cost, VLSI devices have revolutionized computer system design technology, giving designers the capability to create complex structures that previously were not economical to manufacture. Examples: Microprocessors, Memories, etc.

DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES:


e. IC Family Selection Digital family is a group of compatible devices with the same logic levels and supply voltages (compatible means that you can connect the output of one device to the input of another) The two basic technologies for manufacturing digital ICs are bipolar and MOS. *Bipolar technology is preferred for SSI and MSI because it is faster. *MOS technology dominates the LSI field because more MOSFETs can be packed on the same chip area. RTL DTL TTL ECL MOS CMOS BiCMOS GaAs Resistor-transistor Logic

Bipolar Families

Diode-transistor Logic Transistor-transistor Logic Emitter-coupled Logic

MOS Families

Metal-oxide semiconductor Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor Bipolar complementary metal-oxide semiconductor Gallium-Arsenide

*RTL and DTL were the earliest logic families and are now obsolete. DTL uses diodes and transistors. *TTL is a widely used logic family that has been available for decades, but is declining rapidly in use. TTL uses transistors almost exclusively; it has become the most popular family of SSI and MSI chips. *ECL has an advantage in systems requiring high-speed operation. ECL, the fastest logic family, is used in high speed application. *MOS is suitable for circuits that need high component density. *CMOS is preferably in systems requiring low power consumption. Low power consumption is so essential to prevent, large, complex, dense devices from overheating. CMOS is now the dominant technology. *BiCMOS, which combines CMOS with a bit of TTL, is used selectively in case in which CMOS alone cannot provide adequate current or the necessary speed. *GaAs is used very selectively for very high speed circuits.

The table below summarizes the important properties of the most popular logic families:
Property Technology Power Supply Inputs 4000 Series CMOS 74 Series 74HC High-speed CMOS 74 Series 74HCT High-speed CMOS TTL compatible 5V 0.5V Very high impedance. Unused inputs must be connected to +Vs or 0V. Compatible with 74LS (TTL) outputs. Can sink and source about 20mA, enough to light an LED. To switch larger currents use a transistor. 74 Series 74LS TTL Low-power Schottky 5V 0.25V 'Float' high to logic 1 if unconnected. 1mA must be drawn out to hold them at logic 0. Can sink up to 16mA (enough to light an LED), but source only about 2mA. To switch larger currents use a transistor. One output can drive up to 10 74LS inputs or 50 74HCT inputs. about 35MHz A few mW.

3 to 15V 2 to 6V Very high impedance. Unused inputs must be connected to +Vs or 0V. Inputs cannot be reliably driven by 74LS outputs unless a 'pull-up' resistor is used (see below). Can sink and source about 5mA (10mA with 9V supply), enough to light an LED. To switch larger currents use a transistor. One output can drive up to 50 CMOS, 74HC or 74HCT inputs, but only one 74LS input. about 1MHz A few W. Can sink and source about 20mA, enough to light an LED. To switch larger currents use a transistor.

Outputs

Fan-out

One output can drive up to 50 CMOS, 74HC or 74HCT inputs, but only 10 74LS inputs.

Maximum Frequency Power consumption of the IC itself

about 25MHz A few W.

about 25MHz A few W.

4000 Series CMOS


This family of logic ICs is numbered from 4000 onwards, and from 4500 onwards. They have a B at the end of the number (e.g. 4001B) which refers to an improved design introduced some years ago. Most of them are in 14-pin or 16-pin packages. They use CMOS circuitry which means they use very little power and can tolerate a wide range of power supply voltages (3 to 15V) making them ideal for battery powered projects. CMOS is pronounced 'see-moss' and stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. However the CMOS circuitry also means that they are static sensitive. Touching a pin while charged with static electricity (from your clothes for example) may damage the IC. In fact most ICs in regular use are quite tolerant and earthing your hands by touching a metal water pipe or window frame before handling them will be adequate. ICs should be left in their protective packaging until you are ready to use them. For the more sensitive ICs special equipment is available, including earthed wrist straps and earthed work surfaces. General characteristics

Supply: 3 to 15V, small fluctuations are tolerated. Inputs have very high impedance (resistance), this is good because it means they will not affect the part of the circuit where they are connected. However, it also means that unconnected inputs can easily pick up electrical noise and rapidly change between high and low states in an unpredictable way. This is likely to make the IC behave erratically and it will significantly increase the supply current. To prevent problems all unused inputs MUST be connected to the supply (either +Vs or 0V), this applies even if that part of the IC is not being used in the circuit! Outputs can sink and source only about 1mA if you wish to maintain the correct output voltage to drive CMOS inputs. If there is no need to drive any inputs the maximum current is about 5mA with a 6V supply, or 10mA with a 9V supply (just enough to light an LED). To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor. Fan-out: one output can drive up to 50 inputs. Gate propagation time: typically 30ns for a signal to travel through a gate with a 9V supply, it takes a longer time at lower supply voltages. Frequency: up to 1MHz, above that the 74 series is a better choice. Power consumption (of the IC itself) is very low, a few W. It is much greater at high frequencies, a few mW at 1MHz for example.

Quad 2-input gates 4001 quad 2-input NOR 4011 quad 2-input NAND 4030 quad 2-input EX-OR (now
obsolete) 4070 quad 2-input EX-OR 4071 quad 2-input OR 4077 quad 2-input EX-NOR 4081 quad 2-input AND 4093 quad 2-input NAND with Schmitt trigger inputs

Triple 3-input gates



4023 triple 3-input NAND 4025 triple 3-input NOR 4073 triple 3-input AND 4075 triple 3-input OR

Dual 4-input gates



4002 dual 4-input NOR 4012 dual 4-input NAND 4072 dual 4-input OR 4082 dual 4-input AND

4069 hex NOT (inverting buffer)

4017 decade counter (1-of-10) 4026 decade counter and 7-segment 4029 4510 4516
display driver up/down synchronous counter with preset up/down decade (0-9) counter with preset up/down 4-bit (0-15) counter with preset

4518 dual decade (0-9) counter 4520 4020 4024 4028 4511
dual 4-bit (0-15) counter 14-bit (16,384) ripple counter 7-bit (128) ripple counter BCD to decimal (1 of 10) decoder BCD to 7-segment display driver

74 Series: 74LS, 74HC and 74HCT There are several families of logic ICs numbered from 74xx00 onwards with letters (xx) in the middle of the number to indicate the type of circuitry, eg 74LS00 and 74HC00. The original family (now obsolete) had no letters, eg 7400. The 74LS (Low-power Schottky) family (like the original) uses TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) circuitry which is fast but requires more power than later families. The 74HC family has High-speed CMOS circuitry, combining the speed of TTL with the very low power consumption of the 4000 series. They are CMOS ICs with the same pin arrangements as the older 74LS family. Note that 74HC inputs cannot be reliably driven by 74LS outputs because the voltage ranges used for logic 0 are not quite compatible, use 74HCT instead. The 74HCT family is a special version of 74HC with 74LS TTL-compatible inputs so 74HCT can be safely mixed with 74LS in the same system. In fact 74HCT can be used as low-power direct replacements for the older 74LS ICs in most circuits. The minor disadvantage of 74HCT is a lower immunity to noise, but this is unlikely to be a problem in most situations. Beware that the 74 series is often still called the 'TTL series' even though the latest ICs do not use TTL! The CMOS circuitry used in the 74HC and 74HCT series ICs means that they are static sensitive. Touching a pin while charged with static electricity (from your clothes for example) may damage the IC. In fact most ICs in regular use are quite tolerant and earthing your hands by touching a metal water pipe or window frame before handling them will be adequate. ICs should be left in their protective packaging until you are ready to use them.
74HC and 74HCT family characteristics: 74HC Supply: 2 to 6V, small fluctuations are tolerated. 74HCT Supply: 5V 0.5V, a regulated supply is best. Inputs have very high impedance (resistance), this is good because it means they will not affect the part of the circuit where they are connected. However, it also means that unconnected inputs can easily pick up electrical noise and rapidly change between high and low states in an unpredictable way. This is likely to make the IC behave erratically and it will significantly increase the supply current. To prevent problems all unused inputs MUST be connected to the supply (either +Vs or 0V), this applies even if that part of the IC is not being used in the circuit! Note that 74HC inputs cannot be reliably driven by 74LS outputs because the voltage ranges used for logic 0 are not quite compatible. For reliability use 74HCT if the system includes some 74LS ICs. Outputs can sink and source about 4mA if you wish to maintain the correct output voltage to drive logic inputs, but if there is no need to drive any inputs the maximum current is about 20mA. To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor. Fan-out: one output can drive many inputs (50+), except 74LS inputs because these require a higher current and only 10 can be driven. Gate propagation time: about 10ns for a signal to travel through a gate. Frequency: up to 25MHz. Power consumption (of the IC itself) is very low, a few W. It is much greater at high frequencies, a few mW at 1MHz for example.

74LS family TTL characteristics: Supply: 5V 0.25V, it must be very smooth, a regulated supply is best. In addition to the normal supply smoothing, a 0.1F capacitor should be connected across the supply near the IC to remove the 'spikes' generated as it switches state, one capacitor is needed for every 4 ICs. Inputs 'float' high to logic 1 if unconnected, but do not rely on this in a permanent (soldered) circuit because the inputs may pick up electrical noise. 1mA must be drawn out to hold inputs at logic 0. In a permanent circuit it is wise to connect any unused inputs to +Vs to ensure good immunity to noise. Outputs can sink up to 16mA (enough to light an LED), but they can source only about 2mA. To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor. Fan-out: one output can drive up to 10 74LS inputs, but many more 74HCT inputs. Gate propagation time: about 10ns for a signal to travel through a gate. Frequency: up to about 35MHz (under the right conditions). Power consumption (of the IC itself) is a few mW.

Quad 2-input gates



7400 quad 2-input NAND 7403 quad 2-input NAND with open collector outputs 7408 quad 2-input AND 7409 quad 2-input AND with open collector outputs 7432 quad 2-input OR 7486 quad 2-input EX-OR 74132 quad 2-input NAND with Schmitt trigger inputs

Triple 3-input gates



7410 triple 3-input NAND 7411 triple 3-input AND 7412 triple 3-input NAND with open collector outputs 7427 triple 3-input NOR

Dual 4-input gates



7420 dual 4-input NAND 7421 dual 4-input AND

Hex NOT gates



7404 hex NOT 7405 hex NOT with open collector outputs 7414 hex NOT with Schmitt trigger inputs

7490 7493 74390 74393 74HC4017 74HC4020 7442 7447 74HC4511

decade (0-9) ripple counter 4-bit (0-15) ripple counter dual decade (0-9) ripple counter dual 4-bit (0-15) ripple counter decade counter (1-of-10) 14-bit ripple counter BCD to decimal (1 of 10) decoder BCD to 7-segment display driver BCD to 7-segment display driver

PARAMETERS: f. Propagation Delay Delay time for the change in value of a signal to propagate from input to output. The operating speed is inversely related to the longest propagation delays. Amount of time it takes for the output of a gate to change after the inputs have changed. The propagation delay time of a TTL gate is in a vicinity of 10ns.

g. Fan-in Specifies the number of inputs available on a gate h. Fan-out Specifies the number of standard loads that the output of a typical gate can drive without impairing its performance. Standard loads may be defined in a variety of ways depending upon the logic family. The fan-out of a gate is the ability of its output to drive several other gates. The more gates it can drive, the higher is its fan-out. The fan-out of a gate is limited by the current that its output can supply to the gate inputs connected to it when the output is at logic '1', since at this state it must be able to drive the connected input transistors into saturation.

i.

Programmable Circuits A PIC is a Programmable Integrated Circuit microcontroller, a 'computer-ona-chip'. They have a processor and memory to run a program responding to inputs and controlling outputs, so they can easily achieve complex functions which would require several conventional ICs. PIC microcontrollers (Programmable Interface Controllers), are electronic circuits that can be programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. They can be programmed to be timers or to control a production line and much more. They are found in most electronic devices such as alarm systems, computer control systems, phones, in fact almost any electronic device. Many types of PIC microcontrollers exist, although the best are probably found in the GENIE range of programmable microcontrollers. These are programmed and simulated by Circuit Wizard software. PIC Microcontrollers are relatively cheap and can be bought as pre-built circuits or as kits that can be assembled by the user. Sequential Circuit a. Definition and Differentiation Sequential Circuit and Combinational Circuit
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT OUTPUT

II.

INPUT

Combinational Circuit: A switching circuit whose outputs are determined only by the concurrent inputs.

INPUT

COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUIT

OUTPUT

Memory element

Sequential Circuit : A circuit with m inputs, n outputs, and a distinguished clock input. The number of different states of the circuit is completely determined by the number of outputs. A type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present input but also on the history of the input.

Combinational Circuit
Output is solely dependent on the input combinations. Logic gates serve as the major building block. Truth table and Boolean functions are used to describe the circuit behaviour. It does not imply feedback. It does not require clocking. It cannot stores bit of information.

vs

Sequential Circuit

Output is not dependent only to input combinations but also to past input history. Flip-flops and latches are the major building block. Transition table, state diagram, excitation table are used to describe circuit behaviour. It implies feed backing. It requires clocking to operate. It can stores bits of information by recalling previous inputs through the use of memory elements.

Synchronous and Asynchronous Circuit There are two main types of sequential circuits and their classification depends on the time at which their inputs are observed and their internal state changes. The behaviour of a synchronous sequential circuit can be defined from the knowledge of its signal at discrete instants of time. The behaviour of a asynchronous sequential circuit depends upon the inputs at any instant of time and the order in continuous time in which the inputs change. b. Binary Counter A counter is a register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of clock pulses. A counter that follows the binary counter sequence is called a binary

counter.
Counters are available in two categories: ripple counters and synchronous

counters.
In a ripple counter, the flip-flop output transition serves as a source for triggering other flip-flops. In other words, the C input of some or all of the flip-flops is triggered not by the common clock pulses, but rather by the transition that occurs in other flip-flops. In a synchronous counter, the C inputs of all of the flip-flops receive the common clock pulse, and the change of state is determined from the present state of the counter. Synchronous counter are different from ripple counters in that, in synchronous counters, clock pulses are applied to the inputs of all of the flip-flops. A divide-by-N (also known as modulo-N counter) is a counter that goes through a repeated sequence of N states. The sequence may follow the binary count or maybe any other arbitrary sequence.

Mod-10 counter is often called a decade counter. It takes 10 clock pulses to reset the counter. Because it counts from 0 to 9, it is a natural choice in BCD applications like frequency counters, digital voltmeters, and electronic wristwatches. Down counter counts from 1111 to 0000. Each flip-flop toggles when its clock input goes from 1 to 0. Presettable counter, the counts start at a number greater than zero.

7490 7492 7493 74160 74161 74190 74191

TTL Counters Decade Divide-by-12 Divide-by-16 Presettable counter Presettable divide-by-16 Up-down presettable decade Up-down presettable divide-by-16

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REFERENCES:

Books: Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals by Mano Digital Computer Electronics by Malvino Websites: http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/

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