SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MYSORE-570 006

(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION VII SEMESTER

No. 1. NO.
2. 3. 4.

GROUP
AMIT GAJANAN BHATKAL AFZAL ABDULLAH ASHFAK SANTHOSH M.P NAEEUMULLA

USN NO.
4JC08EC010 4JC08EC007 4JC08EC091 4JC08EC057

EMAIL ID
amitbhatkal12@gmail.com afzalashfak@gmail.com santhosh2010mp@gmail.com naeemulla_sri@yahoo.com

SECTION: A

LITERATURE SURVEY

PROJECT TITLE:
COMPOSITE MODELLING FOR UNDERGROUND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Mr. M N JAYARAM

Introduction: The optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) is a very common piece of test equipment on the light wave bench. It is used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It divide a light wave signal into its constituent wavelengths. This means that it is possible to see the spectral profile of the signal over a certain wavelength range. The profile is graphically displayed with wavelength on the horizontal axis and power on the vertical axis. OSAs use mechanical rather than the electrical means for spreading signal and work with wavelength rather than frequency. Applications for optical spectrum analyzers include testing devices lasers and LED light sources for spectral purity and power distribution, and testing other optical devices for transmission quality. Optical spectrum analyzers are ideal instruments for laser modes analysis, very high-resolution spectroscopic measurements,

telecommunication device and system tests and other applications .

Basic block diagram of optical spectral analyzer: A simplified optical spectrum analyzer block diagram is shown in figure 1. The incoming light passes through a wavelength-tunable optical filter (monochromator or interferometer) which resolves the individual spectral components. The photodetector then converts the optical signal to an electrical current proportional to the incident optical power. The current from the photodetector is converted to a voltage by the transimpedance amplifier and then digitized. Any remaining signal processing, such as applying correction factors, is performed digitally. The signal is then applied to the display as the vertical, or amplitude data. A ramp generator determines the horizontal location of the trace as it sweeps from left to right. The ramp also tunes the optical filter so that its resonant wavelength is proportional to the horizontal position, which result a trace of optical power versus

wavelength. The displayed width of each mode of the laser is a function of the spectral resolution of the wavelength-tunable optical filter.

Figure 1.Simplified optical spectrum analyzer block diagram.

Optical spectrum analyzers can be divided into three categories. Diffraction grating based optical spectral analyzer. Fabry - perot - interferometer based optical spectral analyzer. Michelson interferometer based optical spectral analyzer.

Diffraction grating based optical spectral analyzer Diffraction-grating-based optical spectrum analyzers are capable of measuring spectra of lasers and LEDs. The resolution of these instruments is variable, typically ranging from 0.1 nm to 5 or10 nm. The grating technique showed in Figure -1. It measures optical power as a function of wavelength. A grating usually is a glass plate with more than one thousand parallel grooves per millimeter on one side of the glass. This causes the light to spread out at different angles depending on its wavelength. A slit selects only a fraction of the light that in turn is detected by a photodiode. After amplification and analog-to-digital (A/D)

conversion, the signal is further processed and finally displayed. In order to measure optical power versus wavelength, the OSA rotates the grating. Using stored calibration data as well as math formulas, the instrument relates grating positions to wavelengths and therefore generates an accurate representation of power versus wavelength on the screen. If the slit is very narrow then very little light falls on the photo detector. This makes it difficult to measure the resulting photo current. The narrower slit, however, results in very high resolution of adjacent signals. Wide slits have less resolution but provide more light to the photo detector, resulting in stronger electrical signals, therefore they reduce the need for time-consuming data processing to filter out electrical noise.

Figure 1. Diffraction grating based optical spectral analyzer

Fabry - perot - interferometer based optical spectral analyzer Fabry-Perot-interferometer-based optical spectrum analyzers have a fixed, narrow resolution, typically specified in frequency between 100 MHz and 10 GHz. The Fabry-Perot interferometer is shown in figure 3. It consists of two highly reflective, parallel mirrors that act as a resonant cavity which filters the incoming light. The

resolution of Fabry-Perot-interferometer-based optical spectrum analyzers dependent on the reflection coefficient of the mirrors and their spacing, is typically fixed and the wavelength is varied by changing the spacing between the mirrors by a very small amount.The advantage of the Fabry-Perot interferometer is its very narrow spectral resolution, which allows it to measure laser chirp. The major disadvantage is that at any one position multiple wavelengths will be passed by the filter. (The spacing between these responses is called the free spectral range.) This problem can be solved by placing a monochromator in cascade with the FabryPerot interferometer to filter out all power outside the interferometer's free spectral range about the wavelength of interest. But it can limit their measurement spans much more than the diffraction-grating-based optical spectrum .

Figure 2. Fabry-Perot-interferometer based optical spectrum analyzer.

Michelson interferometer based optical spectral analyzer The Michelson interferometer, shown in figure 3. It is based on creating an interference pattern between the signal and a delayed version of itself. The power of this interference pattern is measured for a range of delay values. The resulting waveform is the autocorrelation function of the input signal. This enables the

Michelson interferometer-based spectrum analyzer to make direct measurements of coherence length as well as very accurate wavelength measurements. Other types of optical spectrum analyzers cannot make direct coherence-length measurements. To determine the power spectra of the input signal, a Fourier transformis performed on the autocorrelation waveform. Because no real filtering occurs, Michelson interferometer-based optical spectrum analyzers cannot be put in a span of zero nanometers, which would be useful for viewing the power at a given wavelength as a function of time. This type of analyzer also tends to have less dynamic range than diffraction-grating-based optical spectrum analyzers.

Figure 3.Michelson-interferometer-based optical spectrum analyzer.

The company line: Each company in the OSA market focuses on different application areas and a combination of field-based or lab/benchtop systems.
APPLICATIONS

Applications:
Agilent: It is used in

Amplifier test applications Passive component tests DWDM(Dense wavelength division multiplexing) tests and source test

Agilent OSA offers variety of benefits.