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MAPPING TOOL FOR VISUALIZATION OF HARMONIC RESONANCES ACROSS LARGE RING MAIN NETWORK

T. Makanye and G. Atkinson-Hope


Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa

ABSTRACT
Visualization tools give greater meaning than textual results. This research investigates mapping as a visualization tool for evaluating harmonic resonances across a large ring-mainnetwork covering a geographical area. Resonances are caused by power factor correction capacitor installations and mapped and compared to when passive harmonic filter are used for mitigation of distortion. Five scenarios are investigated, utilising DIgSILENT 13.2 PowerFactory software package. The investigations are without any power factor correction, with power factor correction capacitor and thereafter using a notch harmonic filter. Harmonic filters are designed mainly to mitigate harmonic resonance and to lower the %VTHD at points of common coupling (PCC) to fall within the IEEE 519 harmonic voltage limits. The voltage levels at different consumer buses are checked for the various scenarios as to whether they fall within the NRS 048-2 standards. Finally, the case study results are mapped and analysed and conclusions drawn. Index Terms Point of Common Coupling (PCC), Harmonic Resonance, Ring-main network, Power Factor correction

Interconnector

Ring main network

Interconnected ring main network

Figure 1: Single line diagrams of a ring-main and interconnected ring main network Industrial and commercial customers constantly scrutinize their monthly electrical usage, looking for ways to save money. Installing power factor (PF) correction equipment can reduce costly penalties imposed by the utility supplier [6]. Since most loads in modern electrical distribution systems are inductive, there is an ongoing interest in improving power factor [6]. As such, power factor correction through the application of capacitors is widely practiced at all system voltages [7]. When installing these power factor correction capacitors and when harmonic sources are in the circuit, then you may create the potential for harmonic resonance. Harmonic resonance can result in very high harmonic currents and voltages at the resonant frequency. The chances of getting inductive and capacitive reactance exactly equal are very unlikely, but close to resonance can be very dangerous as well. If, for example, the resonant point is at the 7.3 times 50Hz and a source of 7 times 50Hz harmonic (7 ) current is present on the system, problems occurrences are very likely [7]. It is found that literature falls short on mapping harmonic resonances on geographically located busbars in a ringmain network, despite it being the most commonly used network. There is thus a need to develop a mapping methodology that shows severities and also come up with a possible solution to harmonic resonance when caused by installation of power factor correction capacitors at various customers. It is necessary to ensure that under normal operational conditions, the ring-main network operates under satisfactory conditions. For this reason it was found necessary to develop a computer based model that will be evaluated for harmonic studies and then come up with the best alternatives or solutions to harmonic resonance after installing power factor correction capacitors. Any solution should ensure that the system is within the IEEE
th

1.

INTRODUCTION

Harmonic resonance is one of the main consequences of excessive distortion in power systems [1]. Although the cause of harmonic resonance is well understood, tools available to analyse the phenomenon are very limited. Frequency scan technique is probably the only viable method at present to identify the existence of resonance and to determine the resonance frequency [2]. However, it cannot tell which network components cause the resonance and where the best location is to mitigate the problem. Harmonic resonance is caused by the energy exchange between capacitive elements and inductive elements in the system. At this crossover point, the system inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance at a certain frequency. We can either have parallel or series resonance. The system can be either ring-main or radial or any configuration. In practice most of the power networks are ring-main. Ring-main network is a name given to a distributor which is arranged to form a closed loop and it may have one or several feeding points [3]. Ring-main network is the most frequently used where continuity, flexibility and reliability are of considerable importance [4]. An interconnector (Figure 1) is used to reduce voltage drop between two connected points [5].

519 harmonic voltage limit of 5% and NRS 048-2 voltage limit standard of 6%. 2. RESEARCH STATEMENT

During all the case studies, the actual voltages were recorded at different consumer low voltage (LV) busbars and it was determined whether they were within 6% of the nominal voltage using equation (2). Voltage drop limit/regulation (%Vlim)
%V lim = V nominal V actual 100 % V nominal

The purpose of this research is to investigate harmonic resonance and develop a mapping for the results, using geographically located busbars making up a large ring main network. A further objective is to conduct case studies for various scenarios, such as without and with power factor correction capacitors installed at various customer locations. The research also investigates harmonic distortion levels in terms of IEEE 519 limits and voltage profiles according to NRS-048 standard. Further to design a harmonic filter and locate it in the network and map its impact/effectiveness as a solution to minimizing distortion. 3. METHODOLOGY

(2)

where: Vnominal means expected busbar voltage, Vactual means actual measured voltage. Voltage harmonic distortions were calculated using equations (3) and (4). Individual harmonic voltage distortion (HDV)
HD V = Vh . V1

(3)

The network was simulated using DigSILENT 13.2 power factory software and includes inductive loads and two identical nonlinear loads. Harmonic studies were conducted at different points on the network without any power factor correction equipment installed, with power factor correction equipment installed and then with a harmonic filter installed. During each of the five different conditions the system was checked whether it was still complying with the standards (IEEE 519 voltage limit and NRS 048-2 voltage limit) and if the system was resonating at any characteristic harmonic order (hch), namely: hch = 6k 1 k = 1.2.3n (1) 4. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

where: Vh = harmonic voltage, V1 = voltage at fundamental frequency (f1=50Hz). Total harmonic voltage distortion (THDV)

THD V =

V
h=2

2 h

V1

(4)

In a large min network there are many PCCs. Capacitors were used for power factor correction at various PCCs. The following equations were used to calculate the size of the capacitor to be used at a specific PCC. Total apparent power(S)
S = 3 V I * = P + jQ

The system was simulated under all the five conditions and the following NRS Voltage limits (also referred to as 6% rule) as given in Table 1 were checked [10]. IEEE harmonic distortion limits [9] were also considered during the studies. Impedance scans were generated at different buses to determine the resonant point. PF correction capacitors were installed and replaced with filters where necessary. Using mapping helps a utility to visualize resonances, distortion levels and voltage levels and voltage profile for ring main network. Table 1: NRS 048-2 Voltage limits
NRS 048-2 Regulation 6% Nominal Voltage (V) 400 Minimum Voltage (V) 376.00 Maximum Voltage (V) 424.00

(5)

where: V = phase voltage, I = current P = real power and Q = reactive power. Angle delta ( )
1 = cos 1 ( pf ) 2 = cos 1 ( pfnew )

(6) (7)

Table 2: IEEE STD 519 Harmonic voltage limits


IEEE-519 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits HD% Total Voltage Individual Voltage Bus Voltage at PCC Distortion (%) Distortion (%) <69kV 69.001 kV to 161 kV >161.001 kV 3.0 1.5 1.0 5.0 2.5 1.5

where: pf = power factor at f 1 , pfnew = after correction at f1 Total capacitive reactive power (QC) (8) Filters were designed to mitigate the problem of harmonic resonance and distortions. Notch filter was selected to be
Q C = P[tan( 1 ) tan( 2 )]

used to mitigate harmonics as it is commonly the cheapest solution. The following equations were used to design the filter. Capacitive reactance (XC)
XC = V2 Qc

where: L = resonance inductance, C = resonance capacitance At resonance, some of the components may experience a high overvoltage as much as 120% or even more have been encountered in some studies [6]. The best way to deal with harmonic resonance problems is through prevention: choosing equipment and installation practices that minimises the level of harmonics in one portion of the system. The other ways to solve harmonic problems is by reinforcing the system to stand the effects created by harmonics [7]. This can be achieved by installing:

(9)

where: V = nominal line voltage at the busbar To trap the hn harmonic, Inductive reactance (XL)
XL = Xc
2 hn

(10)

Filter size (QFilter)


Q Filter = V2 (X C X L )

double-size neutral wires separate neutral wires for each phase oversized or K-rated transformers harmonics rated circuit breakers and panels

(11)

There are some ways of attenuating harmonics which includes: passive harmonic filters (also called traps or notch) Isolation transformers Harmonic mitigating transformers Active filters

Filters characteristic reactance (Xn)


Xn = XL Xc = L C

(12)

Filter resistance (R)


R= Xn Q

In these studies the notch filter was selected. (13) 5. ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

Quality factor (Q) Q is the filter quality factor and it can be in the range of 30 < Q < 100. The selectivity or tuning response of a single resonant frequency filter system is determined by its Q or quality factor.
Q=

nL
R

(14)

where: n = 2 , L = filter inductance, R=filter resistance A high Q factor gives good selectivity but the filter tuned circuit may be prone to drifting in its tuned frequency owing to changes in temperature or component ageing. Since slight changes in system frequency will cause detuning a less peaky filter response with a lower Q factor is more desirable to accommodate these changes [5]. Resonance frequency(fn) The tuned frequency resonance frequency of a filter is given by the (14).
fn =
1 2 (1 / LC )

The ring main distribution in Figure 3 is classified as a three-line feeder group. It is supplied from the distribution substation, a 132 kV/11 kV YnZn7 transformer (TRF1) which receives its supply from the grid. The distribution substation supplies the primary system (11kV busbars) via the primary feeders, line 1, 2 and 3. Lines 4 to 8 also form part of the primary feeder supply system, to complete the 11 kV ring main network. The primary system supplies the secondary system via a ring main unit which is used as an isolation point. Ring main units either have internal or external distribution transformers which are 11 kV/0.4 kV and are Dy0. Two identical non-linear loads are connected to bus LV 4 and they each have harmonic spectrums shown in Table 3 assigned to them. They are 450 kVA Six-Pulse Drives with a displacement power factor of 0.65 lagging each. Table 3: Harmonic spectrum of the VSD
Harmonic Order 5 7 11 13 17 19 Harmonic Current Magnitude (%) 40 30.2 15 10.7 7.7 4.6 Spectrum Angle ( ) 100.229 -150.64 110.178 -147.89 22 -72

(15)

Figure 2: Geographical map of 11kV ring main distribution network 6. SIMULATION CASE STUDIES Therefore a filter is designed for LV 4 busbar as it is his capacitor that causes resonance and disturbances. After installing the filter, harmonic load flow was re-conducted and THDV levels obtained. Figure 5 also shows that the filter decreases the distortion below the IEEE 519 levels. In CS 4, customer busbar LV 1 which has a DPF of 0.75 improves his power factor to 0.97 lagging. The same studies as was conducted in CS 3 is now repeated and THDV is within the IEEE 519 (5%) at HV 1 (PCC), therefore a filter is not necessary at the LV 1 bus. The THDV results for these case studies are shown in Figure 5. CS 5 was then conducted after installing PF correction capacitor at busbar LV 1. During this case study, each customer busbar DPF was improved from the ones on Table 5 to 0.97 lagging. THDV was considered during the case study up until all the customer buses had power factor correction capacitors. Filters were not necessary because the THDV was still less than 5% at all PCCs at all times during CS 5. Impedance scan was conducted as well to determine the new resonance points. Figure 7 shows impedance scan for LV 1 and LV 1A which share HV 1 as their PCC and LV 2 and LV 3 that share HV 2 as PCC. CS 5 results (Figure 5 & 7) are only at the end with all the loads having PF capacitors installed.

The ring-main 11kV distribution network was simulated and five case studies were developed. The first case study being Case study 1 (CS 1) was conducted using DigSILENT 13.2 power factory software [11] with no power factor correction equipment connected at any load. The reason for this scenario is to determine the fundamental frequency (f 1 =50Hz) P 1 , Q 1 and DPF values at all the customer busbars. The results are given in Table 4. Case study 2 (CS 2) is a load flow analysis with power factor correction equipment installed at busbar LV4. The value of the capacitor branch to improve the DPF from 0.789 lagging to 0.97 lagging is 0.554 Mvar. The reason for CS 2 was to demonstrate that the PF correction equipment is correct as simulated results agree with improved calculated DPF value. The results are given in Table 5. CS 3 is a harmonic penetration study and harmonic impedance scan to determine the THDV and resonance frequency point for all the HV and LV buses respectively in the network when 0.554 Mvar capacitor is in the circuit. Figure 4 shows the scan results for bus LV 4 and Figure 4 gives the mapping of resonance points of the other geographically located LV customer buses. The THDV map on the HV buses are also given in Figure 6 and it can be seen that THDV exceeds 5% [9] at all buses except HV Plastform.

7.

RESULTS
9 8 7 % T D VH 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 HV 1

CS 1 CS 4

CS 2 CS 5

CS 3 with filter Max

The results from all the case studies are: Table 4: P1; Q1 and DPF values
Customer Busbar LV 1 LV 1A LV 2 LV 3 LV 4 LV 5 LV 6 LV 7 LV PLASTFORM SIR ALFRED AVE HAYWOOD P1 (MW) 0.9614 0.3198 0.3979 0.6639 1.3791 0.5744 0.7303 0.6351 0.607 1.0301 1.2938 Q1 (Mvar) 0.8349 0.2889 0.4002 0.406 0.8912 0.4307 0.6438 0.41 0.4836 0.519 1.3398 DPF (Lagging) 0.7503 0.7405 0.7031 0.85 0.8311 0.7973 0.7464 0.8371 0.7812 0.8839 0.6939
VOLTAGES (kV)

HV 2

HV 4 PCC

HV 5

HV Plastform

Induland Crescent

Figure 5: Mapping diagram of %VTHD profile over the ring main network PCCs

CS 1 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.4 0.39 0.38 0.37

CS 2

CS 3 with filter

Max

Min

Table 5: Calculated and simulated P1 & Q1 for CS2 for PF correction


Simulation P1 (MW) Q1 (Mvar) 1.379089 0.553685 Hand Calculation 1.379099 0.553689

Figure 6: Mapping diagram of secondary LV busbar voltage profile

Figure 3: Bus LV 4 frequency scan


CS 3 with PC correction capacitor CS 3 with filter, second resonance point of three CS 4 first resonance point of three

Figure 7: CS 5 impedance scan at four buses LV 1, LV 1A, LV 2 and LV 3 8. RESULTS ANALYSIS

10.5 RESONACE POINT 9.5 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.5

Figure 4: Mapping diagram of harmonic resonance profile across the ring main network

LV

CUSTOMER BUSBAR

Table 4 shows that all the power factors were lagging and therefore at any of those points if there is a need to perform power factor correction at any time, then only a capacitor can be used. Table 5 was developed so as to confirm that capacitor size can be calculated using hand calculated real power (P) or simulation results from the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. Frequency scan was performed to detect a resonance condition at the point of interest (bus LV 4) and the results displayed on Figure 4. It was found that parallel resonance occurred at 10.5th frequency in CS 3, which is

PL A

ST FO R M

1A

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

BUSBARS

LV 7 PL A TF O RM

1A

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

LV

close to 11th characteristic harmonic, presenting a potential for a problem occurrence. One notch filter was used to filter out the 9th harmonic order. The filter was used so as to reduce the THDV to fall within the IEEE 519 levels and also to make sure that it does not resonate at any characteristic harmonic order and at lower impedance. Figure 6 show that when the capacitor was installed into the circuit to correct the power factor, it also increased the THDV at different PCCs. Bus HV 4 (with the PF correction capacitor and non-linear loads) recorded the highest THDV. When a notch filter that uses the existing capacitor was installed, then THDV reduced to less than 5%, leaving it within the IEEE 519 limit. In CS 4 when a PF correction capacitor was installed at LV 1, the THDV remained under 5% at all PCCs, hence there was no need for any additional filters, since the one installed at LV 4 was effective enough to keep THDV of all buses within 5%. In CS 5, after installing capacitors at all the other loads, the final THDV had risen above all the other case studies except CS 2, but it was still within the 5% limit, thus no additional filters were regarded. Figure 7 is a mapping diagram of the voltage profile over the ring main network. From the results obtained it was found out that in all the case studies all the voltages were within the regulated 6% of the nominal voltage at the secondary busbars. It was also conclusive that power factor correction raises the voltage as it is the highest in case study 2 as shown in Figure 4. The highest increase was recorded at consumer busbar LV 4, where the PF correction capacitor was installed. This shows that capacitor pushes up the voltage as well, which is an advantage in ring main networks. 9. FINDINGS

11. [1]

REFERENCES G. Boal & E.Taylor. Electric Power Distribution 415-33kV, Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1966, pp 1-50. G.J. Wakileh, Power System Harmonics: Fundamentals, Analysis and Filter Design, Springer 2001. H. Cotton & H. Barber. The transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy, The English University Press Ltd., London, 1970, pp 51, 365. C. Wadhwa. Generation Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1989, pp 103-126. C. R. Bayliss. Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering 2nd ed, Reed Educational and Profesional Publishing Ltd., London, 1999, ch. 24. Anon, Lon-linear load. [Online]Available:http://www.webstersonlinedictionary.org/no/non-linear+load.htmlAccessed: 05 October 2009. J. Arrillaga, D. A. Bradley, P. S. Bodger, Power System Harmonics, Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons, 1988. M.Z.C. Wanik, Y. Yusuf, S.N. Al-Yousif, K.C. Umeh, and A. Mohamed, Simulation of Harmonic Resonance Phenomena in Industrial Distribution System, IEEE Std 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, New York, NY: IEEE NRS 048-2:2004, Electricity Supply Quality of Supply Part 2: Voltage Characteristics, Compatibility Levels, Limits and Assessment Methods, 2004, pp 13-17 DIgSILENT Power Factory (2001) Basic Users Manual DIgSILENT Power Factory version 13.2b, Digsilent GmbH Gormaringen, Germany. AUTHORS

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9] Figure 5 shows that during all case studies, except CS 5, resonance points are almost the same at all the customer LV buses throughout the geographical area covered by the ring main network. Network impedance was different from load to load depending on the MVA of the load and its DPF value. During CS 5, after installing capacitors at all consumer buses, it was found that when loads are sharing the PCC then they will resonate at the same resonance points despite different PF correction at each load as seen from Figure 4. 10. CONCLUSIONS 12.

[10]

[11]

It is concluded that mapping is very effective for visualisation of results of a ring main network spread over a geographical area is an interesting new tool to help with decision making in finding a solution as the whole network is used rather than the traditional approach of only looking at a single customer.

Principal Author: Thuso Makanye obtained his B.Tech in Electrical Engineering in 2009 at Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Email: makanyet@cput.ac.za

Co-author: Gary Atkinson-Hope is a Full Professor at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. He has PhD in Electrical Power Engineering from the University of Cape Town and is the Leader of the Centre for Power Systems Research and has numerous publications. Email: atkinsonhopeg@cput.ac.za

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