Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal swirling uidized bed

Ping Lu a,, Yan Cao b, Wei-Ping Pan b, Chengguo Ma c
a

School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China ICSET, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA c Black Dragon Double Boiler Co. Ltd., Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang 155110, China
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
An innovative horizontal swirling uidized bed (HSFB) with a rectangular bafe in the center of an air distributor and three layers of horizontal secondary air nozzles located at each corner of uidized bed was developed. Experiments on heat transfer characteristics were conducted in a cold HSFB test model. Heat transfer coefcients between immersed tubes and bed materials in the HSBF were measured with the help of a fast response heat transfer probe. The inuences of uidization velocity, particle size of bed materials, measurement height, probe orientation, and secondary air injection, etc. on heat transfer coefcients were intensively investigated. Test results indicated that heat transfer coefcients increase with uidization velocity, and reach their maximum values at 1.53 times of the minimum uidization velocity. Heat transfer coefcients are variated along the circumference of the probe, and heat transfer coefcients on the leeward side of the probe are larger than that on the windward side of the probe. Heat transfer coefcients decrease with increasing of measurement height; heat transfer coefcients of the longitudinal probe are larger than that of the transverse probe. The proper secondary air injection and particle size of bed materials can generate a preferred hydrodynamics in the dense zone and enhance heat transfer in a HSFB. 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 16 May 2010 Received in revised form 30 November 2010 Accepted 22 March 2011 Available online 29 March 2011 Keywords: Swirling uidized bed Heat transfer Secondary air injection

1. Introduction Circulating uidized beds (CFBs) have been successfully used in fossil fuel combustion, coal and biomass gasication, and uid catalytic cracking. In combustion and gasication, CFB technology offers signicant advantages such as fuel exibility, in-bed sulfur capture, and relatively low NOx emissions with high efciencies [1,2]. The advanced swirling uidized bed combustion (SFBC) is one of the alternative ways to improve FBC performance by introducing the secondary air through the tangential direction into the combustor, in which the residence time distributions of feed materials as well as gas products in the reactor can be controlled. The swirling uidized bed combustion technology can be applied in waste management to reduce an amount of wastes in communities, cities, or countries all over the world. The SFBC is expected to possess the following advantages: (1) high combustion efciency, (2) wide fuel exibility, (3) low emissions, (4) enhanced mass/heat transfer, and (5) large ring intensity [3,4]. In many uidized bed applications, it is necessary to add or extract heat in order to maintain the operating temperature at a desired value. The design and scale-up of heat transfer surfaces

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25 8548 1123; fax: +86 25 8540 0095.
E-mail address: luping@njnu.edu.cn (P. Lu). 0894-1777/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.expthermusci.2011.03.007

require the knowledge of the bed hydrodynamics and heat transfer coefcient at the wall surfaces in contact with the uidized mass [5,6]. However, the thermo-physical behaviors of gassolid in a uidized-bed reactor are highly complicated and sometimes random owing to the irregular contacting and ow behaviors of gas and solid. Numerous experimental investigations have been carried out to measure heat transfer in CFBs at room and high temperatures. Grace [7], Leckner [8], and Basu and Nag [9] have presented comprehensive reviews of CFB heat transfer. Tian et al. [10,11] studied heat transfer of an immersed tube in an internal circulating uidized bed, and indicated heat transfer characteristics were found to be signicantly different from that in a bubbling bed. Up to now, a few published works are available to explore hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a horizontal swirling uidized bed, especially heat transfer among gassolid and immersed surfaces. In this paper, a HSFB with a rectangular bafe in the center of an air distributor and three horizontal secondary air nozzles located at each corner of uidized bed was developed. Heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal swirling uidized bed were studied under different operating conditions. Heat transfer coefcients between the immersed tubes and bed materials were measured with the help of a fast response heat transfer probe. The effects of uidization velocity, particle size of bed materials, measurement height, probe orientation, and secondary air injection rate, etc. on heat transfer were intensively analyzed.

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P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

Nomenclature Cpc dp fb hb h hl hlocal hmax ht ke kg n nw specic heat capacity, W kg1 K1 particle size, mm contact time ratio between bubbles and the probe average of local heat transfer coefcient at the different probe orientation angle, W m2 K1 average heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 longitudinal heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 local heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 calculated maximum heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 transverse heat transfer coefcient, W m2 K1 thermal conductivity of emulsion, W m1 K1 gas thermal conductivity, W m1 K1 uidization number bubble frequency, s1 q Tbed Tout uf umf us Zh heat ux, W/m2 bed temperature, K outside surface temperature of a probe, K uidization velocity, m/s minimum uidization velocity, m/s secondary air velocity, m/s height of test ports away from the distributor, mm

Greek letters b probe orientation angle, qe density of emulsion phase, kg m3 qp particle density, kg m3 qsb bulk density of bed, kg m3

2. Experimental The experimental apparatus consists of a HSFB cold model, air supplying and dust collecting system, and heat transfer coefcient measurement system. Fig. 1 shows the schematic of experimental horizontal swirling uidized bed. A rectangular chamber is 457 mm (width) 584 mm (length) and 1192 mm in height. At the bottom of the chamber there is an air distributor and its air caps connected to an air box. A bafe with rectangle crossarea of 51 318 mm and 305 mm in height is located at the center of the air distributor. The uidization air (primary air, PA) supplying by a compressor was introduced through the air distributor. Total twelve secondary air (SA) injection nozzles

(9.5 mm ID) at the height of 152 mm, 228 mm, and 305 mm away from the air distributor are placed at four corners of the HSFB, respectively. The nozzles at each corner are inserted 38 mm into the chamber and connected with each outside corner main pipe. Each main pipe has a control valve to adjust airow rate to t the experimental needs. The secondary air (horizontal swirling air) is introduced into the chamber through these nozzles, which make inside bed materials swirling. Three layers of test ports at the height (Zh) of 76 mm, 178 mm, and 305 mm above the air distributor are located at the each side walls. The exhausted gas was puried in a lter bag before exiting to air. The air ow rate and pressure drop are measured by rotameter and digital pressure meter, respectively.

Fig. 1. Schematic of a horizontal swirling uidized bed.

P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

1129

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Z h = 178 mm; = 180 ; dp = 0.718 mm; uf =0.516 m/s Transverse probe
o

100

200

300

400

500

600

Fig. 2. Schematic of a heat transfer probe measure system.

Time (s)
Fig. 4. Local heat transfer coefcient.

The schematic of heat transfer coefcient measurement system is shown in Fig. 2. It includes a Teon tube, a mini-heater, a heat ux sensor, a thermocouple, a controller, and a computerized data acquisition system (DAS). Two miniature cylindrical Teon probes with 25.4 mm OD and 9.5 mm ID, and 324 mm/597 mm in length are developed for measuring the transverse and longitudinal heat transfer coefcients, respectively. A HFS-3 heat ux sensor (manufactured by Omega company) with the dimensions of 0.18 mm (thickness) 35.0 mm (length) 28.6 mm (width) is stuck to the outside surface of each probe, whose working temperature is 200 to 205 C. A mini-heater (manufactured by Omega company) with maximum power of 75 W is placed inside each probe. The heat transfer probes are installed in three different locations along the measurement height above the air distributor. The schematic of location and orientation of the transverse and longitudinal probes is shown in Fig. 3. During the experiments, two probes are placed at the same level, heat transfer coefcients of different probes and its orientation angles b(0180) can be obtained by changing test ports and rotating the probes. Heat generated by a heater inside the probe is transferred from inside to outside of the probe, then transported into the dense phase of the uidized bed. Heat ux is measured by the thin lm heat ux sensor stuck on the surface of the probe. All signals of bed temperature, heat ux, and temperature of the probe surface are transferred to computer through a high-speed computerized

data acquisition system. The uniform bed temperature will be obtained due to high gas and solids ow, vigorous mixing and a small amount of heat generated by the heating probes. With the assumption and the negligible heat losses through the end sides of a probe, the time-average local heat transfer coefcient, hlocal was determined as follows [6,12]:

hlocal

q T out T bed

in which, Tbed is the bed temperature measured by a K-type thermocouple which was installed approximately 50 mm away from the probe, K; Tout is the outside surface temperature of a probe measured by a K-type thermocouple which was mounted on the HFS-3 heat ux sensor, K; and q is heat ux, W/m2. Precision of temperature measurement was 0.5 C. The sampling interval is 0.1870.201 s. It takes more than 5 min for each sampling condition. An actual sampling time-average local heat transfer coefcient is shown in Fig. 4. As it is can be seen, the mean and standard deviation of local heat transfer coefcient of 2298 sampling time intervals are 194.7 W m2 K1 and 21.8 W m2 K1, respectively. The average heat transfer coefcient, h, which is the arithmetical average of transverse and longitudinal heat transfer coefcients (ht, hl), can be obtained by

Flow direction
2 2

4 5 1

Heat flux sensor

Probe Probe oritation angle

2 2 3

Downwards

(a) Probe position in HSFB

(b) Probe orientation

1-HSBF cross-area; 2-secondary air nozzle;3-tansverse probe; 4-longitudinal probe; 5-baffle

Fig. 3. Schematic of probe position and probe orientation.

1130 Table 1 Summary of the experimental conditions. Average particle size dp, mm Particle size range, mm Direction of probe Location of probe Orientation angle of probe, b, Minimum uidization velocity, m/s Fluidization velocity, m/s Secondary air velocity, m/s

P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

0.180 0.359 0.1480.210 0.2970.420 Transverse, longitudinal Lower, middle and upper; Zh = 76, 178, and 305 mm 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 0.089 0.177 0.0890.331 0.1610.509 00.561

0.718 0.5950.841

0.414 0.3180.882 00.726

650 600

hmax = 120.8ln(7.05 106

sb
dp

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1

dp=0.718 mm (Experimental) dp=0.359 mm (Experimental) dp=0.180 mm (Experimental) dp=0.718 mm (Equ.(4)) dp=0.359 mm (Equ.(4)) dp=0.180 mm (Equ.(4)) dp=0.180 mm (Equ. in Fig. 5)

Fluidization number (-)

Fig. 5. Effect of uidization velocity on heat transfer.

ht or hl hl ht 2

h0 2h45 2h90 2h135 h180 8

in which, hb (including h0, h45, h90, h135, and h180) is the average of local heat transfer coefcient at the different probe orientation angle. Considering on the uncertainty both highly stochastic operation of uidized bed and temperature measurement, experimental errors on computed values of average heat transfer coefcient (h) were less than 12%. Three particle sizes of quartz sands with the particle density qp of 2650 kg/m3 were used as bed materials. During the experiments the static height is 300 mm. All the experiments were carried out at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The experimental parameters are summarized in Table 1. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Effect of uidized velocity on heat transfer The effect of uidization number on average heat transfer coefcient is shown Fig. 5, in which uidization number, n, is dened as the ratio of uidization velocity (uf) to minimum uidization velocity (umf) of different particles, i.e. n = u/umf. It can be seen that the average heat transfer coefcient is very small at a minimum uidization velocity (n = 1), and increases quickly with uidization number. The uidization numbers corresponding to the maximum

heat transfer coefcient of coarse and middle particles are very close, i.e. 1.75 and 1.5 respectively. However, the uidization number of ne particles with maximum average heat transfer coefcient is about 3.0. The relevant maximum heat transfer coefcients are 290.2 W m2 K1, 373.2 W m2 K1, and 2 1 599.4 W m K of coarse, middle, and ne particles, respectively. Based on Zabrodsky [13]

hmax 35:8q0:2 kg dp p

0:6 0:36

in which kg is the gas thermal conductivity, W m1 K1. The calculated maximum heat transfer coefcients are 266.8 W m2 K1, 342.5 W m2 K1, and 439.1 W m2 K1 of coarse, middle, and ne particles, respectively. The relative errors are less than 10% for coarse and middle particles, but there is a big relative error of 30% for ne particles. This big relative error of maximum heat transfer coefcients of ne particles should be the accumulative effects from measurement errors and chose correlations. Most of the relative errors of ne particles are less than 12% based on the other correlations (such as Baerg et al. correlation in Fig. 5) [14]. Although the uidization number of ner particles at maximum heat transfer coefcient is very bigger than others, the minimum uidization velocity is very small. So the uidization velocity is not very high at a maximum heat transfer coefcient. The corresponding uidization velocities are 0.27 m/s, 0.31 m/s, and 0.62 m/s of ne, middle, and coarse particles at maximum heat transfer coefcient, respectively.

P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

1131

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

260 dp =0.718 mm 240 Zh =178 mm 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Transverse Probe 20 0 0.3 0.4 0.5

(a)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Transverse probe
dp =0.359 mm Zh =178 mm

(b)

0 o 45 o 90 o 135 o 180

0 o 45 o 90 o 135 o 180

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Fluidization Velocity (m/s)

Fig. 6. Effect of transverse probe on heat transfer.

Fluidization Velocity (m/s)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

dp=0.718 mm

(a)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

500
Zh=178 mm

600 500 400 300 200 100

Longitudinal probe 0 o 45 o 90 o 135 o 180
o

dp=0.359 mm Zh=178 mm

(b)

400

300
0 o 45 o 90 o 135 o 180 Longitudinal probe
o

200

100

0 0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

Fluidization Velocity (m/s)

Fig. 7. Effect of longitudinal probe on heat transfer.

Fluidization Velocity (m/s)

3.2. Effect of probe orientation on heat transfer

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm K )

-1

450
Z h = 76 mm

The effects of probe orientation on transverse and longitudinal heat transfer coefcient are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. As it can be seen, heat transfer coefcient of angle 0 is smaller than most of other angles. Heat transfer coefcient backward the ow is bigger than that upward the ow at the most of test conditions. That is because the convection heat transfer is determined by contact ratio between the probes and the bubble phase or the emulsion phase. Due to smaller thermal capacity of gas phase, so heat transfer based on bubble phase at upward orientation is weaker than that based on emulsion phase at backward orientation. Ref. [15] elucidates the effects of increasing of the bubble phase on heat transfer based on

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 0.2

Z h = 178 mm

-2

d p =0.718 mm
Longitudinal probe

 1=2 nw h 1 fb ke qe C pc 1 fb

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

in which, fb is contact time ratio between bubbles and the probe; nw is bubble frequency, s1; ke is thermal conductivity, W m1 K1; qe is density of emulsion phase, kg/m3; Cpc is specic heat capacity, W kg1 K1. The rapid increase of local surface heat transfer coefcient is due to the increasing of bubble frequency at that velocity when uidization velocity is just larger than critical uidization velocity. The bubble frequency is a limited value, which is controlled by formation and growth of bubbles [16]. Generally the bubble frequency is less than 14 bubble/s, and is variational with the distance away from the wall. The closer to the wall, the lower the bubble fre-

Fluidization Velocity (m/s)

Fig. 8. Effect of measurement height on heat transfer.

quency. Based on Eq. (5) we can see that the local heat transfer coefcient is direct proportional to square root of bubble frequency. That is to say, there will be a better effect on heat transfer at the beginning of bubble formation. With increasing of bubbles, the increasing of bubble frequency will be slower. So the effects of bubble frequency

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P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 0

us = 0 m/s us = 0.357 m/s us = 0.516 m/s us = 0.726 m/s

d p =0.718 mm
Zh =76 mm

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

300

260
us = 0 m/s dp =0.718 mm
Zh =305 mm

240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 0

us = 0.357 m/s us = 0.516 m/s us = 0.726 m/s

u f =0.726 m/s

uf =0.726m/s

Transverse probe

(a)
180

Transverse probe

(b)
180

45

90

135

45

90

135

(o)
Fig. 9. Effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer.

(o)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

600
us = 0 m/s

550 500 450 400 350 300 250

us = 0.357 m/s us = 0.516 m/s us = 0.726 m/s

dp =0.718 mm Zh =76 mm uf =0.726 m/s

600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 0

us= 0 m/s us= 0.357 m/s us= 0.516 m/s us= 0.726 m/s

dp=0.718 mm
Zh=305 mm

uf =0.726 m/s

(a)
Longitudinal probe

(b)
Longitudinal probe

200 0

45

90

135

180

45

90

135

180

( )
Fig. 10. Effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer.

( )

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K-1)

on heat transfer will decrease also. Otherwise, heat transfer will decrease a little due to the increasing of contact time ratio of bubbles with probes under the condition of sufcient uidization. At the same time, the bubble frequency and contact time ratio are almost the same in all of the probe orientation, so the change of heat transfer coefcient in different directions is very small. 3.3. Effect of probe position and particle size on heat transfer It also can be seen from Figs. 6 and 7, there are notable differences between transverse and longitudinal heat transfer coefcient. As Fig. 3 shows, the transverse probe is much closer than the longitudinal probe to the wall, this makes longitudinal probe get bigger bubble frequency than transverse one, and get higher longitudinal heat transfer coefcient at the same uidization velocity. As Fig. 5 shows heat transfer coefcient of small particles is bigger than that of bigger ones. The cause is there are more contact points of small particles with probes than that of big ones. This makes small particles get more contact area at the probe surface, and get more heat transfer area at the same refresh ratio of the emulsion phase, so heat transfer is enhanced. 3.4. Effect of measurement height on heat transfer The longitudinal heat transfer coefcients at the middle and lower position are shown in Fig. 8, in which particle size dp is

325
Z h =76 mm Z h =178 mm Z h =305 mm d p =0.718 mm u f = 0.726 m/s
Transverse and longitudinal probes

300

275

250

225 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

us (m/s)
Fig. 11. Effect of secondary air injection rate on heat transfer.

0.718 mm. As it can be seen, heat transfer coefcient decreases with the measurement height. The results agree with Ref. [17,18]. Jin et al. [19] measured the local heat transfer coefcient at different measurement height and radial position in uidized

P. Lu et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 11271134

1133

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (Wm-2 K -1)

700
us = 0 m/s d p =0.359 mm Zh =176 mm u f =0.363m/s
Longidutinal Probe

350
us = 0 m/s us = 0.318 m/s dp =0.359 mm Zh =76 mm uf = 0.363 m/s
Transverse probe

650 600 550 500 450 400 0

us = 0.318 m/s us = 0.561 m/s

300

us = 0.561 m/s

250

200

150

(a)
45 90 135 180

100

(b)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
o

( )
Fig. 12. Effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer.

( )

bed of U280 mm with small ball of U19.4 mm. Test results shown heat transfer was variated with the measurement height and radial position. These all agree with the discussion about bubble frequency and bubble sizes in Section 3.3. Generally the bubble frequency is higher and bubble size is smaller at the lower position close to the air distributor. So the contact time ratio between bubbles and the probe is smaller. Based on Eq. (5) these factors will make heat transfer coefcient decrease with measurement height.

3.5. Effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer Secondary air injection is a main difference between a HSFB and a bubbling uidized bed. So it is important to obtain the effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer. The effects of secondary air injection on heat transfer of the transverse and the longitudinal probes are shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively, in which the average particle size of bed material dp = 0.718 mm, the uidization velocity (uf) is 0.726 m/s, the secondary air (swirling air) velocity (us), which is the cross-sectional velocity of HSFB, is 00.726 m/s (the injection velocity of secondary air is 0120 m/s). As the gures show, the secondary air injection has a bad inuence on heat transfer at most of operating conditions. The causes are that: (1) in a bubbling uidized bed the effects of mixing and disturbance are very intense at high uidization velocity, so the mixing and disturbance effects of secondary air injection are weakened; (2) the secondary air will increase the contact time ratio between probes and bubbles (or gas phases), and decease heat transfer coefcient; and (3) coarse particles and high uidization velocity are very powerful to weaken the rigidity of secondary air injection. Fig. 11 shows the effect of secondary air injection rate on average heat transfer coefcient at different tested locations. As the gure shows, with increasing of secondary air injection rate, heat transfer coefcient of the probes at low location decreases, however, heat transfer coefcient of the probe at middle and upper locations almost keeps constant. This indicates the SA injection should be helpful to get a stable heat transfer coefcient in a HSBF. Based on the design of secondary air injection of this model, more secondary air will come out from the upper injection nozzles due to higher uid resistance at the low injection location, and inhibits mixing and disturbance at the low location. So heat transfer coefcient at low location decreases with the increasing of SA injection. This indicated some modication of secondary air injection need be done to get the same effects at different injection location. Fig. 12 shows the effect of secondary air injection on heat transfer of the transverse and longitudinal probes, respectively, in which dp = 0.359 mm, uf = 0.363 m/s. Comparing with a HSBF with coarse

particles, the secondary air injection of a HSBF with moderate particles has a signicant effect on increasing of heat transfer coefcient at the most of operating conditions. That is due to a stronger penetrability and disturbance ability of SA injection for small particles, and all these makes heat transfer enhanced. The results give us a good suggestion about design and operation for a HSFB. The effects of bed particle size, secondary air injection rate and its velocity, injection position will have important inuences on heat transfer in a HSFB. As well known, more secondary air injection will increase the contact time ratio between bubble phases and probes, and make heat transfer coefcient decrease; on the other hand, less secondary air injection cannot make bed materials swirling in the dense zone, and cannot enhance heat transfer in a HSBF. So in order to obtain an optimum secondary air injection rate and its velocity and form a stable horizontal swirling at the condition of certain particle size, uidization velocity, and bed location in a HSFB, some change of design and further study should be carried out. 4. Conclusion Heat transfer characteristics of an innovative horizontal swirling uidized bed (HSFB) were measured with the help of a fast response heat transfer probe. Based on the experimental ndings of this work it could be concluded as following: (1) Heat transfer coefcients increase quickly at minimum uidization velocity, and reach their maximum values at 1.5 3 times of the minimum uidization velocity. (2) Heat transfer coefcient in the backward orientation is higher than that in the upward orientation. Heat transfer coefcient of the longitudinal probe is larger than that of the transverse one. (3) Heat transfer coefcients decrease with increasing of measurement height. The ner bed material size has a good effect on heat transfer in a horizontal swirling uidized bed. (4) The secondary air injection generates the preferred hydrodynamics in the dense zone and enhanced heat transfer for ner bed materials. Further study of formation of horizontal swirling and heat transfer characteristics in a HSFB should be carried out.

Acknowledgments Financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51076067), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

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of China (BK2010081) and Scientic Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, MOP are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also expressed sincere gratitude to Professor R. Troutman for constructive advices and valuable assistance in preparing this paper. References
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