A New Lateral Load Pattern for Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of High-rising RC Frame-wall Structures

Liu Weixing
School of Civil and Architecture Engineering Northeast Dianli University Jilin City, China AbstractLateral load pattern is one of the most important
parameters to pushover analysis of structures. The current lateral load patterns are not fit for pushover analysis of high-rising structures. A new lateral load pattern, named Parabola pattern, is presented in this paper by a lot of time history analyses and pushover analyses performed to two high-rising RC frame-wall buildings. The new lateral load pattern is used in the pushover analysis of the two buildings. It shows that the new lateral load pattern is fit for the pushover analysis of high-rising buildings. Keywords- Lateral load pattern; high-rising RC stuctures; pushover

satisfactory results for a reliable prediction to the dynamic response under seismic excitation [5]. Taizo MATSUMORI, and Shunsuke OTANI, et al. studied the distribution of story displacements and member ductility demands along the structural height by comparing the results of nonlinear earthquake response analyses and pushover analyses. It showed that the results of two pushover analyses could reasonably estimate the distribution of member deformation demands during an earthquake if the lateral force distribution in the pushover analyses were taken to be the sum of the first two modes [6]. Moghadam A. S. and Tso W. K. developed the pushover analysis to eccentric multi-story buildings. The higher modal and three-dimensional effects induced by torsion were taken into account and a response spectrum-based pushover procedure is used to obtain seismic response estimates of three types of asymmetrical buildings. The use of load distribution resulted from response spectrum analysis in pushover analysis, improves the results for the frame buildings and deteriorates the results for the setback and wall-frame systems [7]. Rahul RANA, Limin JIN and Atila ZEKIOGLU performed pushover analysis to a nineteen story with uniform lateral load pattern (or Rectangular Pattern). The pushover analysis verified code's underlying intent of Life Safety performance under design earthquake [8]. Maw-Shyong SHEU, Yi-Hsin CHEN and Pai-Mei LIU proposed a dynamic pushover curve for 3D-RC buildings. Comparisons between the calculated dynamic push-over curves and two shaking table specimens showed that the pushover curves using dynamic nonlinear incremental analysis have reasonable accuracy when compared with experimental models and actual buildings. The base shear-deflection curve and PGA-base shear curve are good index for ductility and vulnerability assessment [9]. Limin SUN and Chennan ZHANG presented a pushover analysis model which can take account of soil-pile-structure. A bridge pier-pile-soil system was analyzed by the presented models. Comparisons between nonlinear dynamic time history analysis and the improved pushover analysis indicated that the presented pushover analysis model is proper for providing a reasonable estimate of the structural maximum response [10]. Pu Yang and Yayong Wang presented a lateral load pattern which is taken as the approximation of the distribution of the inertia force obtained from results of dynamic analysis of the story equivalent MDOF system of the structure [11].

I.

INTRODUCTION

Pushover analysis is becoming more and more popular as a simple method for seismic performance valuation of structures. More and more people are attempting to study and use the method in analysis to RC frame, RC wall, RC frame-wall, steel and masonry structures recently. Anil K. Chopra and Rakesh K. Goel developed a pushover analysis procedure based on structural dynamics theory as a Modal Pushover Analysis. Comparing the peak inelastic response of a 9-story building determined that the approximate procedure provides good estimates of floor displacements and story drifts, and identifies locations of most plastic hinges [1]. Jaime De-La-Colina, MariCarmen Hernandez and Qutberto ACUA used pushover analysis to assess the effect of interaction of bending moments and axial loads in columns of low-rise frame buildings with torsion [2]. Mahmood Hosseini and Fariborz Yaghoobi Vayeghan verified existing design by performing three-dimensional linear dynamic and nonlinear pushover analyses to an irregular 8-story steel building. In this case the applied forces were considered as the lateral forces of the Seismic Standard multiplied by a coefficient of 1.7, suggested by most of well-known codes [3]. Mehmet nel, Tjen Tjhin, and Mark A. Aschheim evaluated six lateral load patterns, First Mode, Inverted Triangular, Rectangular, Code, Adaptive First Mode and Multimode Calculation. The results illustrated trends in the accuracy of the various pushover load patterns [4]. Guido Magenes presented a method for the nonlinear static analysis of masonry buildings based on pushover analyses. The proposed model for nonlinear static analysis has produced

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From these researches, pushover analysis is undoubtedly a simple and accurate method for nonlinear evaluation of structures and the accuracy of pushover analysis lies on strongly lateral load patterns. In the current lateral load patterns, Inverted Triangular is considered as the lower limit, and Rectangular as the upper limit. However all current lateral load patterns have common shortages, namely they are not proper for the analysis of high-rising structures. For this reason, a lot of time history and pushover analyses are performed to two high-rising RC frame-wall buildings. From the analyses, a new lateral load pattern, Parabola Pattern, is presented and used in the pushover analysis of the two buildings. II. STRCCTURAL MODELS AND GROUND MOTIONS In order to study which lateral load pattern is fitting for the pushover analysis of high-rising structures, two RC frame-wall building models, 17-story and 22-story respectively, are selected as shown in Table 1. Nine strong ground motions are selected for time history analysis from the PEER database are shown in Table 2. III.
PARABOLA LATERAL LOAD PTTERN

Story

6~10 11~17 18~22

10001000 800800 600600

700400 700400 700400

TABLE II. Earthquake

Chi-Chi, Taiwan Chi-Chi, Taiwan Chi-Chi, Taiwan Chi-Chi, Taiwan Imperia Valley Imperia Valley Loma Prieta Northridge SAN FERNANDO

GROUND MOTIONS

Date
09/20/1999 09/20/1999 09/20/1999 09/20/1999 05/18/1940 10/15/1979 10/18/1989 01/17/1994 02/09/1971

Magnitude
7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 6.95 6.53 6.93 6.69 6.61

Station Location
CHY028 CHY006 CHY041 NST El Centro Array #9 El Centro Differential Array Gilroy Array #1 Beverly Hills 12520 Mulhol Castaic - Old Ridge Route

Component
N N N N S00E S00E S-N S-N S12W9

PGA (g)
0.79 0.36 0.46 0.39 0.26 0.43 0.44 0.51 0.30

The two buildings are performed time history analyses with the above nine ground motions and pushover analyses with two lateral load patterns, Inverted Triangular and Rectangular patterns. The capacity curves from time history and pushover analyses are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively. It is indicated from Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 that current lateral load patterns are lower than that from time history analyses, Namely the current lateral load patterns are not fit for the pushover analysis of high-rising buildings. More lateral load patterns are used to testify if they are fit for the pushover analysis of high-rising structures. These lateral load patterns, used in pushover analysis of 22-story RC frame-wall building, are shown in Fig. 3, including Inverted Triangular, a/b=5, a/b=2, a/b=1.25 and a/b=1, namely Rectangular pattern. The results from pushover analyses with these five lateral load patterns are shown in Fig. 4. From Fig. 4, these patterns are still lower than that from time history analyses, but a new trend appears that the capacity curves rise with the increase of b, or with the decrease of a/b. Based on the above trend, a adventurous suppose is presented that if a<b, the capacity curve from pushover will

Fig.1

Capacity Curves of 17-Story Building

Fig.2

Capacity Curves of 22-Story Building

TABLE I. Floor
17Story 221~3 4~5 6~8 9~17 1~5

SECTION PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURES Column Dimensions (mm)

600600 550550 500500 450450 12001200

Beam Dimensions (mm)

650250 650250 650250 650250 700400

be higher than that from time history analyses. Then a new lateral load pattern, Parabola Pattern, is presented and shown in Fig. 5, in which A i is denoted by Eq. (1):

Fig. 3

Lateral Load Patterns

Ai

n 1 i

Where Ai is the amplitude of lateral load at the i-th floor, n total floors, i the number of floor, and p an exponent.

IV.

EVALUATION OF THE PROPERSED PARABOLA LAPPERN

The new lateral load pattern is used in the pushover analysis of the two buildings. The results from time history and pushover analyses are shown in Fig. 5 to Fig. 8. From these figures, some results can be gotten. The capacity curves, from pushover analyses with the new lateral load pattern, rise with the increase of p in Eq. (1) and are upper than those from time history analyses, which proves that the new lateral load pattern is fit for the pushover analysis of any high-rising RC frame-wall structures if proper p is selected. The results from pushover analyses with the new lateral load pattern of p=0.3 can express the average of that from time history analyses for 17-story building, and p=0.5 can express the average of that from time history analyses for 22-story building. Thereby the new lateral load pattern of p=0.3 is fit for the pushover analysis of 17-story building and that of p=0.5 is fit for the pushover analysis of 22-story building. V.
CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 5

Capacity Curve of 17-Story Building

A new lateral load pattern, Parabola Pattern, is presented in this paper by a lot of time history analyses and pushover analyses performed to two high-rising RC frame-wall buildings. Some results are gotten as bellow: The capacity curves, from pushover analyses with the new lateral load pattern, rise with the increase of p in Eq. (1) and are upper than those from time history analyses, which proves that the new lateral load pattern is fit for the pushover analysis of any high-rising RC frame-wall structures if proper p in Eq. (1) is selected. The new lateral load pattern of p=0.3 is fit for the pushover analysis of 17-story building and that of p=0.5 is fit for the pushover analysis of 22-story building. REFERENCES
[1] A.K. Chopra and R.K. Goel, A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure to Estimate Seismic Demands for Buildings: Theory and Preliminary Evaluation, PEER Report 2001/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center College of Engineering University of California Berkeley, January 2001. [2] Jaime De-La-Colina, MariCarmen Hernandez and Qutberto ACUA, Column Internation Effect on Pushover 3D Analysis of Irregular Structures, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 2612, Canada, 2004. [3] Mahmood Hosseini And Fariborz Yaghoobi Vayeghan, Design Verification of An Existing 8-Storey Irregular Steel Building by 3-D Dynamic and Pushover Analyses, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 2115, New Zealand, 2000.

Fig. 6

Story Drift of 17-Story Building

Fig. 7

Capacity Curve of 22-Story Building

Fig. 8

Story Drift of 22-Story Building

Fig. 4

Parabola Lateral Load Pattern

[4] Mehmet nel, Tjen Tjhin, and Mark A. Aschheim, The Significance of Lateral Load Pattern in Pushover Analysis, Fifth National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No: AE-00926-30, Istanbul, Turkey, 2003. [5] Guido Magenes, A Method for Pushover Analysis in Seismic Assessment of Masonry Buildings, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1866, New Zealand, 2000. [6] Taizo MATSUMORI, Shunsuke OTANI, Hitoshi SHIOHARA and Toshimi KABEYASAWA, Estimation of The Seismic Demand in R/C Frame Structures Using Push-over Analysis, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1365, Canada, 2004.

[7] A. S. Moghadam And W. K. Tso, Pushover Analysis for Asymmetric and Set-Back Multi-Story Buildings, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1093, New Zealand, 2000. [8] Rahul RANA, Limin JIN and Atila ZEKIOGLU, Pushover Analysis of A 19 Story Concrete Shear Wall Building, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 133, Canada, 2004. [9] Maw-Shyong SHEU, Yi-Hsin CHEN And Pai-Mei LIU, Dynamic Push-over Curve for Building Structures under 3-Directional Earthquake Input, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 0384, New Zealand, 2000.

[10]

Limin SUN and Chennan ZHANG, Improvement of Pushover Analysis Taking Account of Pier-Pile-Soil Interaction, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 659, Canada, 2004. [11] Pu Yang And Yayong Wang, A Study on Improvement of Pushover Analysis, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1940, New Zealand, 2000.