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APA Documentation Style, Fifth Edition

Collegestudentsoftenencountermorethanonestyleofdocumentation:mostEnglishclassesrequirestudentsto followtheMLAstylemanual,whilesomeclassesrequirethemtofollowthestylemanualpublishedbythe AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).ThebasicrulesofAPAarelistedbelowfirsttherulesfordocumenting sourceswithintheparagraphandthentherulesforthereferencepage.Thefollowingrulesandexamplesare derivedfromthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,FifthEdition.

ReferenceListGuidelinesforAPA
First,titlethepageReferences(withoutquotations,underlining,oritalics). Then,makesurethesourcesarearrangedinalphabeticalorderbythelastnameofthefirst authorlistedonthesourceor(ifnoauthorisgiven)bythefirstimportantwordofthetitle (excludinga,anorthe). Asyoulisteachsource,usehangingindentation(thefirstlineisflushtotheleftandeach subsequentlineisindented).Begineachsourcecitationwiththeauthorslastname.Useinitials forthefirstandmiddlenames.Donotlistdegrees,likeM.D.orPh.D.(seetheexamplesbelow). (NOTE:InWord,chooseFormat,thenParagraph,thenSpecial,thenHanging.) Next,writethedateofpublicationinparentheses.Thedatefollowstheauthorsnameorthe title(ifnoauthorisnamed).Aperiodfollowsthedate(seetheexamplesbelow).Note,ifthe sourceappearsinanewsletterormonthlymagazine,themonthitisissuedshouldalsobe includedaftertheyear.Ifitisanewspaper,thenthedayissuedshouldfollowthemonthwith nocommabetweenthemonthanddayissued. Followingthedateofpublication,writethetitleofthework(book,article,pamphlet,website, etc.),capitalizingonlythefirstwordandthefirstwordofasubtitle(followingacolon).Seethe examplesbelow.Ifabooktitle,italicizethecompletetitle. Ifthesourceisajournalarticle,writethetitleofthejournalafterthetitleofthearticle. Capitalizeeachimportantword(notconjunctions,prepositions,orarticles)ofthejournaltitle. Addacomma.Thenwritethevolumenumber(donotincludethewordvolumeorits abbreviation),andfollowwithacomma.Italicizethetitleofthejournal,thevolume(butnot issuenumbers),andthecommas.(Note:ifeachissueofthejournalbeginswithpage1,then writetheissuenumberinparenthesesafterthevolumenumber).Finally,writethepage numbersonwhichthearticleappears,butdonotitalicizethem,anddonotusep.orpp.for amagazineorjournal,butdoforanewspaper. Ifyoursourceiselectronic,writetheretrievaldate,URLordatabase,andDOI(DigitalObject Identifier)next.Noretrievaldateisnecessaryforcontentthatisunlikelytobechangedor updated,suchasjournalarticlesorbooks.

ExamplesofPeriodicalCitations
Journalarticlewithoneauthor,journalpaginatedbyvolume: Berkerian,D.A.(1993).Insearchofthetypicaleyewitness.AmericanPsychologist,48,574576. Here are a couple of templates to get you started. There will be other templates given only for some of the more complicated cases. Lastname, initials of first name and middle name. (year of publication). Article title: The first word and proper nouns are the only words that are capitalized. Journal Title Capitalized and Italicized, Volume Number Italicized(issue number if applicable), page numbers. Journalarticlewithtwotofiveauthors,journalpaginatedbyvolume: Bowman,W.C.,Hanson,M.A.,Opples,S.H.,Pulakos,E.,&White,L.A.(1993).Roleofearlysupervisory experienceinsupervisorperformance.JournalofAppliedPsychology,78,443449.

Lastname of the first author listed, initials of first name and middle name, Lastname of the second author listed, initials of first name and middle name, & Lastname of the last author listed, initials of first name and middle name. (Year of Publication). Article title: The first word and proper nouns are the only words that are capitalized. Journal Title Capitalized and Italicized, Volume Number Italicized(issue number if applicable), page numbers. Journalarticle,twoauthors,journalpaginatedbyissue: Klimoski,R.,&Palmer,S.(1993).TheADAandthehiringprocessinorganizations.ConsultingPsychology Journal:PracticeandResearch,45(2),1036. Magazinearticle: Posner,M.I.(1993,October29).Seeingthemind.Science,262,573674. Newsletterarticle,noauthor: Thenewhealthcarelexicon.(1993,August/September).CopyEditor,4,12. Dailynewspaperarticle,discontinuouspages: Schwartz,J.(1993,September30).Obesityaffectseconomic,socialstatus.TheWashingtonPost,pp.A1, A4.

ExamplesofBookandReportCitations
ABook: Beck,C.A.J.,&Sales,B.D.(2001).Familymediation:Facts,myths,andfutureprospects.Washington, DC:AmericanPsychologicalAssociation. Book,thirdedition: Mitchell,T.R.,&Larson,J.R.,Jr.(1997).Peopleinorganizations:Anintroductiontoorganizational behavior(3rded).NewYork:McGrawHill. Governmentreport: U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.(1992).Pressureulcersinadults:Predictionand prevention(AHCPRPublicationNo.920047).Rockville,MD:Author. Articleorchapterinaneditedbookorananthology: Bjork,R.A.(1989).Retrievalinhibitionasanadaptivemechanisminhumanmemory.InH.L.RoedigerIII &F.I.M.Craik(Eds.),Varietiesofmemory&consciousness(pp.309330).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum. Lastname of articles author, initials of first and middle name. (Year article was written). Title of the article with first word and proper nouns capitalized. In Middle Initials of the first editors first and middle names. Last name of first editor & Middle Initials of the second editors first and middle names. Last name of second editor (Eds.), Name of the

larger volume of work italicized: Only proper nouns and the first word of each phrase is capitalized (pp. page numbers). City of publication,
State of Publication: Publisher.

Technicalorresearchreport: Mazzaeo,J.,Druesne,B.,Raffeld,P.C.,Checketts,K.T.,&Muhlstein,A.(1991).Comparabilityof computerandpaperandpencilscoresfortwoCLEPgeneralexaminations(CollegeBoardRep. No.915).Princeton,NJ:EducationalTestingService. Reportfromprivateorganization: EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.(1992,February).Sourcesofhealthinsuranceandcharacteristicsof theuninsured(IssueBriefNo.123).Washington,DC:Author.

Reportfromauniversity: Broadhurst,R.G.,&Maller,R.A.(1991).Sexoffendingandrecidivism(Tech.Rep.No.3).Nedlands, WesternAustralia:UniversityofWesternAustralia,CrimeResearchCentre. ERICReport: Mead,I.V.(1992).Lookingatoldphotographs:Investigatingtheteachertalesthatnoviceteachersbring withthem(ReportNo.NCTRLRR924).EastLansing,MI:NationalCenterforResearchon TeacherLearning.(ERICDocumentReproductionServiceNo.ED346082) Lastname, Initials of first name and middle name. (Year of Publication). Title (Report No. ). City, State: Institute Where Information Was Found. (Document Number)

of the article italicized: With first word and proper nouns capitalized

CitingElectronicSources
As with any published reference, the goals of an electronic reference are to credit the author and to enable the reader to duplicate the research. If print forms and electronic forms of material are the same, a reference to the print form is currently preferred. If you used the electronic form, include the same elements, in the same order as you would for a print source, followed by as much electronic retrieval information as needed for other to locate the sources you cited. Below are some models for formatting the main elements. Examples of how to document the most common types of electronic media are listed below. For more examples, consult the APA Manual, fifth edition or the APA Style Guide to Electronic References. NOTE: Do not end a path statement with a period because stray punctuation in a path will hinder retrieval.

ExamplesofElectronicSources
Standalonedocument,noauthoridentified,nodate: GVUs8thWWWusersurvey.(n.d.).RetrievedAugust8,2000,from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey199710/ Internetarticlebasedonaprintsource: VandenBos,G.,Knapp,S.,&Doe,J.(2001).Roleofreferenceelementsintheselectionofresourcesby psychologyundergraduates[Electronicversion].JournalofBibliographicResearch,5,117123. ArticleinanInternetonlyjournal: Fredrickson,B.L.(2000,March7).Cultivatingpositiveemotionstooptimizehealthandwellbeing. Prevention&Treatment,3,Article0001a.Retrievedfrom http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html Lastname, Initials of first name and middle name. (Year, Month Day). Article title capitalizing only the first letter of phrase and proper nouns. Journal Title Italicized and Capitalized, Volume Number, Article Number. Retrieval Month Day, Year, from website url

 Multipagedocumentcreatedbyprivateorganization,nodate: GreaterNewMilford(Ct)AreaHealthyCommunity2000,TaskForceonTeenandAdolescentIssues. (n.d.).Whohastimeforafamilymeal?Youdo!RetrievedOctober5,2000,from http://www.familymealtime.org Electroniccopyofanabstractobtainedfromasecondarydatabase: Fournier,M.,deRidder,D.,&Bensing,J.(1999).Optimismandadaptationtomultiplesclerosis:What doesoptimismmean?JournalofBehavioralMedicine,22,303326.Abstractretrievedfrom PsycINFOdatabase. DocumentavailableonuniversityprogramordepartmentWebsite: Chou,L.,McClintock,R.,Moretti,F.,&Nix,D.H.(1993).Technologyandeducation:Newwineinnew bottles.RetrievedfromColumbiaUniversity,InstituteforLearningTechnologiesWebsite http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html U.S.governmentreportavailableongovernmentagencyWebsite,nopublicationdateindicated: UnitedStatesSentencingCommission.(n.d.).1997sourcebookoffederalsentencingstatistics.Retrieved December8,1999,fromhttp://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm Reportfromaprivateorganization,availableonorganizationWebsite,noauthorindicated: Canarie,Inc.(1997,September27).TowardsaCanadianhealthIWAY:Vision,opportunitiesandfuture steps.Retrievedfromhttp://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/pdf/health/healthvision.doc Dailynewspaperarticle,electronicversionavailablebysearch: Hilts,P.J.(1999,February16).Inforecastingtheiremotions,mostpeopleflunkout.NewYorkTimes. Retrievedfromhttp://www.nytimes.com

InTextGuidelinesforAPA
TheRoleofSignalPhrasesinAPA
Signalphrasesinatextintroduceauthorstothereader.Signalphrasesallowyoutoblendthesourcesmoothlyinto yourownsentencesandclearlyshowreaderswhereyoufoundtheborrowedmaterial.Whenreferringtoasource withinthebodyofyourpaper,inserttheauthoranddateusingasignalphrase.APAformatusesperfecttense (underlinedinFigure1)andpasttense(boldinFigure1)verbsinsignalphrases.

Figure1:SignalPhrases Managementthatrecognizestheeffortsofemployeescanincreaseproductivity. Soper(1995),asocialscientist,hasdiscoveredthevalueofgivingtangiblerewards asameansofrecognition.Heasserted,"Insurveyswithemployeesatten differentfastfoodbusinesses,tangiblerewardsraisedthemoraleand,therefore, increasedtheproductivityofemployees"(p.9). (Note:BesuretocheckthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological Association,pp.4144,forwaysverbtensecanchangeinanarticle.)

UsingInTextCitations
Givetheauthorcreditinthetextinthefollowingways: Usetheauthorslastnameinthesentence,orwithinparentheses,iftheauthorsideasorwords areused. Includetheyearofpublication,withinparentheses,followingtheauthorslastname. Usequotationmarksbeforeandaftertheauthorswords(periodsforquotationsgoafterthe parenthesesindicatingtheauthoranddateofpublication,orjustthedate. Usepagenumbers,withintheparentheses,iftheauthorswordsareused.

ExamplesofInTextCitations
Authorsnameanddateinsentence: In1989,Jorgensoncomparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires. Withmultipleauthors In1992,LeonardandTrentarguedthat... NOTE:Spelloutthewordandifyounametheauthorsinyoursentence. Authorsnameanddatecitedparenthetically: Inonetextbook(Jorgenson,1989),formalinterviewsandquestionnaireswerecompared. or Formalinterviewshavebeencomparedtoquestionnaires(Jorgenson,1989).

Withmultipleauthors TheArawakshadbeenlivingontheislandforseveralthousandyears(Fleming&Morris,1994). Interviewshavebeenfoundtoproducereliableinformation(Jong,Syre,&Bradley,1992). NOTE:Whenthecitedworkhasmorethanoneauthor,useanampersand(&sign)tojoin thenamesinparentheticalcitationsandreferencelists,asseenintheexamplesabove.With 35names,usecommasandanampersandtojointhenames. Authorsnameinasentence,datecitedparenthetically: Jorgenson(1989)comparedformalinterviewstocarefullyconstructedquestionnaires. Withmultipleauthors LeonardandTrent(1992)arguedthat... Bourneetal.(1994)foundthatthiskindofactivitycomparesfavorablytothenationallevelof outdoorrecreation(p.83). Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothlastnameseverytimethereferenceoccursin thetext.Iftherearethree,four,orfiveauthors,citealltheauthorsandtheyearof publicationthefirsttime,thenincludeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyet al.andtheyearforeachfirstcitationofthereferencewithinanewparagraph. Whenaworkhassixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthor,followedby etal.Afterthisabbreviatedauthornotation,givetheyearasinothercitations.Noticeinthe exampleabovethatthetermetal.hasaperiodafteralbutnotafteretandthatthe phraseisnotunderlined.Followthispracticeeverytimeyouciteintextaworkwithsixor moreauthors.Inthereferencelist,however,providetheinitialsandsurnamesofallauthors. Whenanorganizationservesasauthor: TheFederalAviationAgency(1990)concludedthatequipmentfailurecausedthecrash. or Astudyconcludedthatequipmentfailurecausedthecrash(FederalAviationAgency,1990). Whennoauthorisnamed: UsethefirstfewwordsofthetitlecorrespondingtotheentryintheReferenceslist. Dreamsexpressaspectsofpersonality(Dreams,1980). Whencitingaworkthatisdiscussedwithinyoursource: Nametheoriginalworkalongwithcitationofyoursource. McQueenandWeedensstudy(ascitedinMiller,1999)foundthatsubjectscouldnotdiscern thepatterns. NOTE:ListonlytheMillersourceonthereferencelist.

Usingpagenumbersinyourparentheticalcitations: Whencitingaspecificpartofasource,givethepagenumberaspartoftheparenthetical citation. (Lindley,1994,p.42) Alwaysgivepagenumbersforquotations.Usethep.orpp.abbreviations. SportsfansknowthattheFinalFouristheapexofcollegeathletics(Yancey,1995,p.23). PersonalCommunication: Personalcommunicationslikepersonalinterviews,letters,memos,someelectronic communications[e.g.email,discussiongroups,messagesfromelectronicbulletinboards]and telephoneconversationsdonotproviderecoverabledata.Thesearecitedintextonlyand notonthereferencelist.Givethesourcesinitialsandlastname,andprovideasexactadate aspossible. TrentPresto(personalinterview,November5,1998)foundtheworkrewarding. G.Sumner(personalcommunication,March21,2000)believedthatthischangemarkedtheend ofanera. V.G.Nguyen(Email,September25,1997)confirmedthesestatisticsstatingagainthemarginof errorwaslessthan1percent.

CitingElectronicSourcesinText
Followtheauthor/date/pagenumberformatdescribedunderInTextGuidelinesdescribedearlierin thishandout;however,iftheelectronicsourcedoesnotprovidepagenumbers,usetheparagraph number,ifavailable,precededbythesymbolortheabbreviationpara.Ifneitherparagraphnor pagenumbersarevisible,citetheheadingandthenumberoftheparagraphfollowingittodirectthe readertothelocationofthematerial. (Myers,2000,5) (Beutler,2000,Conclusionsection,para.1) TociteanentireWebsite(butnotaspecificdocumentonthesite),givetheaddressofthesiteinthe text.Forexample: KidspsychisawonderfulinteractiveWebsiteforchildren(http://kidspsych.org). Source:PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.5thed.(2001)APA:Washington, D.C.

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University Writing Center IUPUI Revised May 2008