EXPERIMENT 5 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Objective Upon completion of this experiment, the students should have learned: 1. Chemical tests to determine the existence of aldehyde and ketone 2. differentiation between aldehyde and ketones

Introduction Aldehydes and ketones, compounds containing the carbonyl functional group where it has only hydrogen atoms and alkyl groups as substituents, are called aldehydes RCHO or ketones RCOR. The chemistry of these compounds is primarily due to the chemistry of the carbonyl functional groups. These compounds identified by the distinctive reactions of the carbonyl function.

Apparatus Test tubes, droppers, glass rod and hotplate.

Reagents Liquid compounds, ethanol, 2,4-DNPH reagent, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, distilled water, NaOH, AgNO3, iodine-potassium iodide solution, nitric acid and chromic acid

Procedure A. 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test 1. In a small test tube, add 1 drop of liquid compound or 20 mg of a solid compound (dissolve the solid compound in 5 drops of ethanol). 2. To the solution add 7-8 drops of 2,4-DNPH reagent. 3. Stir with a glass rod. 4. A positive test is the formation of a yellow, orange or red precipitate. However, some compounds will require up to 15 minutes, or even gentle heating

B. Iodoform Test 1. Label two small test tubes (A & B). 2. In test tube A, add 2 drops of 2-pentanone. 3. In test tube B, add 2 drops of 3-pentanone. 4. To each test tube, add 1mL distilled water. Swirl vigorously to dissolve. 5. To each test tube, add 1mL of 10% NaOH and 1.5mL of 5M iodine-potassium iodide solution. 6. A positive test is the disappearance ofthe brown color and the formation of a yellow precipitate.

C. Tollens Test 1. Make sure that the test tubes to be used in this test are very clean. The test tubes may be cleaned by rising with 10% NaOH. 2. Add 1mL of 5% AgNO3 and 1 drop of 10% NaOH. 3. Add concentrated aqueous NH3 drop wise, with shaking, until the precipitate formed is dissolved. 4. Add 1 drop of liquid compound or 20 mg of solid compound. Swirl the test tube, and let it stand for 10 minutes. 5. If no reaction occurs, heat the test tube in a beaker of warm water for a few minutes. 6. A positive test is formation of a silver mirror coating on the test tube.

7. Dispose the products by cautiously adding dilute nitric acid to the silver mirror. Then, wash it down the drain with lots of running water.

D. chromic acid Test 1. In a small test tube, place 2 drops of a liquid compound or 20 mg of a solid compound (dissolve the solid compound in about 5 drop of acetone) 2. Add 1 drop of chromic acid solution. Observe carefully. 3. A positive reaction is the occurrence of precipitate. Observe its color and the time it took to form the precipitate