Beyond 3G

: Technology and Market Trends

2008.10.25
Hyung G. Myung
Disclaimer

Any views expressed by the presenter do not necessarily reflect

those of presenter’s employer.

1
Wireless Evolution

1973 2008

Voice + 3.6 Mbps data + GPS

+ Full Internet browsing
Analog voice + Multimedia messaging
+ Multimedia entertainment
+…

2
Outline

Introduction and Background

Standardization Status

Beyond-3G Systems: 3GPP LTE, 3GPP2 UMB, & WiMAX

Market Trends

Summary and References

3
Introduction and Background

Standardization Status
Beyond-3G Systems
Market Trends
Summary and References
Introduction and Background

Cellular Wireless System Evolution

Generation Comments Systems

•Analog speech communications

1G AMPS
•FDMA

•Digital modulation of speech communications GSM

2G •Advanced security and roaming IS-95
•TDMA/narrowband CDMA PDC

•International Mobile Telecommunications

UMTS/WCDMA
(IMT)-2000 introduced 3G global standard.
3G cdma2000
•Global harmonization/roaming and wideband
TD-SCDMA
CDMA

•Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) to

3GPP LTE
introduce evolutionary path beyond 3G.
4G 3GPP2 UMB
•Mobile class targets 100 Mbps and nomadic/
WiMAX
local area class targets 1 Gbps.

5
Introduction and Background

Beyond 3G: IMT-

IMT-Advanced

*3G Americas, “Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the Next Generation of Wireless Technology”, Aug. 2008 6
Introduction and Background

Beyond 3G: IMT-

IMT-Advanced - cont.

• Higher data rate

– Broader bandwidth
– Advanced modulation and coding
– Increased degree of freedom: MIMO

• Better spectrum efficiency

– Multi-carrier modulation

• Lower latency
– Flat all-IP architecture

• Multimedia traffic
– Quality of service (QoS) support

7
Introduction and Background

B3G Enabling Technologies

• Multi-carrier modulation
– OFDM/OFDMA

• Power efficient modulation in the uplink

– Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

• Frequency domain equalization

• Multi-antenna technology
– Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

• Fast channel-dependent multi-carrier resource scheduling

• Active interference management
– Fractional frequency reuse

8
Introduction and Background

Standardization Status

Beyond-3G Systems
Market Trends
Summary and References
Standardization Status

3GPP Evolution
• Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA
• Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA
• Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA
• Rel-7 (2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized real-
time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk).
• Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– 3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in November
2004.
– Standardized in the form of Rel-8.

• LTE-Advanced
– More bandwidth (up to 100 MHz).
– Backward compatible with LTE.
– Standardization in progress (targeted for Rel-10).

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Standardization Status

3GPP2 Evolution

• CDMA2000 1X (1999)

• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2000)

• EV-DO Rev. A (2004): VoIP

• EV-DO Rev. B (2006): Multi-carrier

• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), previously EV-DO Rev. C

– Based on EV-DO, IEEE 802.20, and FLASH-OFDM
– Spec out in Apr. 2007.

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Standardization Status

WiMAX

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

• IEEE 802.16-based system profile maintained by WiMAX Forum

– IEEE 802.16 standards only specify PHY and MAC layers. WiMAX
specifies overall system profile based on 802.16 air interface.
– WiMAX Forum certifies system components to ensure inter
-operability.

• Mobile WiMAX
– Based on IEEE 802.16e-2005 and IEEE 802.16-2004 standards.

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Standardization Status

IEEE 802.16 Evolution

• 802.16 (2002): Line-of-sight fixed operation in 10 to 66 GHz

• 802.16a (2003): Air interface support for 2 to 11 GHz

• 802.16d (2004): Minor improvements to fixes to 16a

• 802.16e (2006): Support for vehicular mobility and

asymmetrical link

• 802.16m (in progress): Higher data rate, reduced latency, and

efficient security mechanism

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Introduction and Background
Standardization Status

Beyond-3G Systems

Market Trends
Summary and References
Beyond-3G Systems

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• Multiple access scheme
– DL: OFDMA.
– UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA).

• Adaptive modulation and coding

– DL/UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
– Convolutional code and Rel-6 turbo code

• Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques

– (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
– Multi-user MIMO also supported.

• Support for both FDD and TDD

• H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc.

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Beyond-3G Systems

LTE Network Architecture

• E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
UMTS 3G: UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

MME MME
GGSN S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW

SGSN S1

RNC RNC

eNB eNB
X2

NB NB NB NB eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
NB: NodeB (base station) eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
RNC: Radio Network Controller MME: Mobility Management Entity
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node S-GW: Serving Gateway
* 3GPP TS 36.300
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

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Beyond-3G Systems

3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

• Multiples access schemes

– Forward link (FL): OFDMA
– Reverse link (RL): OFDMA & quasi-orthogonal CDMA

• Peak data rate

– Up to 280 Mbps in FL and up to 68Mbps in RL.

• Advanced MIMO and SDMA

• Low latency
• Improved interference management techniques
• Scalable IP-based flat or hierarchical architecture and flexible
spectrum allocations
– Bandwidth allocations of 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz
– Support for both FDD and TDD

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Beyond-3G Systems

UMB Network Architecture

1xEV-DO UMB

Internet Internet

PDSN

RNC

Gateway
IP Network

AN AN

AN AN AN AN AN AN
AN: Access Network
RNC: Radio Network Controller
PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node

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Beyond-3G Systems

Mobile WiMAX (802.16e)

• Multiple access scheme

– DL & UL: OFDMA

• TDD only

• Scalable spectrum
– 5, 7, 8.5, and 10 MHz

• Advanced MIMO and SDMA

• QoS, high mobility, handoff, advanced security, etc.

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Beyond-3G Systems

Mobile WiMAX Network Architecture

Mobile
Mobile
WiMAX ASN-GW CSN
terminals
base station

ASN

ASN
ASN-GW: Access Service Network Gateway
ASN: Access Service Network
CSN: Core Service Network

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Beyond-3G Systems

System Comparison

3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB Mobile WiMAX (802.16e)

Channel bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 MHz 5, 7, 8.75, and 10 MHz
DL multiple access OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA
UL multiple access SC-FDMA OFDMA and CDMA OFDMA
Duplexing FDD and TDD FDD and TDD TDD
Subcarrier mapping Localized Localized and distributed Localized and distributed
Subcarrier hopping Yes Yes Yes
Data modulation QPSK, 16QAM, & 64QAM QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, & 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, & 64QAM
Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz 9.6 kHz 10.94 kHz
FFT size (5 MHz) 512 512 512
Convolutional coding and turbo Convolutional coding, turbo Convolutional coding and
coding. coding, and LDPC coding convolutional turbo coding. Block
Channel coding
turbo coding and LDPC coding
optional.
Multi-layer precoded spatial Multi-layer precoded spatial Beamforming, Space-time coding,
multiplexing space- multiplexing, space-time transmit and spatial multiplexing
MIMO time/frequency block coding, diversity, spatial division multiple
switched transmit diversity, and access, and beamforming.
cyclic delay diversity

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Beyond-3G Systems

Peak Data Rate Comparison

DL UL
System Comment
[Mbps] [Mbps]
WCDMA (Rel. 99) 2.048 0.768
HSDPA (Rel. 5) 14.4 0.768
HSUPA (Rel. 6) 14.4 5.76
HSPA+ (Rel. 7) 42 11.5 2x2 MIMO
LTE (Rel. 8) 326 86 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. 0 2.4 0.153
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A 3.1 1.8
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B 9.3 5.4 3 radio channels
UMB 280 68 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz
802.16e WiMAX Wave 1 23 4 1x2 SIMO, 10 MHz (DL:UL=3:1)
802.16e WiMAX Wave 2 46 4 2x2 MIMO, 10 MHz (DL:UL=3:1)
802.16m 225 33.75 Target values, 20 MHz (DL:UL = 3:1)
*Rysavy Research & 3G Americas, “EDGE, HSPA and LTE Broadband Innovation”, Sep. 2008 22
Introduction and Background
Standardization Status
Beyond-3G Systems

Market Trends

Summary and References

Market Trends

Operator Trends

• All GSM/UMTS operators are migrating to LTE.

– Most will delay commercializing LTE because of HSPA
deployment.
– As was the case with WCDMA, NTT DoCoMo will be the most
aggressive in deploying commercial LTE network.

• Major CDMA2000 operators likely to defect to LTE.

– Verizon Wireless, TELUS, KDDI, etc.

• China’s TD-SCDMA will migrate to LTE-TDD.

– China Mobile is planning a trial starting in 2010.

• WiMAX is drawing serious attentions mostly from Asia-Pacific

region and developing nations.
– No major operator commitment except for Sprint Nextel (Xohm).

• UMB is practically out of the picture at the moment.

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Market Trends

Device Trends

• Ultra Mobile Device (UMD)

– Mobile Internet Device (MID), Ultra
Mobile PC (UMPC), Micro PC,
Netbook, etc.
– Full-fledged OS: Windows XP/Vista,
Linux, OS X, etc.
– Broad range of multimedia software
– Full internet browsing Asus Eee PC 900
•Intel 900MHz CPU with
• UMDs and mobile PCs will be key Windows XP
•8.9” 1024x600 display
drivers for mobile data usage. •1 GB memory with 20
GB SSD
•1.3 Mpixel webcam
•~$500

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Market Trends

Application Trends

• Identifying “killer” applications will be crucial.

Killer
1G: Voice
Application

2G: Voice, SMS

3G: Voice, SMS, full browsing?, UGC?

4G: Voice, SMS, ???

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Market Trends

Application Trends - cont.

• Open platform

• Example: Apple
iPhone App Store
– 60 million downloads
in 30 days.
– VC Kleiner Perkins
starts $100M fund for
startups developing
iPhone applications.

27
Market Trends

Collaborative Trends

• Example 1: Amazon Kindle

– Wireless eBook
– Collaboration with Qualcomm
and Sprint

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Market Trends

Collaborative Trends - cont.

• Example 2: Google Android phone

Open Handset Alliance

Operator Handset

Chip Software

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Market Trends

Collaborative Trends - cont.

• Example 3: Fashion phones

Prada + LG Armani + Samsung

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 Introduction and Background
Beyond-3G Systems
Standardization Status
Market Trends

Summary and References

Summary and References

Summary

• Key technologies of Beyond-3G systems

– Multicarrier-based radio air interface
• OFDMA and SC-FDMA
– Frequency domain equalization
– IP-based flat network architecture
– Multi-antenna technology
• MIMO
– Active interference avoidance and coordination
• Fractional frequency re-use (FFR)
– Fast frequency-selective multi-carrier resource scheduling

• Key Beyond-3G Systems

– 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
– IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX
– 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

32
Summary and References

Summary - cont.

• LTE will be the dominant cellular wireless standard for 4G.

• Ultra mobile devices (UMD) will be the center of mobile

devices.

• Application will be key to the market development.

– What is the “Killer Application” for 3G/4G?

• Open platform will be essential for attracting users.

• Multi-industry collaboration will become a major source of

innovation.

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Summary and References

References and Resources

• IMT-Advanced
– ITU web page: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/rsg5-imt-advanced/
– 3G Americas, “Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the
Next Generation of Wireless Technology”, available at
http://3gamericas.org/PDFs/Defining4G2008.pdf

• B3G enabling technologies

– OFDM/OFDMA
• R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia
Communications, Artech House, 2000.
– SC-FDMA
• H. G. Myung and D. J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air
Interface for Long Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
• H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless
Transmission,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006.
• http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma

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Summary and References

References and Resources - cont.

– Frequency domain equalization

• D. Falconer et al., “Frequency Domain Equalization for Single-Carrier
Broadband Wireless Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 4, Apr.
2002, pp. 58-66.
– MIMO
• A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,
Cambridge University Press, May 2003.
• G. L. Stüber et al., “Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications
,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294.
– Multicarrier scheduling
• G. Song and Y. Li, “Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling
in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,
vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134.

35
Summary and References

References and Resources - cont.

• 3GPP LTE
– http://www.LTEwatch.com
– Spec
• http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
• http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm (old)
– E. Dahlman et al., 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile
Broadband, Academic Press, 2008
– 3G Americas, “UMTS Evolution: From 3GPP Release 7 to Release 8,
HSPA and SAE/LTE" available at
http://3gamericas.org/PDFs/3GPPRel-7andRel-8_White_Paper07-
08-08.pdf

36
Summary and References

References and Resources - cont.

• 3GPP2 UMB
– Spec (C.S0084 series)
• http://www.3gpp2.org/Public_html/specs/tsgc.cfm
– CTIA Wireless 2007 Special Interest Seminar on UMB available at
http://www.cdg.org/news/events/CDMASeminar/070327_UMB/in
dex.asp
– CDG Evolution Path available at
http://www.cdg.org/news/events/webcast/061213_webcast/CD
G%20Charts%20for%20Roadmap%20Webcast_13DEC2006F.pdf

• FLASH-OFDM
– R. Laroia et al., “Designing a Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
Network,” IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., vol. 21, no. 5, Sep. 2004, pp. 20-
28

37
Summary and References

References and Resources - cont.

• WiMAX
– IEEE 802.16e Spec
• http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.16e-2005.pdf
– WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile: http://www.wimaxforum.org/
technology/documents/wimax_forum_mobile_system_profile_v1_
40.pdf
– WiMAX Forum, “Mobile WiMAX - Part I: A Technical Overview and
Performance Evaluation,” available at http://www.wimaxforum.or
g/technology/downloads/Mobile_WiMAX_Part1_Overview_and_P
erformance.pdf
– K. Balachandran et al., “Design and Analysis of an IEEE 802.16e-
based OFDMA Communication System,” Bell Labs Tech. Jour., vol.
11, no. 4, Mar. 2007, pp. 53-73
– IEEE 802.16m activities
• http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/tgm/

38
Summary and References

References and Resources - cont.

• 4G market reports
– “The Road to 4G: LTE and WiMAX Lead the Way Worldwide”,
In-Stat (Oct. '08)
– “The Future of Mobile WiMAX: Where, When & How Much?”,
Unstrung Insider (Sep. ’08)
– “4G Inside: Embedded Modules for Mobile WiMAX & LTE”,
Unstrung Insider (Jul. ’08)
– “Long Term Evolution”, ABI research (Jun. ’08)
– “Mobile WiMAX in Asia-Pacific”, ABI research (May, ’08)
– “The LTE Business Case: Operator and Vendor Strategies”,
ARCchart (Apr. ’08)
– “4G Intellectual Property and Royalties”, ABI research (Mar., ’08)
– “Evolved HSPA & the Roadmap to LTE”, Unstrung Insider (Oct. ’07)
– “The Road to 4G: Will LTE, UMB and WiMAX Just Be Stops Along
the Way?”, In-Stat (Aug. ’07)

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Thank you!
2008.10.25
Hyung G. Myung