Spatialinterventionsasplanningtoolsforknowledgebaseddevelopmentin theNetherlands

AnaMaraFernndezMaldonado DelftUniversityofTechnology

Paperpresentedatthe2011EURAConference"CitieswithoutLimits"Copenhagen2325June2011

1. Introduction Regional economics have traditionally emphasised the importance of clusters of (hightech) industriesandresearchinstitutions,whoseproximitywouldgenerate(technological)innovation,the mostimportantelementforeconomicgrowthandcompetition.Scienceparksandhightechspaces have been among the most popular tools to promote the formation of these clusters, followed by businessincubators,innovationcentres,academictransfercentres,supportivenetworks,andmany otherschemestopromotelocalentrepreneurshipandtoattractglobalfirmstotheirlocalities. Butmovingfrommassproductionintotailormadeproductionfromanindustrialintoaknowledge urbaneconomyhasincreasedthesignificanceofsymbolicvalues.Citiesandregionsarenowtrying totransformtheirproductionstructurestowardsknowledgeintensiveandcreativedesignindustries. Consequently, innovation and creativity have become important activities of, not only high technologysectors,butofabroadrangeofindustries.Assuch,theyhavebecomecrucialresources for local urban development. These changes have produced an important shift in the field of regional economics, in which a culturaleconomic paradigm (Amin and Thrift, 2007) has become popular. Thisculturalturnhasledtoarenewedattentiontoplaces.Accordingtoitsassumptions,thequality ofaplacewhichincludesamenitieslikeurbanatmosphere,cultureandleisurevenues,andthird places has become an important economic asset in its role to attract talented people to cities (Florida, 2002). Many cities worldwide have developed policies to nurture local creativity and to attract creative workers. In the Netherlands, many cities have embraced the cultural economic paradigmintheirsearchforlocalcreativityandinnovation.Butempiricalstudiesshowthatdespite their discourse on creativity, most local policies still tend to engage in a businessoriented perspective,whichiseasiertoimplementinpractice(KooijmanandRomein,2007). How are spatial planners translating the strategic requirements of the knowledgebased economy intospatialinterventions?Whichspecificspatialplanningtoolsaretheyimplementingtodealwith the new conditions? The present study presents how two important knowledge cities of the NetherlandsEindhovenandDelft,seatofthetwotechnicaluniversitiesofthecountryaredealing with the new conditions and requirements of the knowledge economy. StrijpS, in Eindhoven, and TIC(TechnologicalInnovationCampus)Delftsharetheambitiontoimprovetheinternationalposition of these cities in the knowledgebased economy, but are being implemented with very different approaches,prioritiesandgoals.Theanalysisofthesetwocaseswillbeusefultodiscussimportant

questionsofthistrack,relatedtotheroleofspatialplanning,urbandesignandurbanamenitiesin theknowledgebasedeconomy. Thepaperisorganisedinfivesections.Aftertheintroduction,itwilldiscussthemainapproachesto knowledgebaseddevelopment.Thethirdsectionpresentstheissuesrelatedtothecreativecityand its resulting policies in the Netherlands. The fourth and fifth are dedicated to present the spatial interventions in Eindhoven and Delft, respectively. The last section discusses the findings and advancessomeconclusions.

2.Approachestoknowledgebaseddevelopment Although Jane Jacobs (1961) gave an impulse into cultural considerations in economic thought when she advocated diversity as a driven force for urban prosperity in Death and Life of Great American Cities cultural considerations were generally neglected in urban economics until relatively recently (Kunzmann, 2004). But regional economics have undergone a significant ontologicalshiftsincetheriseofnotionslinkedtothenewculturaleconomicparadigm,whosemain concepts are human capital (Glaeser and Saiz, 2003) and creativity (Florida, 2002). This paradigm shiftwasmostvisibleafterFloridas(2002)bookonthecreativeclassbecameaninternationalbest seller and received many prizes from newspapers and magazines. For the first time, a professor in regional economics became a celebrity (Peck, 2005). Since then, great academic attention is being paidtocreativityandculturalissuesandtheirimpactonthegrowthofcitiesandregions. In academic circles, however, Floridas arguments have been object of great controversy. Several authors have heavily questioned the validity of the data Florida presents to support his thesis; criticizedthelackofdetailofhisexplanations;andpointedouttheproblemsofdirectionofcausality ofhisapproachandanecdotalmethodology(Long,2008).Despitetheprofoundacademiccriticism, Floridas thesis was rapidly appropriated by urban practitioners and city officials in the US and Europe. In the beginning of the twentyfirst century, culture and creativity have become key concepts on the agenda of city managers, development agents and planners, who are desperately searchingfornewfoundationsincitydevelopmentwithdwindlingcitybudgets.(Kunzmann,2004, 384).A2008surveyconductedbyEurocitiesshowedthat80percentofthe30largeEuropeancities surveyedhadlocalandregionallyfundedprogrammesforenhancingculturalandcreativeindustries (RomeinandTrip,2011). Floridas thesis is that the main drivers of economic growth are the original ideas of the creative class.Suchworkershavedifferentspatialdemandsandconsumptionpatternsthanmanualworkers. Theirlifeisnotanymoredeterminedbythelocationoftheirwork,butbytheirpreferredplaceto live. What cities should do then is to attract and retain creative individuals by nurturing creativity, culture, and a distinctive history. Third places (neither home nor office) to meet, such as cafs, pubs, terraces, cultural events, etc., and other similar spaces acquire a new dimension in the knowledge economy. A citys success is then linked to the crossfertilization of ideas and tacit knowledgearisingfromtheeffectsoffacetoface contactsbetweencreativeworkers(Storperand Venables,2004).Anemphasisonqualityofplaceandhighqualityamenitiesbecomesnecessaryfor urbancompetitiveness(Glaeseretal.,2001). Floridas assumptions are radical, in the sense that they change the traditional logic of urban competitiveness:insteadofattractingfirms,citiesshouldattractcreativeandtalentedpeople.This impliesthatintheneweconomiccontextjobsfollowpeople:creativeindividualsincreasinglychoose 2

their pla of reside ace ence first and then they look for wo or start a business o their own (Florida, y ork of 2002). rd ft and peoples climate, But the initial contradictions between har and sof networks, business a al ve t E economic and socia issues hav become milder. Storper (2010) states that the New Economic phyconsidersthecauses sofurbangr rowthtobe fullysimultaneouslytw wodirectiona al.(2010: Geograp 2032).Thismeansth hatjobsfollo owpeople,w whointurns searchforth hebenefitso oflargeurban(home) . At the sam time, pe me eople follow jobs becau firms co w use oncentrate a these larg urban at ge markets ,whichallow wsthemtop producemore eefficientlywitheconom miesofscale e. markets, Inthene eweconomiccontextth hefutureof citiesandre egionsdepen ndsonboth knowledgeintensive and cre eative econo omic activiti ies. Striving for urban competitiveness shou ld include concepts g promoting knowled dgeintensive specialisat e ology, agglo omerations, clusters, tion as hightechno entrepre capital suc as amenit eneurship and promot ting human c ch ties, high ed ducation, etc in an c. environm ment characterized by organizatio y onal capacity (Malecki 2002). T i, These three factors, specialis sation,huma ancapitalandinstitution nsareincrea asinglyackno owledgedas mainfactor rsforcity growth in the know wledge economy (Storpe (2010). For example, in their stu about European er, F , udy E edge econom Van Win my, nden et al. (2007) consider that the progress toward a e t cities in the knowle knowled dgebased city is based on the d d development of human capital an knowledgebased t n nd industrie which sh es, hould be su upported by local organ y nising capac cities (see F Figure 1). Th have hey advance edsevencriteria,conside eredthefou undationsof theurbanregion(lefto oftheschem me)toget thetwofirstfactors.Thesecriter riaarealsop promotedby yagoodleveloforganisa ationatlocallevel.

ure1.Citiesintheknowle edgeeconom my:aframew workofanaly ysis(Source: :VanWinden n,2007) Figu With a s similar atten ntion toward the organis d sational qualities of a cit tyregion, Fe ernndezMa aldonado andRom mein(2010) statethatec conomic,soc cialandorga anizationalq qualitiessho ouldbeconsi ideredas maincrit teriatoevaluatecitiese effortsforsu ustainablekn nowledgeba aseddevelop pment(seeF Figure2). Inthete erminologyo ofFlorida(20 002)acitys shouldpromotebothits businesscllimateandit tspeople climate,bymeansof fahighorga anisationalca apacity.Acquiringagood dlevelofqua alityineach criterion ead yregion producing pros perity and im mplementing projects fo all people Putting or e. should le to a city suchcom mprehensive eframeworks sintopolicy andpractice eisnotsuchaneasyend deavour,how wever.An importan question is how have these new notions bee translated into polici es? The nex section nt e en d xt describe essomeaspe ectsofthesit tuationinth eNetherlandsandEurop pe.

 ualframeworkforsustai nabledevelo opmentforc citiesinthe knowledge economy Figure2.Aconceptu andRomein, ,2010). (Source:FernndezMaldonadoa

ytopolicyan ndpracticei ntheNethe erlandsandE Europe 3. Fromtheory Netherlands, the messag of Florida was particularly well received at llocal level, especially ge a e In the N afterthe eDutchtourhemadein2002.Butm manyofthee elementstha attheadvoca atesofcreat tivityand culture s state as nec cessary for success, rem s main imprecis and as su difficult to apply in practice. se uch Floridas formula fo success of cities link the three Ts of Tale s or o ks e ent, Techno ology and To olerance. Technolo ogicalcapac city,embodie edinunivers sities,labora atories,firms sandultima atelypeople, ,isafirst prerequi isite; Talente people are essential as carriers of creative ideas; and T ed Tolerance is a crucial magnet toattractth hecreativeclass.Glaeser retal.(2003 3)assignsim mportanceto osymbolicva aluesand es, veliness, aff fordable housing, envir ronmental b beauty, and historic d amenitie such as culture, liv architect ture.Howto oplanthein ntangiblesa associatedto ocreativemilieussucha astolerance,identity, authenti icity,image,atmosphere e,etc.?Them mainadvocatesofthecr reativecityn notionhaven notgiven aspecialemphasiso onhowtopu uttheirideas sinpractice(KooijmanandRomein, 2007).Landry(2000) ctice,butFlo oridatendst torepeatthe eadvices isperhapsthemost engagedwiththeissues softheprac a s cally address how his id s deas actually work in y given in 1961 by Jane Jacobs, and he does not specific practice(Trip,2007). d 2010) have noticed and described the gap tha exists bet d at tween the academic a Trip and Romein (2 literature on the de evelopment of the crea tive city, an the result nd ting policy a approaches in actual cities. O the one h On hand, many cities indee base their creative cit policies e ed r ty explicitly on a limited number of sources that make more or le empirically based ac ess cademic insiights accessible to a Theseinclude e,notably,th heaboveme entionedwor rksofLandry yandFlorida a.Onthe broader audience.T otherha and,citiesar reapttoimi itatewith questionablechancesfo orsuccess wellknown ncreative citysucc cessstoriess suchasBarce elonaorLille e(cf.Brenne er,2003;Harris,2006),o rtopaylips serviceto the crea ative city c concept as a label to renew and popularise existing p policies (Chatterton, 2000:392).(Tripand dRomein,20 010:12). Indeed, manyforme erindustrial centreshave eembraced KnowledgeCityorCrea ativeCityslogansand impleme version.By pursuing entedrelated dinitiatives todealwith htheirproblemsofecon nomicreconv elop all sort of eye distinctio and urba quality in order to at on an ttract private investment, cities deve e ts 4

catchinglandmarksandinternationalevents,which inthepublic discourseareoftennegotiatedas magnetsofthecreativeclassandaresupposedtoenhancethesocialandeconomicintegrationof disadvantagedsectorswithinthecommunity(RussoandvanderBorg,2010:669). Examining the main perspectives, two main ways to approach the creative city ideal can be distinguished:promotinginnovationthroughcreativeindustriesorthenurturingofthecreativeclass in general. These perspectives are complementary and at the same time not mutually exclusive: peopleworkingincreativeindustriesconstitutethecreativecoreofthecreativeclassaccordingto Florida(2002).Butthepoliciesimplementedtopromoteoneortheotherhaveevidentlyadifferent character,theformerbeingbasicallyabusinessorientedpolicyandthelatterapeopleorientedone, or in words of Romein and Trip (2011), policies promoting a production milieu or a consumption milieu,respectively.Inpractice,however,creativecitypoliciesintheNetherlandstendtocombine bothapproaches(KooijmanandRomein,2007). Anempiricalstudywhichexploredtheeffectofcreativeindustries(arts,mediaandpublishingand creative business services) on innovation and employment growth in cities in the Netherlands concluded thatwiththe exceptionof themetropolitancityofAmsterdam,wefindnomeasurable spillovereffectfromcreativeindustries.Thepresenceofthecreativeclass(inallkindsofindustries otherthancreativeones)appearstobeamuchstrongerdriverofemployment.(Stametal.,2008: 19).Theseresultssuggesttheimportanceofthosecriteriaadvancedbyacademicswhosupportthe peopleorientationintheDutchcontext. Totestthepoweroftolerance,aesthetics,amenitiesandjobsinattractingthecreativeclassinthe Netherlands,MarletandvanWoerkens(2005)usedstatisticsatmunicipallevel.Theirresultsshowed thatitisnottolerancebutamenitieswhicharemostlikelytoattractcreativeclassindividualstothe Dutchcities.MorerecentempiricalresearchabouttheattractivenessofcitiesintheNetherlandshas shown that those with a rich history and a broad cultural offer are considered the most attractive ones(Marlet,2009). But even if cities may elaborate a comprehensive and balanced approach, combining business and people interventions, the implementation of this kind of strategies is most of the times based on businessorientedinterventions.Afterexaminingtheimplementationofthecreativecityconceptin local urban policy, Kooijman and Romein (2007) concluded that despite the growing awareness of theimportanceofculturalandcreativeaspectsamongcityofficials,theimplementationofFloridas ideashasremainedlimitedintheurbanpolicyofthefourlargestDutchcities.Instead,thepolicy core lays most emphasis on giving explicit, direct support to businesses and creating a business climate,asopposedtoapeopleclimate.(2007:3233). Thebiasinurbanpolicytowardimprovingtheeconomicqualitiesofthecitycanbeexplainedbythe differentnatureofthetoolstoimplementbusinessandpeoplesclimates.Theestablishmentofthe hard infrastructure (airports, digital infrastructure, hightech spaces) is a straightforward investmentthatcanbelocatedalmostanywhere.Ontheotherhand,theestablishmentofthesoft infrastructureanenvironmentconducivetocreativityisalengthy,ambiguousandslowprocess withoutguaranteeofsuccess(Baum,etal.,2008). Russo and van der Borg (2010) have developed a framework with four stages of urban economic development within the cultureeconomic paradigm, which pays attention at the role of policy in each stage, and as such becomes useful to identify and describe the most significant policy approaches (see Figure 3). These stages are: exploration, enhancement, diffusion and stabilisation. 5

They sta that som European cities suc as Manch ate me ch hester, Barce elona, Berlin,, Vienna and Turin d havesuc ccessfullycom mpletedthefourstages, ,butmostcitiesarestillinphaseone eortwo.

Figure 3 Phases of urban economic develo 3. opment with correspond h ding policies . (Source: Russo and vanderBorg,2010) Intheex xplorationphase,urban policyhast thegoaltoe establishak knowledgein ntensiveand dcreative cluster, for which it generally fo ocuses on a potential sp pecialisation for cluster developmen In the nt. next pha ase, the enh hancement, cities want to attract the creative class, for w which they use urban regenera ation policie as well as city marke es s eting in order to impro the quallity of place of their ove e localities The main goal of the diffusion p s. e ovation and creative phase is to transfer economic inno content to other lo ocal econom sectors, for which campus facil mic c lities, scienc parks, inc ce cubators, kingandtran nsferpolicies sareimplem mented.To keepthecre eativepotent tialandpres servethe network quality o place, a stabilisation phase is n of n needed, for which inclu usive and pa articipatory planning policies are needed to extend the cultural benefits to vulnerable groups (Russ and van der Borg, t g so d 2010). on n es, e ativecity Based o European experience research ers of the Creative City Challenge (www.crea challeng ge.org),drew wtheconclus sionthatSu relyeffectivecreativecitypolicyisn noeasypolic cyThus, creative city development requires an integ approac of both the productio and cons gral ch on sumption milieu, t that surpass the bou ses undaries bet tween vario policy fields and d ous departments of local governm ment (Trip a and Romein, 2010: 14). They add that cooper . ration of the main stak keholders e (governm ment,resear rchandpriva atesector)is anecessary yconditionfo orthesucces ssofsuchpo olicies. The next sections show the cas of Eindh ses hoven and Delft, two Du D utch cities w which are de eveloping ablespatialst trategiesadd dressedimpr rovetheirch hancesinthe eknowledgeeconomy. remarka formingEind dhovenintoanattractiv vecity 4.Transf Eindhove enisthefifthlargestcity yintheNeth herlands(20 09,000reside entsin2009) )andthema ainurban centre o the count of trys second largest urb d ban network Brabantst k, tad. By Dutc standards, it is a ch relatively young city Eindhoven industriall developme at the be y y. ns ent eginning of t 20th cen the ntury was driven b a local fir Philips Electronics, w by rm: E which settled there in 1891. Philip economic success 1 ps c 6

madethecityexpandrapidly.Afterthewar,Eindhovendevelopedintothemostimportantindustrial centreoftheNetherlands. Confronted with the challenges that cities have in the knowledge economy, Eindhovens urban developmentexhibitstwofeatures.Ontheonehand,ithasgreatassets,duetothehighqualityofits industrial, economic, and knowledge base. It has the highest innovation index among the Dutch provinces.ItscityregioniswheremostoftheprivateR&DexpendituresoftheNetherlandsislocated (45 per cent of the national R&D expenditures). Further, the level of synergy between highlevel education and hightech local firms is remarkable. On the other hand, Eindhoven has evident problems related to its modest urban scale, its location outside of the Randstad and its provincial image. It is appreciated for its natural surroundings but it lacks an urban atmosphere (Russo and van der Borg, 2010). Due to its industrial origins, it misses the historic architectural heritage that characterizesmostDutchcities,whichconstitutesaconstrainttoattractcreativeworkers.According to the framework of figure 3, Eindhoven would be struggling to become more attractive and cosmopolitantoattractthecreativeandhigheducatedworkersthatitneedsinitsexistinghightech anddesignclusters. ThevisionforthefutureofEindhovenhasfourspearheads:(a)tobecomeaninnovativeknowledge centre, (b) to improve the citys quality of place, (c) to promote cohesion between individuals and groups,and(d)tobeagoodadministrativecentre.Theseembodythemaincriteriaforasustainable knowledgebased development of figure 2: economic quality, social quality and organisational quality. The second spearhead, aiming to attract mobile investment capital and skilled knowledge workers,andtoretainyoungpeopleaftergraduation,isformulatedintheEindhovenasacitywith anattractiveheartpolicy(GemeenteEindhoven,2004b).Eindhovenisinvestingheavilytoimprove itsculturalandleisureclimateanditsresidentialenvironment(RussoandvanderBorg,2010).Itmay nothavearichmedievalpast,butithasarichindustrialpast,whichinthecurrenteconomiccontext isalsoregardedasavaluableassetforqualityofplace.Therefore,theurbanregenerationstrategy hasaclearcultureorientedcharacter,reusingPhilipsobsoletefactorybuildingsforresidentialand cultural purposes. The new living spaces will bring to Eindhoven the urban atmosphere that it needs. The transformation of Eindhoven has been developed in three phases. The first one was the redevelopmentoftheStadhuis(Municipality)anditssurroundings,toimprovetheirurbanquality.In the second phase which consisted on the renovation of the White Lady (Witte Dame), a large (white)buildinginthecentreofEindhoven(seeFigure4).theinfluenceoftheculturaleconomic paradigmcanbeclearlyperceived.TheWhiteLady,builtinthe1920s,usedtoaccommodatePhilips factoryofincandescentlamps,theinitialbusinessofPhilips.Itisanemblematicbuildingforthecity anditsresidents,duetoitsformerusetheoriginsofthecitydevelopmentandbecauseitstower dominatesEindhovensurbanlandscape.

 Figure4.Th heWhiteLad dyanditsLightTower(Ow wnarchive).. Asaresu ultofthedeindustrializa ationproces ss,thebuildingbecamee emptyinthe e1980s.Itw wassaved from de emolition by artists and designers w made a redevelopm who ment plan w which stated that the nctionsshou uldberelated dtodesign, ICTorcultur re.Aftertheregeneratio onprocess,im mportant mainfun cultural iconswerea accommodatedintheW WhiteLady:t theDesignA Academy,the edesigndep partment ofPhilip ps,thecitylibrary,archit tecturalfirm ms,adancec companyand dagallery.TheWitteD Damehas become anincubato orofrelatedactivitiesan ndacornerst toneofthee emergingpo ostindustrialeconomy hoven, demo onstrating ho area ren ow newal, the re efurbishmen of industr heritage, and the nt rial , of Eindh fostering goflocalcre eativeindust triesmaybe esuccessfully ycombined.(Russoand dvanderBorg,2010: 683) d rrently developing, is th e most spec ctacular. It concerns the reuse of StrijpS, an e The third phase, cur industria alareaof27hectaresclo osetotheci tycentre,w whichbegani in2004(seeFigure5).Theentire areause edtobepart tofthePhilipsindustria alcomplex,a aforbiddena areafortho osewhodid notwork there.Th heregenerat tionofStrijp pSbeganwit thanagreem mentbetwee enPhilipsan ndthemunic cipalityin 2002. A Master Plan was formu n ulated and a developer was selecte Volkers W a ed, Wessels construction o a ngement wiith the municipality. For the con nstruction works, an w firm, to work in a PPP arran organisa ation was es stablished, Park Strijp Be P eheer, with the goal to safeguard t investments and the interests softhemun nicipalityint theproject( (Rekenkamercommissie Eindhoven, 2011).Thed definitive designw wasreadyin2004(seeFig gure8).

 Figure8. .DesignforS StrijpS,thef formerPhilip pscomplex( (Source:StrijpS,2010) This pro ocess is turn ning the are into a m ixeduse complex of re ea esidential (25 5003000 dw wellings), 90,000m m2ofoffices space,and3 30,000m2of fcommercial,culturalan ndleisurefac cilities.25pe ercentof the area will be fo residential uses and 25 per cent for work and leisure.. The Clock Building a or (Klokgeb bouw),isano otheremble ematicbuildiingofEindho oven,which wasassigne edtothefunctionof culturefactorydue etoitslargescalehallsth hatprovideg greatspatialpossibilities s.Ithasbeen nthefirst phaseof fthetransfo ormationofS StrijpSandi tcurrentlya accommodat tesmoretha anahundred dcreative business ses.Woonbe edrijf,alocalhousingco rporation,is snowofferin ng198dwel lingsmost tofthem for rent in the E area alon the Kast anjelaan. Th building activities b t ng he began in Jun 2010. ne Furtherm more, TRUDO housing corporation iis offering industrial lo O ofts in the f former SAN and SBP buildings sofPhilips. Another historic bui ilding of Stri ijpS that wiill be renova ated is the old Philips N o NatLab (Natu uurkunde orium/Physic laboratory opened iin 1922, and where Albert Einstein worked as guest. In cs y), d Laborato thisbuild ding,theQueenWilhelm minagavehe rfirstradios speechin1927(VanGee el,2009). StrijpSh hasseverala ambitiousinitiatives(see eFigure6).O Oneofthemo ostinterestin ngisLightSlinkedto Eindhove ensCityofL Lightmotto.StrijpSaspiirestobecom meauniqueenvironmen nttoshowth heroleof publiclig ghtingandt thelatestinn novationsin thefieldto othevisitors sandresiden nts.Thenew wlighting solutions swillcreate experiences sthatarere latedtothe individualcharacteristic csofthearea.LightS is a collaboration of Park Mana agement Str rijp, NRE Ne etwork and the City of Eindhoven, in which t PhilipsD Designdesign nsthelightin ng.(StrijpS,2 2010).

Figure6.The F emaininitiat tivesofStrijp pS(Source:S StrijpS,2010 0) 9

Furthermore, StrijpS has become an important place for events, concerts and festivals. It is an importantplacefortheDutchDesignweek,butalsoforFlux/S,anannualinternationalartfestival, andSTRP,anannualfestivallinkingartandtechnology. BesidesthesethreeimportantstepstowardstheimprovementofthequalityofplaceofEindhoven, themunicipaldepartmentofArtandCulturehasdevelopedtheconceptEindhovenlaboratorycity. Among the different initiatives, it includes efforts to acquire empty buildings and to make these availableforstartingbusinessesinthecreativeandculturalsector(GemeenteEindhoven,2004a). Butprivateinitiativesarealsoprovidingaccommodationandworkspaceforartistsandstudents.In December2008,theHCZbuilding,anotherformerPhilipsbuildingwhichwasvacant,wasoccupied byagroupofyoungartistswiththeideawastousethebuildingnotonlyforresidentialpurposesbut to convert it into a huge cultural stronghold. The organizers then followed a strict selection proceduretoavoidpersonsthatmightusethebuildingforotherusesthatwouldnotcombinewith theculturalpurposes.Therearenow120usersofthe360rooms(11,000m2).Theusersstudentsof theDesignacademy,oftheTechnicalUniversity,artistsofdifferentdisciplinesandsomefamilies arewellorganizedandpayalowmonthlyfeeformaintenance(deGraaf,2009). ThesedifferentinitiativesshowthattheaimofturningEindhovenintoacitythatproperlyreceives andattractsthecreativesectorissharedbyallstakeholdersandsectorsofsociety.Consensusabout thefuturevision,collaborationamongstakeholdersandacultureofprojectsarepreciselysomeof the features of Eindhoven that make many of its initiatives successful, and have been the key to transform the city from an industrial town in decline to a powerful technology and design region (FernndezMaldonadoandRomein,2009).

5. TransformingDelftintoanattractiveknowledgeintensivehub Delftisasmallcity(97.000residentsinJanuary2010)intheSouthWingoftheRandstadthelargest urbannetworkoftheNetherlandsatclosedistancetothemuchlargercitiesRotterdamandThe Hague.In1990,RichardKnightexaminedtheeconomicpotentialofDelftandraisedawarenessofits great assets in the knowledgebased economy. Delfts knowledge advantage is related to its large share of research institutions. It is the seat of two research institutions (Delft University of TechnologyandTNO,the OrganizationforAppliedScientificResearch)which haveaninternational andnationalscope,respectively.Bothinstitutionsarelocatedatthesouthpartofthecity,inwhatis knownastheTU(TechnicalUniversity)district. DelftUniversityofTechnology(TUDelft)isthelargest,mostinternationalandmostprestigiousofthe three technical universities in the Netherlands, and as such it attracts many foreign students and researchers (FernndezMaldonado and Romein, 2008). 51 per cent of Delfts working population has a high level of education and 28 per cent belongs to the creative class, which is the seventh largest proportion in the Netherlands (Marlet and van Woerkens, 2011). The city has also a good proportion of people working in the creative industries: art, media and publishing, knowledge services(consultingfirms),butinparticulararchitectural,urbanandtechnicaldesign. Following Knights advices to promote knowledgeintensive firms, the Stichting Delft Kennisstad (FoundationDelftCityofKnowledge)establishedin1992bytenpublicandprivatestakeholders encouraged contacts, synergy and collaboration among companies, the university, knowledge institutes, town officials and politicians. The Municipal Council launched the Delft Kennisstad 10

Strategytopromotesynergyandcollaborationamongdifferentstakeholders.Since1994,theDelft Kennisstad policy focused on the formation of knowledgeintensive firms in five technical sectors. Manyinitiativeswerelaunchedincludingatechnostartersprogrambuttheeffortswerehardly effective in promoting local entrepreneurship (FernndezMaldonado and Romein, 2008). Further, DelftKnowledgeCitypoliciesdidnotspecificallyfocusedonqualityofplacefactorsasastrategyfor businessesorskilledworkerslocationdecisions. Without changing the motto, a new economic policy, Delft Kennisstad: City of Technology, was launchedin2008(GemeenteDelft,2008).Thenewpolicyhadanevidentturn,promotingincreased interuniversityandregionalcooperation,andaimingtostrengthenthepositionofDelftsstudents, researchers and knowledge sector in European networks. It focuses on the intensification of the citystechnologybase,butunlikethepreviousbusinessorientedpolicies,italsoaimsatmergingits culturalheritagewithitstechnologybaseanditscreativeindustry,inordertogenerateinnovative design,productionandmarketingactivitiesatlocallevel(GemeenteDelft,2008). Delft has a relatively high spatial quality, embodied in its wellpreserved medieval centre. It has museums, a historic architecture and monuments, cafs, art galleries, the Vermeer Centre and several seasonal events and festivals, which attract both Dutch and foreign tourists. On the other hand, it has problems to attract and retain graduates, creative people and knowledge workers becauseitslowlevelsofhousingavailabilityandculturalamenities.DelftsproximitytoTheHague and Rotterdam, makes that most part of Delfts knowledge workers become commuters living in thesetwocitiesorothersurroundingareas.Likewise,Delftresidentstraveltothesecitiestogetthe urban services they cannot find in Delft (FernndezMaldonado and Romein, 2008). In fact, Delft borrowssize:itsinhabitantshaverelativelyeasyaccesstoRotterdamandTheHaguesamenities, whiletheirmorerelaxedhousingmarketmitigatestheshortageofhousingforknowledgeworkersin Delftitself(TripandRomein,2010). Oneofthe mainweaknessesofDelftwaspointed outbyKnight(1995): the limitedsynergywithin the knowledge sector and between this sector and the local community, which produced social, economic and spatial divides between the local population and the knowledge workers. The universitycampus,graduallywithdrawnfromthecitycentre,reflectedtheattitudeoftheuniversity as a separate entity isolated physically, socially and culturally (Knight, 1995, p. 244). In his 1990 report,Knightrecommendedthepromotionofnetworksamongthedifferenturbanactorsinvesting inknowledgeprojects,butalsoinurbanamenities.Theseremarkswerehardlytakenintoaccount inthepreviouseconomicpolicies,inwhichthecitywasmostlyfocusedonimprovingthenumberof local jobs. After their indepth study of the creative potential of Delft, Trip and Romein (2010) insistedintheneedtostrengthentherelationbetweenthecityandtheuniversity. Delft lacks a solid motor of local economic development (like Philips in Eindhoven), and has faced difficultiestoorganizestakeholderscollaboration(FernndezMaldonadoandRomein,2008).Italso lackstheprojectorientedculturethatprevailsinEindhoven.Duringthelastyears,however,there has been an improved collaboration among stakeholders and especially of the TU Delft, and local stakeholders are beginning to understand the importance of merging business and peoplerelated perspectivesissues. To attract global firms and improve Delfts international profile, the Delft Kennisstad policy and its corresponding strategy have been adapted to transform the university district into a knowledge 11

intensive ehub:theTechnologicalInnovative CampusDelft(TICDelft) )(Gemeente eDelft,2010 0a,b).TIC Delftisa alsooneoft thepillarsof theRegiona alDevelopmentPlanoft theHaagland denRegion,towhich The Hag and Delf belong, fo gue ft ormulated in 2008. This is a very am n mbitious init tiative that strives to s become thelargestk knowledgec clusterofthe eNetherland ds,andassuchithasare egionalscop peforthe outh Wing o the Rands of stad. TIC De lft is the core of a large networked knowledge cluster, er d e whole So Science Port Holland It is precisely located at the cent of a kno d. tre owledge corr ridor that runs from uthuptoNoordwijkinth heNorth(see eFigure6). DordrechtintheSou

e6.TICDelft tatthecentr reoftheSou uthWingKno owledgeCorr ridor(Source e:Gemeente eDelft, Figure 2010b) TICDelft taimstobec comeaclusterofgreate economicsig gnificanceandinternatio onalallure,co ontaining knowled dgeinstitutio onsandknow wledgeinten nsivefirmso ofdifferentsizes,fromm multinationalstostart ups, wo orking aroun Delft University, and also linke to DSM Gist service (the sect nd d ed es tion of a multinat tional working in food and medicin research and production) and t ne the Reiner de Graaf hospital. .Insuchwa ay,itaspires tobecome theengine oftheknow wledgeecono omyofthe Randstad R (Gemeen Delft, 20 nte 010). TIC Delft has great accessibilit since it is located alo the highway that t ty, s ong linksRot tterdamand dAmsterdam m.Italsohas sgoodacces ssibilitybytr rainandint thefuture,b byatram that will link it to th centre of The Hague. This good level of acce he essibility favo ours the coo operation among t different partners and specialis sectors of the know the t a sed o wledgeintens sive econom in the my SouthW WingoftheRandstad.Figure7shows sthemainlin nksoftheregionalspear rheadsectors,aswell as the m main location TIC Delft (number 6 in the figur has a priv ns. re) vileged locat tion at the centre of c gravityo ofthewholeareaandhavinglinksto almostallnetworks.

12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ESAEstecNo E oordwijk BioScienceP B ParkLeiden TheHagueIn T nternationalZone TheHagueciitycentre T ShellLabRijs S swijk TICDelft T UnileverLab U bVlaardingen n RotterdamC R CBD RotterdamP R Port Waterbouwe W ersDordrech ht

ure7.Region nallinksofm mainsectors oftheknowledgeeconomyintheSo outhWingof fthe Figu Ran ndstad.(Sour rce:Gemeen nteDelft,201 10a) Therede evelopmentofthis300h hectaresdist rictincludestheareasof ftheunivers sitycampus,TNOand Delftech Park, Tech h hnopolis Science Park and the Sc chieovers, new creative clusters along the e riverban nksoftheSch hie[(1)inFig gure8].The terrainsofD DSM(2),thehospital(3) andtheUNE ESCOIHE (Institute for water education) (4) have b e been also included in TIC Delft, alt though they are not y spatially yconnectedw withitsmain nareaaroun dtheTUDelft. TIC Delf also aims to become a city distr with mi rict ft ixed functions for work home and leisure. k, d Consequ uently,itwill lincluderesidentialenv ironmentsfo orstudentsandfacultys staff;15,000 0jobsfor knowled dgeintensive efirmsandinstitutes;an nd25,000students,teac chersandres searchers.It twillalso contain a complete education chain: voc e cational, uni iversity and internation postgraduate; a nal damental, in nnovative, applied and product d a d development and a t; complete research chain: fund complete entrepren neurial chain from star n: rters up to multinational companie (Gemeen Delft, es nte 2010b).

fTICDelft(So ource:Geme eenteDelft,2 2010b). Figure8.Themainlocationsof 13

Thespat tialstrategyforthedeve elopmentofT tocombinethreedifferen ntenvironments:the TICDelftist Creative City, the University Cam mpus and th Science Park. Figure 9 shows the location an size of he P 9 e nd these th hree zones i the map of Delft. Th Creative City will re in he euse monum mental and industrial i buildings sinagreens settingofpo ocketparks;iitwillmakea astronglinkwiththecity ycentrewith hwalking andcyclingaccessibility,andthe erewillbea anemphasis onsmall,cr reative,and knowledge intensive business ses. The Uni iversity Cam mpus will be a lively cam mpus, accessible throug cycling an public gh nd transpor rt,clusteredaroundthespineofthe campus,andwithknow wledgeinstitu utes,student thousing and oth facilities. The Scienc Park wil l have large her . ce escale know wledgeinten nsive busine firms, ess accessiblebycarand dpublictran nsportation. Itwillhave eagreenlandscapeand astrongrelationship eTUDelft(Ge emeenteDelft,2010a). withthe

Figure9 9.Thestrateg gyforurbandevelopmen ntofTICDelf ftinthefirstMasterPlan n(Source:Ge emeente D Delft,2010a). Therear realreadyse everalproject tsgoingont toimprovethearea,suchastheprollongationofthetram 19,anew wbridgeove ertheriverS Schie,theup pgradingofth hebridgefro omthecamp pustothecit tycentre, newstud dentresiden ncesinthenorthsideof theTUcampus,andcreativeinitiativ vesintheSc chiebank area. In the meantim a new Master Plan is expected to be ready at the end of 2011, for which me, M d d f t ons takeholders and interes sted citizens are being held in difference g different consultatio with st instance es.

6. C Conclusions Sections 4 and 5 ha illustrate the two spatial strat s ave ed tegies being implemente in Eindho ed oven and Delft, re espectively, as a way to improve t their own position in the knowled p t dge econom These my. strategie esevidentlyd departfromtwoverydif fferentposit tions.Eindho ovenhasvery ygoodorgan nisational capabilit ties and has already ach hieved a goo level of economic qu od e uality: it is c considered as a star a nichepla ayerwithintheEuropea anurbancon ntext(vanWindenetal.,2007).How wever,ithasp problems regardin its quality of place. The case of D ng y Delft is very different: it has less ec t conomic qualities but betterqualityofplac cethanEind dhoven.Neve ertheless,bo othcitieshav veproblemstoattractandretain dgeworkersandcreative eindividuals. knowled

14

These differences explain the kind of approaches taken by these two cities. While Eindhovens strategy is a typical urban regeneration policy very much embedded within the cultural economy paradigm,Delftstrategyismuchmoreatraditional,butveryambitiousclusterpolicywithemphasis in networking and incubating new firms around the TU Delft. It is important to stress that both spatialinterventionsarepartofaregionalstrategy,fortheEindhovenregionandtheSouthWingof theRandstad,respectively.TheEindhovenregionneedsanattractivecitytobeabletosucceedinthe knowledgeeconomy.TheSouthWingoftheRandstadlagsbehindeconomicqualitiesfromtheNorth Wing,andassuchitneedstoimproveitsknowledgeintensivecharacter. Theknowledgeeconomyisbasicallyanetworkingeconomyandsoregionalcollaborationbecomes thenessentialforeconomicsuccess.ButDelftdoesnothavetheexperiencenorthecommitmentof regionalstakeholdersasithappensinEindhoven.Thiscanbeexplainedbyseveralfactors.Firstly,the Delftuniversityhastraditionallyhavelittleinterestinlocalorregionalissues,consideringitselfmore aninternationalplayer.Onlyrecentlyithasbeguntointeractwiththeregionalstakeholders. DelfthasnotfeltthefeelingofurgencythatEindhovenhadduringthelate1980sandearly1990sas aconsequenceofdeindustrialisationprocesses.ThisfeelingiswhatcompelledEindhovenregionto worktogethertofacetheindustrialdownturn.Auniqueregionalapproachwasestablished,inwhich the city of Eindhoven worked together with 34 neighbouring municipalities in the region to match Europeansubsidiesforjobcreation.Afterthisprogrammefinished,themainregionalstakeholders in government, industry, and research and education decided to cooperate closely with the objectivetocontinuewiththeprocessoftransitionofEindhovenstraditionalindustriestowardinto a knowledgebased and hightech centre. This sense of urgency did not been develop in the South Wing. Furthermore,theregionallocationandpositionofEindhovenandDelftisdifferent:theformeristhe clear centre of a homogeneous region, while Delft lies between two large cities and other smaller onesthathave(had)verydifferentambitionsandinterest.Theirregionalpositionhasconstitutedan advantageforEindhovenandaliabilityforDelft. Despite these problems in terms of regional collaboration, it seems that times are changing. A productofthenewregionallanispreciselyTICDelft.However,sincetheneedsoftheSouthWing have a different character from the ones of Eindhoven, the regional approach is focused on four priorities with real opportunities to strengthen regional innovationoriented cooperation between educationalinstitutions,governmentsandbusinesses.Theseprioritiesarebasedonknowledgeand innovationclusters,cleantechandmedicalcare,talentdevelopment,andcampusareadevelopment (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2010). Only the last one recognises the need of quality of place for a competitiveknowledgeeconomy.ButtheexaminationofthespatialapproachofTICDelfthasshown thatitisuntilnowverymuchbiasedtowardsimprovingthebusinessclimate.Qualityofplaceissues havenotbeenthoroughlytakenintoaccountinthelocalstrategy,althoughtheplansarestillinthe making,sothesituationmaychange. These two spatial interventions show how spatial planners are translating the requirements of the knowledgebased economy into specific projects. They also show that there are no blueprints for thrivingintheknowledgeeconomy,butthattheplansandprojectshaveto becityspecific,taking into consideration existing potentials and assets, but also the local constraints, weaknesses, and policy conventions. Successful interventions require the commitment and collective action of government,entrepreneursandknowledgeinstitutions. 15

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