FOOTNOTE: A footnote is a notation at the bottom of the page in a printed document.

Footnotes are usually presented in smaller print than the dominant text, and they are used for a variety of purposes. The foot in footnote refers to the fact that the notation is located in the footer or bottom of the document. A similar concept is the endnote, a note which is provided at the end of a document, rather than at the bottom of a specific page. When a text has footnotes, they are indicated with various symbols or superscript numbers. The asterisk symbol, *, is a common symbol for footnotes, but a variety of symbols including daggers, , may be used. In a text with a lot of footnotes, numbers are usually used to indicate footnotes, so that the reader can keep track of what is going on. Endnotes are typically indicated with numbers, to make it easier for people to look them up. Different style manuals have different rules about using footnotes, and it is important to follow style guidelines when submitting material for publication. Because footnoting can get very complicated, most style guidelines devote at least a few pages to the footnote. Some people avoid using footnotes at all, while others relish footnotes, because footnotes provide a great degree of freedom when they are used well. One common reason for footnoting is to provide citations. Whenever an author quotes someone else or discusses someone else's ideas, he or she is expected to provide a citation, both to provide credit and to allow readers to examine the source for themselves. Some style guidelines like citations inline in the text, while others prefer to see citations footnoted. Footnoting citations allows readers to focus on the text, consulting the citation whenever they feel like it, rather than being forced to read it. Footnotes really flourish in the sense of additional commentary. Authors may use a footnote to provide comments or extra information, especially if that information digresses. Academics in particular cannot resist sharing interesting tidbits with their readers, but these tidbits may not be strictly relevant to the text at hand. Using a footnote allows authors to talk about matters which may be of interest without detracting from the primary focus of the text. Sometimes, the footnotes take up more room on the page than the actual text. It is not uncommon to see footnotes used to make humorous asides. For people who enjoy academic jokes, footnotes are often a great source for amusing comments and side notes which would not be appropriate in the central text. Footnotes may also be used to recount anecdotes or to provide a subtle commentary on the source or topic being discussed.

Generally, the presence of an end note in a document will be designated with a subscript or superscript number at the end of the sentence. The numbers always go in order; if it is necessary to add additional end notes in the chapter, it is necessary to rewrite the numbers so they are in numerical order. If a reader wants to see the source of a quote, then, he or she can simply note the number, flip to the end of the chapter and look through the list to find the corresponding number, and read the end note. Citations, in which the last name of the author, the page number, or the publishing year are listed parenthetically at the end of the sentence, are a similar concept, but follow a different format. These citations generally do not provide any additional information in an end notes section, however. They are usually just associated with a references section, in which the full publication information of the source is listed. The purpose of using end notes can vary. Sometimes, a writer will want to expand on a point a bit more or make an explanatory comment, but doesn't wish to interrupt the main text with this information. An end note is a good solution for this problem. Another frequent example is when a writer will put a portion of a quote in the body of the text, and will then include the complete quote in an end note. Simple publication and reference information may also be placed in the end notes of a document as well.

SUMMARY: A summary is short statements that give only the main points or core information of something excluding redundant information. Basically it reproduces the main points of a speech, article, section, chapter or book. It does not strive for the style and tone of the original. Todays work culture ultimately requires summary writing skills to save time, money and energy as use of summarized versions in a business organization is essential at various stages. Thus, today candidates with adequate summarization skills are in great demand for employment. Summarization is a skill and requires proper guidance, constant practice, special efforts and proper training. An abstact is written by an expert for experts. It presents specific analysis, whereas synopsis is brief account of research or business proposal and an outline is primarily a sketch presented professionally. These types of writing involve summarization skills. While writing summary one has to remember that he or she is not directed or allowed to mould, alter or change the main idea and introduce new ideas. Thus, summarization is process that requires careful attention. A summary is required at various stages in an organization. Board of directors, chief executive secretary, chairman and others may not have sufficient times to read complete proposal. They prefer a perfect summary. A prejudiced or partial summary will misguide and hinder smooth flow of communication. Thus, a complete, candid, perfect and unbiased summary is welcomed and used in the process of decision making.

ENDNOTE: End notes, sometimes written as endnotes, are citations used within written documents. This often includes formal academic or research documents, but they may be used in any type of written document, even fictional stories. Generally, end notes are found at the end of a chapter, or even at the end of a book. These are similar to footnotes, except footnotes are typically found at the bottom of a page. Each of these help to elaborate on a specific point made in the document, or they may provide a citation for a quote or other reference.

TECHNIQUES IN MAKING A SUMMARY: There are three important summarization techniques. They are selection, rejection and substitution. They are discussed hereunder. 1. SELECTION: Selection is an important summarization technique. It is essential to select major idea, key words and phrases, special terms and interpretations presented in the original resources. These aspects must be considered seriously while writing summary. It is an important summarization technique as it helps to include all major ideas in summary. REJECTION: Rejection is an important summarization technique. It is a process of removing unnecessary data. As cited earlier, try to reject repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes, redundant, expressions, tables and statistical data. Basically rejection helps to prepare a perfect summary. SUBSTITUTION: It is also an important summarization technique. Basically it includes synthesis. It is a mode of combining several sentences into one sentence. It is recommended to use sentence substitutions, short sentences to replace lengthy sentences. Use of oneword substitution is an added advantage in the summary writing process.

CLOSE-ENDED QUESTION: A closed-ended question is a form of question which can normally be answered using a simple "yes" or "no", a specific simple piece of information, or a selection from multiple choices. Examples include: Question: Do you know your weight? Answer: Yes. Question: What is your weight? Answer: 167 lbs. Close-ended questions can be used for clarifiying facts, verifying information already given or controlling a conversation, among other things. Examples of closed-ended questions: Do you get along with your supervisor? Is that a photograph of your children? Are you leaving right at 5:00 today? Are you awake? OPEN ENDED QUESTION: An open-ended question is a form of questions, which cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no", or with a specific piece of information, and which give the person answering the question scope to give the information that seems to them to be appropriate. Open-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement which requires a response. Examples of open-ended questions: Tell me about your relationship with your supervisor. How do you see your future? Tell me about the children in this photograph. What is the purpose of government? Why did you choose that answer? LEADING QUESTION: A leading question or suggestive interrogation is a question that suggests the answer or contains the information the examiner is looking for. For example, this question is leading:

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HOW TO SUMMERIZE ANY GIVEN PASSAGE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Be careful to select the theme of passage or reading material. Do not reproduce sentences from the original text. Do not provide scope for ambiguity. Include all major ideas. Be objective and write summary in third person. Observe proportion. Do not include any redundant data. Never introduce your ideas. Do not criticize or change the original source. Limit your summary; it must not be more that rd the length of the original passage. Prefer short, simple and self-dependent sentences. Be straight with words. Avoid cluttering, pleonasm or redundant phrases. Avoid needless repetitions. Logically link each section.

You were at Duffy's bar on the night of July 15, weren't you?

QUESTIONNAIRE: A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The aim of questionnaire is to gather information for purposes of research for market surveys, analysis or even to corroborate other research findings. They are one of the cheapest and most feasible ways of gathering data. In questionnaire it is important that it should be framed in a simple language and care should be taken to avoid grammatical and spelling mistakes. In questionnaire questions should have clarity and must convey the same meaning to all kinds of readers, so it is best to use direct questions rather than ambiguous ones.

It suggests that the witness was at Duffy's bar on the night in question. The same question in a non-leading form would be:

Where were you on the night of July 15?

This form of question does not suggest to the witness the answer the examiner hopes to elicit. Many leading questions are framed as yes or no questions, with the subject of the questions essentially being coached into a specific answer. Others may be open ended, but framed in a way which embeds the information that the questioner wishes to elicit. Yes or no questions are not always leading, but they often are, so they should be constructed carefully.