International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.

5, 2011

Stator Flux Oriented Vector Control Of Wind Driven Self Excited Induction Generator Using Eighteen Pulse Ac-Dc Converter Employing Pulse Doubling Technique
Swati Devabhaktuni1 and S.V.Jayaram kumar2
1

Gokaraju rangaraju institute of engineering and technology,Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh,India swatikjm@gmail.com

2

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univeristy,Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh, India svjkumar101@rediffmail.com

Abstract
This paper deals with various multipulse AC-DC converters for improving the power quality in vector controlled wind driven self excited induction generator at the point of common coupling. These multipulse AC-DC converters are realized using a reduced rating autotransformer. Moreover, DC ripple reinjection is used to double the rectification pulses resulting in an effective harmonic mitigation. The proposed AC-DC converter is able to eliminate up to 21st harmonics in the supply current. The effect of load variation on Vector Controlled Self Excited Induction Generator(VCSEIG) is also studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed AC-DC converter. A set of power quality indices on input AC mains and on the DC bus for a VCSEIG fed from different AC-DC converters is also given to compare their performance. The complete electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and simpower system block set. The simulated results are presented and compared for regulating voltage and frequency of SEIG driven by wind turbine

Keywords: Autotransformer, Multipulse ACDC converter, DC ripple reinjection, Pulse doubling,

VCSEIG.

1. Introduction
The Soaring use of fossil fuels and their depletion over the last two decades combined with a growing concern about pollution of environment have led to a boost for renewable energy generation. This accelerated drive has led to a tremendous progress in the field of renewable energy systems during last decade. It has also resulted in a gradual tapping of the vast mini (100 kW to 1 MW), micro (10100 kW), and Pico hydro (less than 10 kW) and wind energy potential available in isolated locations (where grid supply is not accessible). In most of the cases, these generating units have to operate at remote unattended site; therefore, maintenance-free system is desirable. In view of this, the self excited induction generator (SEIG) with a simple controller for regulating the voltage and frequency is most prominent option for such applications. The advances in power semiconductor devices have led to the increased use of solid-state converters in various applications such as air conditioning, refrigeration, pumps, etc. employing variable frequency induction motor drives [1]. These variable frequency drives generally use the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor as the prime mover due to its advantages like rugged, reliable, maintenance free, etc. These induction motor drives are mostly operated in a vector control mode [2] due to its capability of giving a performance similar to that of a DC motor. These drives are fed by a six-pulse diode bridge rectifier, which results in injection of harmonics in the supply current, thus deteriorating the power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC), thereby affecting the nearby consumers. To have a control on these harmonics, an IEEE Standard 519 [3] has been reissued in 1992, giving the benchmark for limiting current and voltage distortion.

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 Harmonics can be reduced using different active or passive wave shaping techniques. The active wave shaping techniques result in an increased loss, complex control and higher overall cost. The passive wave shaping techniques use passive filters consisting of tuned L-C circuits. However, they require careful application and may produce unwanted side effects, particularly in the presence of power factor (PF) correction capacitors. The most rugged, reliable and cost effective solution to mitigate these harmonics is to use multipulse methods [4]. In multipulse converters, the autotransformer-based configurations provide the reduction in magnetic rating as the transformer magnetic coupling transfers only a small portion of the total kVA of the induction motor drive. Various 6-pulse-based rectification schemes have been reported and used in practice for the purpose of line current harmonic reduction [7]. With the use of a higher number of multiple converters, the power quality indices show an improvement, but at the cost of large magnetics resulting in a higher cost of the drive. To achieve similar performance in terms of harmonic current reduction, DC ripple reinjection has been used. This paper presents an autotransformer-based 12-pulse AC-DC converter with reduced rating magnetics. A pulse multiplication technique is used to improve various power quality indices to comply with the IEEE standard 519 [3]. This arrangement results in elimination up to the 21*harmonic in the input line current. Moreover, the effect of load variation on the vector-controlled induction motor drive (VCIMD) is also studied. The proposed ACDC converter is able to achieve near unity PF in a wide operating range of the drive.

2. System Configuration
The proposed system is as shown in Fig.1

Fig.1.Overall system description

2.1 System Description

Fig. 1 shows the wind driven self excited induction generator with excitation capacitor, consumer loads, and conventional six-pulse diode rectifier. The diode bridge is used to convert ac terminal voltage of SEIG to dc voltage. The output dc voltage has the ripples, which should be filtered, and therefore, a filtering capacitor is used to smoothen the dc voltage. An inverter is used to provide AC voltage across the grid which is the load for SEIG. The sensed terminal voltage is compared with reference voltage and error signal is processed through PI controller. According to the principle of operation of the system, the suitable value of capacitors is connected to generate rated voltage at desired power. The input power of the SEIG is held constant at varying consumer loads.

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2.2 Design Of The Model

Fig.2. Eighteen-pulse Diode Bridge In the above fig.2 the constant prime mover shaft was connected to Induction generator shaft. In this paper uncontrolled wind turbine is used as a constant prime mover. These turbine characteristics and Induction generator parameters have given in APPENDIX. And the excitation capacitor bank value is depends on generator output parameters. A.3.5KW, 440V, 50HZ Induction machine is used as SEIG and modeled using available power electronics block set like diode bridge rectifier and connected to a 440 V grid supplying to the college laboratories. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB version of 10 above at discrete step of 50E6.Detailed simulation and analysis are given in the fallowing section

3. Control Scheme
Stator flux oriented control is used in this paper. Its accuracy is dependent only on the stator resistance variation. In addition, it is insensitive to the variation in the leakage inductance of the machine. In induction motor the application of stator flux oriented control the parameter variation of resistance Rs tends to reduce the accuracy of the estimated signal at low voltage [1]. However, at higher voltage the effect of parameter variation in Rs can be neglected. Flux estimation accuracy in rotor flux oriented control is affected by rotor parameters. The rotor resistance variation becomes dominant by temperature and skin effect in squirrel cage induction machines [3].Compensation of this parameter is difficult because of inaccessibility, but it easier to compensate Rs [4].

Fig. 3. Variation of magnetizing inductance with the air gap voltage. The induction generator is applied to generate almost constant terminal voltage. Hence the effect of parameter variations in Rs can be neglected. Consequently stator flux oriented control has good

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 application in induction generator. Fig. 4 shows the phasor diagram for stator flux oriented vector control.

Fig. 4 Phasor diagram for stator flux oriented vector control. As can be seen in Fig. 5, for the same magnitude of slip, the peak electromagnetic torque developed by the induction machine in the generating region is higher than that of the motoring region. Hence in the generating region the induction machine operates at a lower magnitude of slip than the corresponding motoring region for the same magnitude electromagnetic torque.

Fig. 5 Induction machine torque-slip characteristics

3.1 Determination of control parameters

To find the decoupling signal given in Fig. 1 some of the equations of an induction machine in the excitation reference frame are considered[5]. Since in the stator oriented reference frame all variables are expressed in a reference frame oriented to the stator flux linkage space vector, a mathematical model needs to be developed to find the relationship between the stator flux linkage and the stator currents (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) From equations (1) and (2) (7) And from equation (3) and (4) (8) Where

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 (9) From the equations (1) and (2) the rotor currents can be expressed as (10) (11) With stator flux oriented vector control, illustrated in Fig.4, the total stator flux is aligned along the daxis of the synchronously rotating reference frame so that (12) And (13) Then (14) Equations (7),(8),(9) and (10) are substituted in the voltage equations given in (5) and (6) to eliminate the rotor flux linkages and rotor currents from the induction machine equations and to express the machine equations in the reference frame fixed to the stator flux linkage space vector. Simplifying the equations using (12), (13) and (14) the new expressions are given by (15) (16) where p is the differential operator, i.e. and is the slip frequency expressed as

As given in (15), with the stator flux oriented vector control, which is based on an impressed stator current controller, the total stator flux linkage, , and the q-axis stator current, ,are coupled. This means that any change in will cause unwanted transients to occur in the without changing stator flux linkage. The undesirable coupling can be eliminated by utilizing a decoupling circuit in the flux linkage control loop. The decoupling circuit is implemented at the output of the stator flux linkage controller. The stator flux linkage controller is a PI controller and its output is designed to be the d-axis current required to produce the reference stator flux linkage say given by (17) where G is the transfer function of a PI controller. does not have total control over the stator flux linkage. The However, due to the coupling problem with full control of the stator flux linkage is expressed as reference d-axis current, (18) Substituting (17) in (18) gives (19) Substituting eq(19) in eq(15) gives, (20) For decoupled control with the help of the two last terms of Equation (20) can be cancelled i.e, (21) So that, (22) The angular slip frequency is available from (16) and is given by (23) The reference flux linkage required at any speed is calculated based on this maximum flux linkage, which corresponds to the minimum rotor speed, . Hence at any rotor speed, , the reference stator flux linkage is given by,

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 (24)

4.Design of Bridge Rectifier

The design and operation of six and twelve pulse bridge rectifier are explained in this section.

4.1 Operation of Six Pulse Bridge Rectifier

Instead, commutation is initiated externally by the changes that take place in the supply line voltages, hence the name line commutated rectifier as shown in fig.6. According to convention, the diodes are labeled D1 to D6 in the sequence in which they are turned ON and OFF. This sequence follows the sequence of the supply line voltages.The 3-phase supply voltages comprise 3 sinusoidal voltage waveforms 120 apart which rise to their maximum value in the sequence A B C. According to convention, the phase-to-neutral voltages are labeled VA, VB and VC and the phase-to-phase voltages. are VAB, VBC and VCA, as shown in fig.7. These voltages are usually shown graphically as a vector diagram, which rotates counter-clockwise at a frequency of 50 times per second. A vector diagram of these voltages and their relative positions and magnitudes is shown below. The sinusoidal voltage waveforms of the supply voltage may be derived from the rotation of the vector diagram.

Fig.6 Three phase diode rectifier The bridge comprises two commutation groups, one connected to the positive leg, consisting of diodes D1D3D5, and one connected to the negative leg, consisting of diodes D4D6D2. The commutation transfers the current from one diode to another sequence and each diode conducts current for 120 of each cycle as shown in Figure 4. The commutation transfers the current from one diode to another in sequence and each diode conducts current for 120 of each cycle as shown in Figure 4. In the upper group, the positive DC terminal follows the highest voltage in the sequence VAVBVC via diodes D1 D3D5. When VA is near its positive peak, diode D1 conducts and the voltage of the +DC terminal follows VA. The DC current flows through the load and returns via one of the lower group diodes. With the passage of time, VA reaches its sinusoidal peak and starts to decline. At the same time, VB is rising and eventually reaches a point when it becomes equal to and starts to exceed VA. At this point, the forward voltage across diode D3 becomes positive and it starts to turn on. The commutating voltage in this circuit, VBVA starts to drive an increasing commutation current though the circuit inductances and the current through D3 start to increase as the current in D1 decreases. In a sequence of events similar to that described above, commutation takes place and the current is transferred from diode D1 to diode D3. At the end of the commutation period, diode D1 is blocking and the +DC terminal follows VB until the next commutation takes place to transfer the current to diode D5. After diode D5, the commutation transfers the current back to D1 and the cycle is repeated.

Fig.7 vector diagram of the 3-phase main supply voltages

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 In the lower group, a very similar sequence of events takes place, but with negative voltages and the current flowing from the load back to the mains. Initially, D2 is assumed to be conducting when V C is more negative than VA. As time progresses, VA becomes equal to VC and then becomes more negative. Commutation takes place and the current is transferred from diode D2 to D4. Diode D2 turns off and D4 turns on. The current is later transferred to diode D6, then back to D2 and the cycle is repeated. In Figure 8, the conducting periods of the diodes in the upper and lower groups are shown over several cycles of the 3-Phase supply. This shows that only 2 diodes conduct Current at any time (except during the commutation period, which is assumed to be infinitely short) and that each of the 6 diodes conducts for only one portion of the cycle in a regular sequence. The commutation takes place alternatively in the top group and the bottom group. The DC output voltage VD is not a smooth voltage and consists of portions of the phase-to- phase voltage waveforms. For every cycle of the 50 Hz AC waveform (20 msec), the DC voltage VD comprises portions of the 6 voltage pulses, VAB, VAC,VBC, VBA, VCA, VCB, etc, hence the name 6-pulse rectifier bridge.

Fig.8 out put results of 6-pulse ode rectifier As fig.8 the average magnitude of the DC voltage may be calculated from the voltage Waveform shown above. The average value is obtained by integrating the voltage over one of the repeating 120 0 portions of the DC voltage curve.

4.2. Design of the Proposed 18-Pulse ACDC Converter

The vector diagram of the phase voltages for 18 pulse is shown in Fig.9 .

Fig.9. Vector diagram of phasor voltages for 18-pulse based proposed harmonic mitigation

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.5, 2011 The phase angle between supply voltages Va,Vb,Vc and converter 1 input voltages Va, Vb,Vc is +200, and that between the supply voltages Va,Vb,Vc and converter 2 input voltages Va, Vb,Vc is 200 resulting in 300 phase shift between the two converters input ac voltages, fulfilling the criterion for the 18-pulse rectification. To ensure an independent operation of two rectifier groups, two interphase transformers (IPT), which are relatively small in size, are connected at the output of the rectifier bridges. With this arrangement, the rectifier diodes conduct for 120 per cycle. Moreover, the autotransformer arrangement yields equal leakage reactance in series with each line of the rectifier bridges, which contributes to equal current sharing. A tuned passive shunt filter is connected at the input of the autotransformer. To achieve the 18-pulse rectification, the following conditions have to be satisfied. 1) Two sets of balanced three-phase line voltages are to be produced at 200 out of phase with respect to each other. 2) The magnitude of these line voltages should be equal. The supply voltages are fed to the autotransformer windings connected in star. From these voltages, two sets of three-phase voltages (phase shifted through +200 and -200) are produced. The number of turns required for +200 and -200 phase shift are calculated as follows. Consider phase a voltages as (25) The phasor diagram shown in Fig.8 represents the relationship among various phase voltages. Assume the following set of voltages: (26) (27) (28) where, V is the root mean square (rms) value of phase voltage. Using above equations, K1 and K2 can be calculated. These equations result in K1=0.742 and K2 =0.345 for the desired phase shift in the autotransformer. Thus, (29) Thus, the autotransformer uses two auxiliary windings per phase. A phase-shifted voltage (e.g., Va) is obtained by making the following arrangements: 1) .tapping a portion (0.7421) of a phase voltage; 2). connecting one end of approximately 0.345 of b phase voltage (e.g., Vb) to this tap.

5. Results and Discussions

The simulation stator oriented vector control is implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The features in the Power Systems Blockset are used to model an inverter, rectifier and all circuit components. The induction machine model in the Power Systems Blockset is modified to include speed as an input and to update the variation of magnetizing inductance as the voltage builds up during selfexcitation. To get the right control parameters and performance it is simply a matter of tuning the PI controllers in the DC voltage controller and flux linkage controller given in Fig. 1. The dynamics of the DC voltage at the start of the voltage build up process, for a rotor speed of 1.48p.u with capacitance value of 3200F is as shown in Fig.10(a). When the capacitance is large it takes longer to reach its steady state value. If the capacitance is too small there will not be enough exciting current and as a result there will not be voltage build up. Fig.10(b) shows the no load build up of generated line to line voltage at the terminals of the induction generator during the start of self excitation. The voltage build up process is under the no load condition. If there is load, with magnitude above a given minimum value, the voltage build up process will fail. The frequency of the generated voltage is estimated as : (30)

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(a) Fig.10.(a). Generated DC voltage for capacitance

(b)
(b). Generated voltage

Here, transient waveforms of the generator voltage (Vabc), generator current (Igabc), Speed of the generator ,Electromagnetic torque, rectifier current , voltage at capacitor,inverter voltage, grid voltage, grid current are given under the sudden application and short circuit at grid for conventional six pulse rectifier is as shown in Fig.11 respectively.The Simulink model for the six pulse diode rectifier is as shown in Fig.12.

(a)

(b)

(c )

(d)

(e)

(f)

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(g) (h) Fig.11. The experimental transient waveforms (a).Generated voltage (b). Line current. (c).Rotor speed (d).Electromagnetic torque (e).Rectifier current (f).Voltage at capacitor (g).Inverter voltage (h).Grid voltage and grid current. The load is applied at grid suddenly at t=1.0 sec to t=1.2 seconds. And short circuit is applied at load t=1.4sec to t=1.6 seconds. And the transient waveforms are observed as follows.

Fig.12. Simulink/MATLAB model for Six pulse controller Here, transient waveforms of the generator voltage (Vabc), generator current (Igabc), Speed of the generator ,Electromagnetic torque, rectifier current , Volatge at capacitor,inverter voltage, grid voltage, grid current are given under the sudden application and short circuit at grid for conventional twelve pulse rectifier is as shown in Fig.15 respectively.The Simulink model for the six pulse diode rectifier is as shown in Fig.13and 14.

Fig.13. Simulink/MATLAB model for Twelve pulse controller

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Fig.14. Simulink/MATLAB model for Twelve pulse rectifier

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

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(g) (h) Fig.15. The experimental transient waveforms (a).Generated voltage (b). Line current. (c).Rotor speed (d).Electromagnetic torque (e).Rectifier current (f).Voltage at capacitor (g).Inverter voltage (h).Grid voltage and grid current. The load is applied at grid suddenly at t=1.0 sec to t=1.2 seconds. And short circuit is applied at load t=1.4sec to t=1.6 seconds. And the transient waveforms are observed as follows.

6. Conclusion
The voltage build up process of an induction generator with a single capacitor on the DC side of the inverter using stator flux oriented vector control is discussed. Since the induction generator operates at a frequency away from the DC frequency any integration offset error is removed by a low pass filter at a reasonable small time constant. The total flux is aligned to the d-axis of the stator flux in the excitation reference frame. A decoupling signal is also generated the effect of q-axis current on the d-axis flux. The main advantage of stator flux oriented vector control is the magnitude of the estimated flux depends only on the stator resistance. Unlike the rotor resistance the variation of stator resistance depends manly on temperature. If the variation of stator resistance is causing a significant error then a compensation block can be added in the model. The power quality has been improved using Eighteen pulse uncontrolled diode rectifier and Harmonics are reduced compared to Six pulse uncontrolled rectifier. This is demonstrated on the basis of simulation using standard software MATLAB. Hence the improved performance of voltage and frequency regulation of a wind turbine driven self excited induction generator.

Appendix
1. Machine Parameters The parameters of the 3.5 kW,440V, 7.5A, 50 Hz,4-pole induction machine are given below. Rs = 0.69 , Rr = 0.74, Lls = Llr = 1.1 mH, J = 0.23kg/m2, Lss = Lls + Lm and Lrr = Llr + Lm. 2. Excitation capacitor C = 15 F/ phase and Capacitor at rectifier C=3200 F 3. Air gap voltage: The piecewise linearization of magnetization characteristic of machine is given by: E1=0 Xm260 E1=1632.58-6.2Xm 233.2Xm 260 E1=1314.98-4.8Xm 214.6Xm 233.2 E1=1183.11-4.22Xm 206Xm 214.6 E1=1120.4-3.9.2Xm 203.5Xm 206 E1=557.65-1.144Xm 197.3Xm 203.5 E1=320.56-0.578Xm Xm 197.3 4. Magnetics Rating: 12-pulse-based converter: Autotransformer rating 12Kva, Interphase transformers 2.7kVA, passive filter 3kVA.References

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References
[1] O. Ojo, O. Omozusi, and A. A. Jimoh, The operation of an inverter assisted single phase induction generator, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 632640, Jun.2000. [2] D. Henderson, An advanced electronic load governor for control of micro hydroelectric generation, IEEE Trans. EnergyConverse.,vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 300304,Sep. 1998. [3] IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converters, IEEE Standard 519-1992. [4] R. Bonert and S. Rajakaruna, Self-excited induction generator with excellentvoltage and frequency control, Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng. Gener.Transm. Distrib., vol. 145, no. 1, [5] Malik, N.H., and Al-Bahrani, A.H., Influence of the Terminal Capacitor on the Performance Characteristics of a Self-Excited Induction Generator , IEE Proc C., Vol. 137, No. 2, March 1990, pp. 168-173. [6] Nandakumar, V.N, Yadukumar, K., Sureshkumar, T., Ragupathi, S., and Hegde, R.K., A WindDriven Self-Excited Induction generator With Terminal Voltage Controller and Protection Circuits, IEEE Power Conversion Conference,1993, pp. 484-489. [7] Bonert, R., and Rajakaruna, R., Self-Excited Induction Generator with Excellent Voltage and Frequency Control, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol.145, No.1, January 1998, pp.33-39. [8] Mitronikas, E.D., Safacas, A.N. and Tatakis, E.C.,A new stator resistance tuning method for statorflux- oriented vector-controlled induction motor drive, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 48 Issue: 6, Dec. 2001, pp. 1148 1157.
Swati Devabhaktuni received the B.Tech degree in electrical and electronics engineering from V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College,Andhra University, India in 2001, and the M.Tech degree in control systems from J.N.T.U University, in 2004. Currently, she is a Associate professor in Gokaraju rangaraju Institute of engineering and technology,Hyderabad,She is also a Research Scholer in J.N.T.U University, Hyderabad. Her research interests are the power electronics, AC motor drives , and control systems.

Authors formal photo

Dr.

S. V. Jayaram Kumar received the M.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India, in 1979. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, in 2000. Currently, he is a professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. His research interests include FACTS and Power System Dynamics,A.C drives.

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