Mullaperiyar Dam

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Mullaiperiyar Dam ( ( ) )

Location of Mullaiperiyar Dam ( )

Official name

Periyar Dam [1]

Country

India

Location

Kerala

Coordinates
93143N 77839ECoordinates:

93143N 77839E Status Operational

Construction began 1887 Opening date Owner(s) 1895 Kerala Dam and spillways Type of dam Height (foundation) Length Crest width Base width Impounds Spillways Spillway capacity 365.85 m (1,200 ft) (main)[1] 3.6 m (12 ft) 42.2 m (138 ft)[2] Periyar River 13 [3] 3,454.62 cubic metres per second (121,999 cu ft/s) [1] Reservoir Capacity 443,230,000 m3(359,332 acreft) Masonry gravity damirrigation 53.66 m (176 ft)[1]

Active capacity Max. water depth

299,130,000 m3(242,509 acreft)[4] 47.2 m (155 ft) Power station

Installed capacity

[2]

Mullaperiyar Dam (Malayalam: ) (Tamil: ) is a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River.[1][2][5] It is located 881 m (2,890 ft) above mean sea level on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District of Kerala, South India. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by the British Government to divert water eastwards to Madras Presidency area (the present-day Tamil Nadu). It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation and length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).[1] The Periyar National Park in Thekkady is located around the dam's reservoir. The dam and the river are owned by and located in Kerala [1] but the dam is controlled and operated under a period lease by neighboringTamil Nadu state.[1] The control and safety of the dam and the validity and fairness of the lease agreement have been points of dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states.[6] The dam is an 'endangered' scheduled dam under the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006. [citation needed]
Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology 2 Purpose 3 Design 4 History

o o o

4.1 Feasability studies 4.2 Lease 4.3 Construction

5 Protected area 6 Dam Safety 7 Interstate dispute 8 Justice A.S. Anand Committee (The Empowered Committee) 9 Construction of a new dam 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading

Etymology
Earlier known as the Periyar dam as it was basically meant to dam the Periyar river,[7] the present name Mullaperiyar is derived from a portmanteau ofMullayar River and Periyar River, at the confluence of which the dam is located below.[8]

Purpose

68,558 ha (264.70 sq mi) Irrigated Area

The Periyar river which flows westward into the Arabian Sea was diverted eastward to flow towards the Bay of Bengal to provide water to the arid rain shadow region of Madurai in Madras Presidencywhich was in dire need of a greater supply than the small Vaigai River could give.[7] The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards to via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the Vaigai Dam to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around Madurai. Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of 68,558 ha (169,411 acres).[9] Later, the Periyar Power Station in the lower Periyar, Tamil Nadu was built which generates hydro-electricity from the diverted waters.[10] Currently, the water from the Periyar (Thekkadi) Lake created by the dam, is diverted through the water shed cutting and a subterranean tunnel to Forebay Dam near Kumili (Errachipalam) in Tamil Nadu. From Forebay dam, hydel pipe lines carry the water to the Periyar Power Station in Lower Periyar, Tamil Nadu. This is used for power generation (175 MW capacity) in the Periyar Power Station. The Lower Periyar Power Sation was constructed in 1956. From the Periyar Power Station, the water is let out into Vairavanar river and then to Suruliyar and from Suruliyar to Vaigai Dam.

Design
The Mullaperiyar Dam is a gravity dam made with limestone and surkhi (a mixture of crushed brick, sugar and quicklime). Gravity dams use their weight and the force of gravity to support the reservoir and remain

stable.[2][5] The main dam has a maximum height of 53.6 m (176 ft) and length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft). Its crest is 3.6 m (12 ft) wide while the base has a width of 42.2 m (138 ft). It consists of a main dam, spillway on its left and an auxiliary dam (or "baby dam") to the right. Its reservoir can withhold 443,230,000 m3 (359,332 acreft) of water, of which 299,130,000 m3 (242,509 acreft) is active (live) storage.[2][4]

Layout of Mullaperiyar dam.

History
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2011)

Feasability studies
The unique idea of harnessing the westward flowing water of the Periyar river and diverting it to the eastward flowing Vagai river was first explored in 1789 by Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai, a minister of the Ramnad king Muthuramalinga Sethupathy, who gave it up as he found it to be expensive.[11] The location of the dam had first been scouted by Captain J. L. Caldwell, Madras Engineers (abbreviated as M.E.) in 1808 to reconnoitre the feasibility of providing water from the Periyar river to Madurai by a tunnel through the mountains. Caldwell discovered that the excavation needed would be in excess of 100 feet in depth and the project was abandoned with the comment in his report as "decidedly chimerical and unworthy of any further regard".[7]

The first attempt at damming the Periyar with an earthen dam in 1850 was given up due to demands for higher wages by the labour citing unhealthy living conditions.[5] The proposal was resubmitted a number of times and in 1862, Captain J. G. Ryves, M.E., carried out a study and submitted proposals in 1867 for another earthwork dam, 62 feet high. The matter was debated by the Madras Government and the matter further delayed by the terrible famine of 1876-77. Finally, in 1882, the construction of the dam was approved and Major John Pennycuick, M.E., placed in charge to prepare a revised project and estimate which was approved in 1884 by his superiors.[7]

Lease
On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the Maharaja of Travancore, Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. The lease agreement was signed by Dewan of Travancore V Ram Iyengar and State Secretary of Madras State J C Hannington. This lease was made after 24 years negotiation between the Maharaja and the British. The lease indenture granted full right, power and liberty to the Secretary of State for India to construct make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and carried out, all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto to. The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was 5 per year. The lease

provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its catchment basin, for an annual rent of 40,000.[12]

In 1947, after Indian Independence, the lease agreement expired. After several failed attempts to renew the agreement in 1958, 1960, and 1969, the agreement was renewed in 1970 when C Achutha Menon was Kerala Chief Minister. According to the renewed agreement, the tax per acre was increased to electricity generated in Lower Camp using Mullaperiyar water, the charge was 30, and for the

12 per kiloWatt per hour.

Tamil Nadu uses the water and the land, and the Tamil Nadu government has been paying to the Kerala government for the past 50 years 2.5 lakhs as tax per year for the whole land and 7.5 lakhs per year as

surcharge for the total amount of electricity generated.[10][12] The validity of this agreement is under dispute between the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The matter is currently pending before a Division Bench of the Supreme Court.[13][14][15][16]

Construction

Cross-section of the dam.

In May 1887, construction of the dam began. As per "The Military Engineer in India" Vol II by Sandes (1935), the dam was constructed from lime stone and surkhi (burnt brick powder and a mixture of sugar and calcium oxide, one of the archaic construction techniques of 19th century)[5] at a cost of 104 lakhs, was 173 feet high

and 1241 feet in length along the top and enclosed more than 15 thousand million cubic feet of water.[7] Another source states that the dam was constructed of concrete (no real evidence or reference for this) and gives a figure of 152 feet height of the full water level of the reservoir, with impounding capacity of 10.56 thousand million cubic feet along-with a total estimated cost of 84.71 lak.[7]

The construction involved the use of troops from the 1st and 4th battalions of the Madras Pioneers as well as Portuguese carpenters fromCochin who were employed in the construction of the coffer-dams and other structures.[7] The greatest challenge was the diversion of the river so that lower portions of the great dam could be built. The temporary embankments and coffer-dams used to restrain the river waters were regularly swept away by floods and rains. Due to the coffer dam failures, the British stopped funding the project. Officer Pennycuick raised funds by selling his wife's jewelry to continue the work. In Madurai, Major Pennycuick's statue has been installed at the state PWD office and his photographs are found adorning walls in peoples homes and shops. In 2002, his great grandson was honoured in Madurai, a function that was attended by thousands of people.[11] The dam created a reservoir in a remote gorge of the Periyar river situated 3,000 feet above the sea in dense and malarial jungle, and from the northerly arm of this manmade waterbody, the water flowed first through a

deep cutting for about a mile and then through a tunnel, 5704 feet in length and later through another cutting on the other side of the watershed and into a natural ravine and so onto the Vaigai River which has been partly built up for a length of 86 miles, finally discharging 2000 cusecs of water for the arid rain shadow regions of present-day Theni, Madurai District, Sivaganga District and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu, then under British rule as part of Madras Province (Sandes, 1935).[7] The Periyar project, as it was then known, was widely considered well into the 20th Century as "one of the most extraordinary feats of engineering ever performed by man".[7] A large amount of manual labour was involved and worker mortality from malaria was high. It was claimed that had it not been for "the medicinal effects of the native spirit called arrack, the dam might never have been finished".[7] 483 people died of diseases during the construction of this dam and were buried on-site in a cemetery just north of the dam.

Protected area

Periyar National Park

The Periyar National Park in Thekkady, a Protected area of Kerala, is located around the dam's reservoir, the 26 km2 (10 sq mi) Periyar lake. 62 different kinds of mammals have been recorded in Periyar, including many threatened ones. Periyar is a highly protected tiger reserve and elephant reserve. There are an estimated 53 tigers (2010) in the reserve.[17] Tourists come here to view the Indian elephants in their natural habitat. The elephant number around 900 to 1000 individuals. Other mammals found here include gaur, Bison, sambar (horse deer), barking deer, mouse deer, Dholes (Indian wild dogs), mongoose,foxesand leopards. Also inhabiting the park, though rarely seen, are the elusive Nilgiri tahr. Four species of primates are found at Periyar - the rare lion-tailed macaque, the Nilgiri Langur, the commonlangur, and the Bonnet Macaque. According to a report by the Kerala Forest Research Institute, the protected area surrounding the dam and reservoir is classified as a biodiversity hot spot.[18]

Dam Safety
After the 1979 Morvi Dam failure which killed up to 25,000 people [19] safety concerns of the aging Mullaperiyar dam's and alleged leaks and cracks in the structure were raised by Kerala Government. [20] A State agency, Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Thiruvananthapuram, had reported that the structure would not withstand an earthquake above magnitude 6 on the Richter scale.[20] The dam was also inspected by the

Chairman, CWC (Central Water Commission). On the orders of the CWC, the Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level from 142.2 feet to 136 feet, conducted safety repairs and strengthened the dam.[9] Strengthening measures adopted by Tamil Nadu PWD from 1979 onwards include cable anchoring of the dam's structure and RCC backing for the front slope. According Government of Kerala, " mistakes in the strengthening works carried out by Tamil Nadu" in 1979 damaged the masonry of the dam.[21] Current safety concerns hinge around several issues. Since the dam was constructed using stone ruble masonry with lime mortar grouting following prevailing 19th century construction techniques that have now become archaic. Seepage and leaks from the dam have caused concern.[22][23] Moreover, the dam is situated in a seismically active zone.[24] An earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale occurred on June 7, 1988 with maximum damage in Nedumkandam and Kallar (within 20 km of the dam). Consequently several earthquake tremors have occurred in the area in recent times. These could be reservoir-induced seismicity, requiring further studies according to experts.[25] CESS, IIT Roorkee and IISc have reported that the dam cannot withstand earthquakes above 6 point on the Richter scale.[26]

Interstate dispute
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Mullaperiyar reservoir

For Tamil Nadu, Mullaperiyar dam and the diverted Periyar waters act as a lifeline for Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga and Ramnad Districts, providing water for irrigation, drinking and also for generation of power in Lower Periyar Power Station. Tamil Nadu has insisted on exercising its unfettered rights to control the dam and its waters, based on the 1866 lease agreement. Kerala has pointed out the unfairness in the 1886 lease agreement and has challenged the validity of this agreement. However safety concerns posed by the 116 year old dam to the safety of the people of Kerala in the event of a dam collapse, have been the focus of disputes from 2009 onward. Kerala's proposal for decommissioning the dam and construction of a new dam, has been challenged by Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the water level in the dam to 142 feet, pointing out crop failures. One estimate states that "the crop losses to Tamil Nadu, because of the reduction in the height of the dam, between 1980 and 2005 is a whopping 40,000 crores. In the process the farmers of the erstwhile rain shadow areas in

Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice yearly cropping pattern had to go back to the bi-annual cropping." [27] The Kerala Government maintains that this is not true. During the year 197980 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was 171,307 acres (693.25 km2). After the lowering of the level to 136 ft (41 m), the gross irrigated area increased and in 199495 it reached 229,718 acres (929.64 km2).[28] The Tamil Nadu government had increased its withdrawal from the reservoir, with additional facilities to cater to the increased demand from newly irrigated areas.[citation needed] In 2006, the Supreme Court of India by its decision by a three member division bench, allowed for the storage level to be raised to 142 feet (43 m) pending completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions.[29] However, the Kerala Government promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has not been objected by the Supreme Court. Tamil Nadu challenged it on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond, however did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed the act as not unconstitutional.[30] Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications.[9] Kerala did not object giving water to Tamil Nadu. Their main cause of objection is the dams safety as it is as old as 116 years. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by already leaking dam.[31] Tamil Nadu wants the 2006 order of Supreme court be implemented so as to increase the water level to 142 feet (43 m). In 2000 Frontline one author stated thus: "For every argument raised by Tamil Nadu in support of its claims, there is counter-argument in Kerala that appears equally plausible. Yet, each time the controversy gets embroiled in extraneous issues, two things stand out: One is Kerala's refusal to acknowledge the genuine need of the farmers in the otherwise drought-prone regions of Tamil Nadu for the waters of the Mullaperiyar; the other is Tamil Nadu's refusal to see that it cannot rely on or continue to expect more and more from the resources of another State to satisfy its own requirements to the detriment of the other State. A solution perhaps lies in acknowledging the two truths, but neither government can afford the political repercussions of such a confession".[32]

Justice A.S. Anand Committee (The Empowered Committee)

On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee to study all the issues of Mullaiperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months. [33] The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The five-member committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India A. S. Anand to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level. However, the then ruling party of Tamil Nadu, DMK, passed a resolution that it not only oppose the apex court's decision to form the fivemember committee, but also said that the state government will not nominate any member to it. [34] The then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to Congress president asking the Centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue.[35] However, the then Leader of Opposition i.e., the present Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaaobjected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give advantage to Kerala in the issue.[36] Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister N. K. Premachandran told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam, while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that Former Supreme Court Judge Mr. K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court.[37] On 8 March 2010, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special empowered committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue.[38] However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the decision to form the empowered committee. The Supreme Court also criticized the Union Government on its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.[39] Implementing directions of the Supreme Court, the Central Government extended the terms of Empowered Committee for a further period of six months, namely till April 30, 2012.[9]

Construction of a new dam

Kerala enacted the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006 to ensure safety of all 'endangered' dams in the State, listed in the second schedule to the Act. Section 62A of the Act provides for listing in the schedule, "details of the dams which are endangered on account of their age, degeneration, degradation, structural or other impediments as are specified".[40][41] The second schedule to the Act lists Mullaperiyar (dam) constructed in 1895 and fixes 136 feet as its maximum water level. The Act empowers Kerala Dam Safety Authority (Authority specified in the Act) to oversee safety of dams in the State and sec 62(e) empowers the Authority to direct the custodian (of a dam) "to suspend the functioning of any dam, to decommission any dam or restrict the functioning of any dam if public safety or threat to human life or property, so require". The Authority can conduct periodical inspection of any dam listed in the schedule.

In pursuance of Kerala's dam safety law declaring Mullaperiyar dam as an endangered dam, in September 2009, the Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India granted environmental clearance to Kerala for conducting survey for new dam downstream.[42] Tamil Nadu approached Supreme Court for a stay order against the clearance; however, the plea was rejected. Consequently, the survey was started in October, 2009. On Sept. 9, 2009 stated it had already communicated to the Government of India as well as to the Government of Kerala that there is no need for construction of a new dam by the Kerala Government, as the existing dam after it is strengthened, functions like a new dam.[9]

See also

Banqiao Dam Dam 999

References
1. ^
a b c d e f g h

"National Register for Large Dams". India: Central Water

Commission. 2009. pp. 194197. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 2. ^

a b c d e

Frye, Albert Irvin (1918). Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-

book for engineers, contractors, and students, containing rules, data, methods, formulas and tables (2nd (corrected) ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 859. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 3. ^ ET Bureau (2011-12-02). "Tamil Nadu tells Supreme Court to restrain Kerala on Mullaperiyar dam". Economic Times. Retrieved 2011-12-06. 4. ^
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"Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum v. Union of India (UOI)

and Ors". Supreme Courth of India. pp. 12. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 5. ^
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T, Ramakrishnan (29 October 2011). "A dam steeped in history and

controversy". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 6. ^ Roy Mathew (2011-12-02). "State is unprepared for disasters". the Hindu(Thiruvananthapuram: Kasturi & Sons Ltd). Retrieved 2011-11-06. 7. ^
a b c d e f g h i j

Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. (1935). The Military Engineer in India,

Vol II. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. pp. 2829. 8. ^ "Dams in Kerala". Kerala: ENVIS Kerala: Environmental Information System Centre (ENVIS), Kerala. pp. 1. Retrieved 30 November 2011. 9. ^
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Ministry of Water Resources (2011-12-02). "Mulla Periyar Dam

issue". Govt. of India. Retrieved 2011-12-06. 10. ^

a b

"Mulla Periyar Dam issue". New Delhi: Ministry of Water Resources,

Government of India. pp. 1. Retrieved 30 November 2011.

11. ^

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"Mullaperiyar dam: An engineering marvel". CNN IBN. 26 November

2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. 12. ^

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Verdict on Mullaperiyar, Chennai, India |author=R. Krishnakumar

|work=the Hindu, Frontline |Vol= 23 Issue 05, |date=Mar. 11 24, 2006. }} 13. ^ ' "Mullaperiyar: Centre expresses willingness to act as "facilitator"", the Hindu,, 2011-11-23 14. ^ "Mullaperiyar: Ministers to visit Delhi", the Hindu, 2011-11-25 15. ^ "Advise Kerala not to build the dam", the Hindu, November 24, 2011 16. ^ "Enact law declaring dam pact illegal". Times of India. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. 17. ^ Increase in tiger density in PTR 18. ^ "R1". Retrieved November 27, 2011. 19. ^ Utpal Sandesara, Tom Wooten (2011), No One Had a Tongue to Speak: The Untold Story of One of History's Deadliest Floods, Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, p. inside flap, ISBN 978-1-61614-431-9, retrieved 201112-07 20. ^
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"Two states and a dam", Business Standard, 2011, retrieved 2011-12-09

21. ^ Mathew, R.O.Y. (2011), "Serious damage to masonry of Mullaperiyar dam detected", The Hindu: 2011, retrieved 2011-12-09 22. ^ The Hindu, November 22, 2011, 'Tamilnadu seepage data wrong: says Mullaperiyar cell chairman' 23. ^ "Serious damage to masonry of dam detected", the Hindu, Dec 7, 2011 24. ^ Singh, H.N., Raghavan, V., & Raju, G.K. (1992). On relation between seismicity and tectonic features of Idukki region, Southwestern India. Geofizika, Vol. 9, 1992, pp. 109-122 25. ^ "Call for studies on reservoir-induced seismicity in Idukki", the Hindu, November 21, 2011 26. ^ "IIT, Roorkee report on Mullaperiyar says dam not safe", Times of India, retrieved 2011-12-09 27. ^ The Mullaperiyar imbroglio. Hard News. April 2006 28. ^ Kerala Government's arguments. Expert-eyes.org. Retrieved on 2011-1125. 29. ^ Mullaperiyar water level can be raised. Deccan Herald. February 28, 2006

30. ^ Mullaperiyar: apex court issues notice to Government . The Hindu. September 9, 2006. Retrieved on 2011-11-25. 31. ^ "Mullaperiyar dam row: Clashes at Kerala-Tamil Nadu border post". NDTV. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011. 32. ^ R. Krishnakumar (Nov. 25 Dec. 08, 2000). "Over to the Supreme Court". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 33. ^ "Supreme Court constitutes empowered committee to go into Mullaperiyar issues". The Hindu(Chennai, India). February 17, 2010. 34. ^ "DMK for keeping away from panel on Mullaperiyar". The Hindu (Chennai, India). February 20, 2010. 35. ^ "DMK against SC panel on dam". The Times Of India. February 21, 2010. 36. ^ "Jayalalithaa criticises Karunanidhi over Mullaperiyar issue". The Hindu (Chennai, India). February 22, 2010. 37. ^ "K.T. Thomas to be on Mullaperiyar panel". The Hindu (Chennai, India). March 4, 2010. 38. ^ "Tamil Nadu not interested in adjudicating Mullaperiyar before panel". The Hindu (Chennai, India). March 8, 2010. 39. ^ "Tamil Nadu plea dismissed, empowered panel on Mullaperiyar will stay". The Hindu(Chennai, India). March 30, 2010. 40. ^ Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006 41. ^ "Kerala Justifies Enactment of the Act", the Hindu, Sept 19, 2006 42. ^ "The New Indian Express", 17 September 2009
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