ABSTRACT

Nowadays, a day without power means a day which is hacked. Power has become an integral part of our life. Our country has five major means of power generation viz., (i) Thermal (ii) Hydro (iii) Nuclear (iv) Wind and (v) Solar. Though the power from Hydral power, Wind power and solar power are renewable energy sources, we cannot harness the power under all conditions. Nuclear Power generation is done with hazardous radio active materials, when not handled properly can even destroy our planet as a whole. So, Thermal Power generation is the one that feeds nearly 70 percent of our needs. Thermal power stations are fueled by Coal or Oil, Our country does not have enough of oil resources, hence most of the power stations are coal fired.
As our demand for power is increasing every year, say for example if it is increasing by 10% per year, the statistics says that the amount of Coal reserves that we have in our country will last only for another 65 years. So it is high time we should think about means and ways of saving and generating power. Our paper titled Our Contribution to Green Electronics comes up with the idea of generating power from kinetic energy. ( Though there exists a dynamo in a bicycle to do this job in olden days!!!) . Here, we are presenting a paper about how our physical movements involved in walking, exercising, breathing would be converted into

power using nano technology. Though the power produced may be in terms of mW / uW, it can be used for charging miniature electronic gadgets. The power we save is equivalent to the power we generate. Hence, we are presenting some ideas that can be implemented in our

homes for power saving to get a green atmosphere. Our paper also presents about the means and ways of mobile recycling / Recycling of e-waste. As rightly said Small drops would make a ocean our small contribution in power saving would save our future. Nowadays, Electricity enables modern medicine such as X rays, ECG, Pacemakers etc They are often powered by batteries and generators. Merits.. Frequent Surgery for charging the pace maker batteries will be avoided.

Power generation using physical movements : ( Muscle power) The practical application and operation of implanted nanodevices relies on the implants being selfpowered, which enables them to be independent, wireless and sustainable. One potential source of power for such devices is the biomechanical energy of muscle movement. Whilst the tiny physical motions of muscle movement and the natural variability inherent in these motions make harnessing them difficult, the single-wire generator (SWG) is a nanogenerator that has previously been shown to be suitable for this task. This device consists of a ZnO piezoelectric nanowire that is bonded at both ends to a flexible substrate, e.g. a muscle, with one end making a Schottky contact at the nanowire-substrate interface. Periodic flexing of the substrate alternately stretches and relaxes the nanowire, generating an alternating-current (AC). These generators have

previously been shown to work under in vitro conditions but this study by Zhong Lin Wang and his team from the Georgia Institute of Technology demonstrates the feasibility of using such a device under in vivo conditions for thefirsttime.

Details about ZnO nano wires: Transistors are important components of electronic circuits, controlling the flow of information by regulating the transmission of electric current. In transistors made with a zinc oxide nanowire, the presence of foreign substances alters the wires ability to conduct the current. Nitrogen dioxide gas, for instance, will reduce how much current the wire conducts, whereas carbon monoxide will increase it. Different substances increase or decrease the current by different degrees, so specific chemicals can be identified by how much they affect the flow of current.

An SWG was fabricated and attached to the diaphragm of a live rat using a synthetic absorbable tissue adhesive. Before insertion, the device was coated in a flexible polymer to protect it from surrounding bio-fluids. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage across the device were

measured, both whilst the rat was attached to a respirator and whilst the rat was breathing

autonomously, to ensure that any measurement artifacts induced by the respirator could be ruled out. Alternate contraction and expansion of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation produced alternate positive and negative voltage/current pulses. Zinc oxide can also be used as a sensing material when in the form of a thin film. But the nanowire structure studied by Lu has several advantages over film sensors, mostly due to its larger surface-tovolume ratio. A small dose of nitrogen dioxide gas on a thin film might diminish the current by only 2 percent, much harder to measure than the 50 percent decrease observed in a zinc oxide nanowire. Nanowires also can be more quickly reset to begin sensing again. For films, elaborate methods are needed to cleanse the surface, requiring from half an When the SWG was attached to the heart of a live rat instead (as the video below shows), higher voltage and current outputs of around 3 mV and 30 pA respectively were measured, but also a more complicated dual-peaked electric signal was observed due to the stretching of alternate valves during the cardiac cycle. hour to many hours. With nanowires, a voltage signal to the transistor drives away the chemical, restoring the original sensing condition in a matter of minutes. (The precise amount of time needed to refresh the sensor can also be used to help determine the identity of the chemical being detected.)

Respirator-driven breathing, at a rate of 110 breaths per minute, generated voltage and current signals of magnitude 1 mV and 1 pA respectively. Autonomous breathing was slower, at a rate of around 90 breaths per minute, and deeper, generating larger magnitude voltage and current signals of 2 mV and 4 pA respectively.

I)
This study represents an important step towards selfpowered nanoimplants.

Power walking:

generation

from

Princeton University engineers have come up with a rubber film that harvests kinetic energy. But it's not just another piezoelectric film. The team has been able to combine silicone and naonoribbons of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). PZT is the most efficient of kinetic-energy harvesting materials, converting as much as 80% of mechanical energy into electrical energy. By being the first team to successfully embed it into silicone, the Princeton engineers have opened up a whole slew of possibilities for where piezoelectric materials can be used - from inside the body to the soles of our shoes. Science Daily reports that the material is made of ceramic nanoribbons embedded in silicone rubber sheets. When flexed, they generate electricity. The material is also very efficient at converting

pacemakers to cell phones by putting the material in clothing, shoes, and other wearable materials. But more exciting for devices like pacemakers is that the material can be implanted in, and accepted by, the body so that the devices they power would not have to be surgically replaced due to batteries losing their charge. More research is needed, of course, but the success of the team advances the potential usefulness of kinetic energy for easy charging. Details about Silicone & PZT for you to talk: Silicone

made from silicone elastomers; retains flexibility resilience and tensile strength over a wide temperature range

mechanical energy to electrical energy. Currently, the efficiency of this conversion is what holds back kinetic energy from being a viable power source for devices - not enough energy can get harvested, compared to solar, wind and other alternative energy options to make kinetic energy all that appealing on a wide scale. While this material doesn't increase the efficiency - as some other advancements we've seen recently have done - it does increase the potential for where and how kinetic energy can be used when it is the most appropriate choice.
"PZT is 100 times more efficient than quartz, another piezoelectric material," said Michael McAlpine, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, at Princeton, who led the project. "You don't generate that much power from walking or breathing, so you want to harness it as efficiently as possible." Because the material will be able to be manufactured in sheets on virtually limitless size, the Princeton engineers see potential for the material in powering everything from

Essentially, silicone is produced by the combination of an inorganic silicon and oxygen backbone with organic side groups that attach to the silicon atoms. The number
of links or attachments between the organic and inorganic components is what determines the final consistency of the silicone product. Various forms of silicone are usually categorized into two different groups, known as silicone oils and silicone resins. With the family of silicone materials, the end products may take on such diverse consistencies as hard plastic, rubber, gels, and liquids. There are many examples of silicone products that most of us have in our homes. Good electrical insulation. Because silicone can be formulated to be electrically

insulative or conductive, it is suitable for a wide range of electrical applications.

Thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide operating range of 100 to 250 C).

Being piezoelectric, it develops a voltage (or potential difference) across two of its faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), or physically changes shape when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications). Being pyroelectric, this material develops a voltage difference across two of its faces when it experiences a temperature change. As a result, it can be used as a sensor for detecting heat. It is also ferroelectric, which means it has a spontaneous electric polarization (electric dipole) which can be reversed in the presence of an electric

Though not a hydrophobe, the ability to repel water and form watertight seals. Excellent resistance to oxygen, ozone and UV light (sunlight). This has led to widespread use in the construction industry (e.g. coatings, fire protection, glazing seals), and automotive industry (external gaskets, external trim).

Does not stick. Low chemical reactivity. Low toxicity, but does not support

field.

microbiological growth. High gas permeability: at room temperature (25 C) the permeability of silicone rubber for gases like oxygen is approximately 400 times[citation making
needed]

Power generation from body heat & Solar power for medical equipments:
a) From X-rays to CAT scans, electricity enables modern medicine. But when operating in impoverished countries or disaster zones, doctors lose the life saving advantages provided by medical devices. Most hospitals and aid agencies rely on batteries and generators to power the

that of butyl rubber, useful could for medical from

silicone that

applications

benefit

increased aeration. Silicone rubbers cannot be used where gas-tight seals are necessary. PZT:Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3

machines, but Vladimir Leonov has created a new class of medical device that run on the only two renewable sources of power available everywhere: body heat and sunlight. b) Leonov, a Senior Research Scientist at the Dutch research center Imec, has already created an electroencephalograph (EEG), which monitors brain waves, and an electrocardiograph (ECG), which measures the beating of a heart, powered entirely by the sun, and the patient's own body. By constructing both machines from low energyuse parts, and by utilizing multiple forms of renewable energy, Leonov's devices can provide doctors the benefits of modern medicine in even the most remote and dire conditions.

0<x<1) , also called PZT, is a ceramic perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric effect. PZT-based compounds are composed of the chemical elements lead and zirconium and the chemical compound titanate which are combined under extremely high temperatures. A mechanical filter is then used to filter out the particulates. PZT-based compounds are used in the manufacturing of ultrasound transducers, in the manufacturing of ceramic capacitors, STM/AFM actuators (tubes)

c)

&quot;You have a disaster,&quot; said Leonov. &quot;Airport closed, port closed. The devices that exist in modern medical clinic can be miniaturized and fit in a suitcase. The devices can be self powered, without the doctor needing batteries or to plug anything in.&quot;

a)

Now a company in New York state is planning to tackle the problem by

providing patients with an implantable power source that recharges their implant's batteries using electricity generated by the patient's own body heat. b) By continuously recharging the batteries, it saves the patient from frequent surgery. In some low power devices, it could even replace the batteries altogether, making such operations unnecessary. c) The "biothermal battery" under

d)

Advances in two key technologies enable Leonov's devices: efficient thermopiles and miniature solar panels. Thermopiles are arrays of thermocouples, metallic combinations that create electricity from differences in heat. According to Leonov, his thermopiles can generate 400 microvolts for every 34 degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature, and convert 10 milliwatt of power from every 1.5 square inch of skin. Thanks to small variations like wind and shadows, the thermopiles continue to generate electricity even when the ambient temperature and surface body temperature are the same.

development by Biophan Technologies of West Henrietta, will generate electricity using arrays of thousands of thermoelectric generators built into an implantable chip. These generators exploit the well-known thermocouple effect, in which a small voltage is generated when two of the junctions between two dissimilar materials are kept at different temperatures. d) But Biophan is going to need a large number of thermocouples to generate the power it needs. In the past, stacks of perhaps tens of thermocouples have been used in some temperature sensors, but noone has tried to build thousands of them into one device, as Biophan will need to. e) The company's chief executive Michael Wiener is confident his engineers can build thermocouples just tens of micrometres across to do the job, using unspecified microchip manufacturing technologies.

e)

For Leonov, using thermopiles allowed him to solve two key problems of his earlier designs. When working just with solar panels, he found that the devices didn't get enough juice, since the patients attached to EEGs and ECGs had conditions that necessarily kept them inside and out of the sun. Similarly, piezoelectric

generation, which converts body movement into electrical energy, also failed to generate enough power because most patients requiring EEG or ECG monitoring spent most of their time in bed, not moving around. But even a coma victim generates heat, and when paired with a small amount of light for solar power, that heat produced enough power to run the

machines.Life-saving medical implants like

pacemakers and defibrillators face a big drawback: their batteries eventually run out. So every few years, patients need surgery to have the batteries replaced. g) For the biothermal device to work it needs a 2 C temperature difference across it. But

f)

Figure of merit

there are many parts of the body where a temperature difference of as much as 5 C is available - typically in the few millimetres just below the skin. This is where Biophan plans to place the device, says spokesman Stuart MacDonald. h) Biophan's generators will use

m) This is an ambitious goal, according to Mike Rowe, an expert in thermoelectric generation at Cardiff University in the UK. He says he doubts whether Biophan can extract the power it is aiming for from such a small cross-sectional area of the body. n) But MacDonald is confident the microchip making techniques Biophan plans to use will succeed. It is a challenge, he says, but not an insurmountable one. o) Tim Bowker of the British Heart

thermocouples made of the semiconductor bismuth telluride. The material is doped with impurities that give one side of the thermocouple an abundance of electrons it will be negative, or n-type - while the other side will contain impurities lacking electrons (positive, or p-type). i) The overall effect of this construction is to create a thermocouple with a much higher "figure of merit" than a metal-based one, generating higher voltages for a given temperature difference across the

Foundation welcomes the prospect of such a technology. Anything that means patients need fewer surgical procedures, which are stressful and carry the risk of infection, will be more than welcome, he says.

Pacemakers:

thermoelectric device. j) But each thermocouple will still only generate a few microvolts for each 1 C of temperature difference. To obtain a useful voltage it is necessarBiophan plans to produce an array 2.5 centimetres square that generates 4 volts and delivers a power of 100 microwatts.

A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. II) How to green your electronics: Yes, electronic devices are becoming a

k) Trickle charge
l) Today's pacemaker batteries last for more than a decade before they need replacing. Biophan says the device it is aiming for will be able extend this to three decades by continuously trickle-charging pacemaker batteries. It might even be able to power some low power pacemakers directly.

bigger and bigger part of our lives, especially as they get smaller and smaller. We use them as tools and toys to communicate, work, enjoy media, and be expressive. Being green with electronics doesn't mean living in a teepee listening to truckers squalk on the old short-wave. Greening your electronics is a matter of knowing what tech to get, how to use it best, and what

to do with it when its useful life is done. Many of these best practices aren't things you'll read in the instruction manual, either. In this guide we'll tell you how to stop wasted energy, what gizmos are greener than others, and what to do about e-waste and

your electronics and chargers on a power strip. This way you can simply flip the power strip off when your electronics are not in use. There are also a number of "smart" power strips on the market that sense when electronics are turned off, or that turn off the strip when one main unit (like your PC) is powered down. (Note that some electronics need to be turned off via the on/off switch before cutting the power. Inkjet printers, for

electronics recycling. We'll also show you some of the newest green gadgets coming over the horizon.

Top Home Electronics Tips

2. Go rechargeable Of the 15 billion batteries produced and sold each year, most of them are disposable alkaline batteries, and only a fraction of those are recycled. Look for electronics that are rechargeable. For removable

example, need to seal the cartridge heads to avoid clogging.) Buy with energy in mind Some types of electronics suck more than others, at least in energy terms. Doing research on different technologies and their respective energy consumption can save you a lot in the long run. For example, if you want a flat panel television, look into LCD models, which use much less energy than plasmas. The Energy Star site will help you identify devices energy-saving like cordless

batteries, lithium-ion (Li-Ion) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) are cost-effective, green alternatives. The fastest battery chargers can juice up AAs in as little as 15 minutes, and will pay for themselves quite quickly. 1. Kill Vampire Power Just because your cell phone is unplugged from the charger or your TV is off, doesn't mean these devices aren't drawing a current and running up your 3.

electronic

phones, stereo systems, TVs, DVD players, battery chargers, and a whole bunch more. Treat those batteries right While battery recycling programs are

increasingly common and easy to use, the process of recycling anything still takes energy and resources and should not be overused (one of the most polluted sites on the planet is a battery recycling plant in the

electricity bill. Many AC adapters (or "wall warts") if left plugged in will continue to pull a current from the wall socket (you may notice they are warm to the touch). Many devices that have a standby mode do the same thing. To make sure you aren't wasting energy, pull the plug on devices when not in use or put all of

Dominican Republic). Knowing how to best use and maintain rechargeable batteries will boost their longevity and performance. See Getting Techie below for more on the specifics.

4.

Make it a short circuit So, you just bought the newest, sleekest cell phone. It takes video, filters out calls from exes, and charts barometric pressure. What should you do with the old one? Whatever you do, don't just throw it in the trash--this risks releasing ecosystem. organizations chemicals There and are into plenty the of that 7.

phones, PDAs, Bluetooth headsets, iPods, and laptops. Many have an onboard battery pack that can charge while the solar cells are in the sun, and then transfer the power to your device when you need it" section for a list of solar chargers on the market. Extend use There's definitely a cult around replacing our electronic toys and tools every 15 minutes or so when a new model comes out. In some cases, the newest technologies are cleaner and more efficient, but often, the older ones will faithfully do their assigned task for a lot longer than the marketplace would have us believe. In some cases, the older models are even superior. Step back a few paces from the whole

charities

recycle and reuse old electronics. If you want a return on your old gadgets, sell them on an online auction site--people will often buy them even if they are broken. Bonus! A growing number of computer manufacturers are adopting take-back programs as well, under which they will accept and recycle their units when you're done with them. 5. Buy used Don't want to spend a fortune on technology? You can find top quality, totally functional used electronics at sites like Ebay and Craigslist, and even at yard sales and flea markets. This not only cuts down on the amount of new resources being used for the production of more stuff, it also creates a market for sellers to safely recirculate electronics they're no longer using. Ebay's 8.

technophelia thing and take stock of what your real needs are. It couldn't hurt to practice some of this in the rest of our lives, as well. Look for EPEAT EPEAT (electronic product environmental assessment

tool) is an attempt at environmental certification for computers (CPUs, monitors, and notebooks). Released in early 2006, a growing number of products have been registered with EPEAT, and this certification is continuing to pick up steam; learn more at the EPEAT homepage. 9. Buy a less toxic system Europe is making huge inroads on reducing the presence of toxic chemicals in

Easytradein.com is a good resource for the electronics you are ready to part with. You might even be surprised Freecycle. 6. Bright idea: The solar charger There are an increasing number of options for on-the-go solar power. From handheld to backpack power, solar chargers now come in a spectrum of types for juicing up what comes up on

electronics such as lead, cadmium, and mercury with a directive called RoHS (Restriction on Hazardous Substances). Even if you don't live in Europe this has a big impact, as any company looking to sell there has to

follow

the

directive.

Look

for

How to care for your batteries Knowing how to best maintain rechargeable batteries can help them last longer and perform better. Advice on how to best care for rechargeables does vary depending on the info source, likely because different battery formulas work best under different conditions. There are two main types of

companies that are adhering to--and even going beyond--the RoHS

compliance in Europe and around the globe.

Home Electronics: By the Numbers

15 percent: Percentage of money spent on powering your computer dedicated to computing, worldwide; the rest of the $250 billion is spent on energy wasted in idling.

rechargeable batteries: lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride, both of which suit different applications. Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) Advantages: Li-ion batteries have the advantage of a higher energy density (energy/weight ratio) and higher voltages than other batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are also designed to recharge hundreds of times and hold their charge for long periods when not in use. Disadvantages: Li-ion batteries (and their chargers) are typically more expensive than other rechargeable batteries. Li-ions also don't come in standard battery sizes (like AA, D, etc.). Care: If you plan to store a Li-ion battery, store it with a partial or full charge. It is also typically suggested that you "move the electrons around" every month or so, putting the battery in use. Like all batteries, Li-ions should be recycled when they're done for. Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Advantages: NiMH batteries come in almost all standard sizes (like AA, AAA, 9 Volt, C, and D) so they're a perfect substitute for conventional disposable batteries. These batteries can also provide power longer than alkaline batteries, especially in some power-hungry electronics like digital cameras. Disadvantages: NiMH batteries have a relatively fast self-discharge rate and can lose up to 40 percent of their charge in a month when stored. The higher the temperature, the faster the self-discharge rate will be. Newer NiMH batteries, however, claim to have solved the self-discharge problem. Sanyo's Eneloop batteries, for example, claim to lose only 15 percent of their charge over the course of a year if unused. Care: To avoid the risk of permanent voltage depletion, do an occasional full drain and recharge cycle for NiMH rechargeable batteries. NiMH batteries can be stored in the freezer to help retain their charge, just make sure they're tightly sealed from moisture,

70 percent: Percentage of waste composed of discarded electronics, out of all hazardous waste.

529 pounds: Amount of fossil fuels required to manufacture a 53-pound computer system (including the

monitor), along with 49 pounds of chemicals and 1.5 tons of water.

15

billion:

Batteries

produced

annually worldwide. 40 percent: Of the energy used for electronics in your home is used while these devices are turned off.

1 billion: Kilowatt hours of power each year that could be saved by using energy efficient battery

chargers in the US; this in turn would save more than $100 million each year, and prevent the release of more than a million tons of greenhouse gasses.

HomeElectronics: Techie

Getting

and allow batteries to come back to room temperature before use. A "smart charger," while more expensive, will control the charge of batteries via a microprocessor and will prolong battery life and improve performance. (Many

of these battery facts gathered from GreenBatteries.com. Offsetting your energy Carbon offsets aren't just for travel. Individual offsets that you purchase can help negate your energy usage, including time on your computer or chatting away on your cell phone. This is particularly valuable if you are a heavy user.

Where

to

Get

Home

Electronics
Batteries Battery Recharger Rechargeables Online Mega Batteries Solar electronics Solar Jacket Soldius Golf Bag Solio Voltaic Backpack Carbon offsets and renewable energy credits Native Energy Bullfrog Power TerraPass Bonneville Energy Fund and Green Tags Renewable Choice Energy

CONCLUSION: By using the green electronics in our day-to-day life we can surely reduce the pollution in the environment.