A field comparison of different infiltration models under local conditions

Name of student Regd. No. Supervisor : : : M. Adeeb Faisal 2005 - ag - 2162 Prof. Dr. M. Arshad

Abstract
Correctly estimating the infiltration process over time is of importance in hydrologic budget determinations, watershed management, and irrigation system design. Infiltration has long been a focus of agriculture and water research because of its fundamental role in land-surface and subsurface hydrology, and agricultural irrigation. A large number of mathematical models have been developed to evaluate the computation of infiltration. This study was conducted to measure the infiltration rate of two sites i.e. Main Campus, UAF site and Post-graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), UAF site. The measured data of infiltration by double-ring was fitted into four infiltration models (Kostiakov, SCS, Horton and Philip model) to estimate their parameters for the prediction of infiltration rate of soils and to check the goodness of fit under local soil conditions. At Main Campus, UAF site The Kostiakov model with a RMSE of 0.25 cmh-1 most closely predicted the measured infiltration, followed by SCS, Philip and Horton models with RMSE values of 0.67 cmh -1 , 1.01 and 1.06 cmh-1 respectively. Horton and Philip models provided less accurate estimates of the measured infiltration. While, at PARS, UAF site Horton model with a RMSE of 0.72 cmh -1 most closely predicted the measured infiltration, followed by SCS, Kostiakov and Philip models with RMSE values of 1.82 cmh-1 , 2.03 and 3.59 cmh-1 respectively. Kostiakov and Philip models provided less accurate estimates of the measured infiltration. In this study, effect of initial soil moisture and soil texture was also analyzed. The results showed a significant effect of these two parameters on the soil infiltration rate.

Supervisory Committee: (i) (ii) (iii) Prof. Dr. M. Arshad Prof. Dr. Rai Niaz Ahmad Mr. Nadeem Saeed : : : (Chairman) (Member) (Member)

Department of Irrigation & Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

Study of the Spatial Variability in Groundwater Quality of Ghulam Muhammad Abad Faisalabad by using GIS
Asma Sattar, Dr. Abdul Nasir, Ch. Arslan, Fahad Jan
Department of Structures & Env. Engg., Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, UAF

Abstract Water is one of the most important elements for life. Water pollution is the most common threat concerning to public health in Pakistan. This problem is most common in developing countries like Pakistan. In order to check the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose, research was conducted in the most populated area of Faisalabad i.e. Ghulam Muhammad Abad. The area was divided into six zones as A, B C, D, E Block and Hassan abad. Total 159 samples were collected from whole area and the coordinates of the sample points were recorded by using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The collected samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as EC, TDS, TSS, TS, pH, Ca+2, Mg+2,CO3-2, HCO3-2 and Cl-. The results obtained from these samples were compared with WHO guidelines, standards given by PSI, NEQS by EPA and standards drafted by PCRWR. The values of these results were represented through maps by using Arc view GIS v9.2 and kriging was used for raster interpolation. From the results, it was concluded that groundwater of Ghulan Muhammad Abad Faisalabad is not fit for drinking purpose.

Introduction
Water is the universal solvent. Due to this property it becomes the basic necessity of life. It is used for the transportation of minerals in the body. But due to this property, quantity of water for drinking purpose is reducing day by day. Groundwater is found in a very large area under the crust of the earth, and according to estimates, the amount of groundwater in the world is about 500,000 Million Acre Feet (MAF). One fifth of this source lies in the active zone, within a depth of 2,500 feet of the surface. It is more than 30 times the water contained in all fresh water lakes and is more than 3,000 times the average volume of water flowing through rivers and streams (Nazir, 1995). Though all forms of water are playing important role for the survival of life but groundwater has special importance due to its different nature. People have been using groundwater for centuries to fulfill their needs. It was thought to be safest water among other sources as it was cleaned by soil layers and difficult to contaminate. Similarly, in Pakistan groundwater is a major supply of water to fulfill domestic, industrial and agricultural needs. Pakistan is blessed with extensive groundwater resources, which have been built due to direct recharge from natural precipitation, river flow, and the continued seepage from the conveyance system of canals, distributaries, watercourses and application losses in the irrigated lands during the last 90 years. This groundwater source has a potential of about 55 MAF, out of which about 48.69 MAF is being exploited by over 661,853 private tube wells

and about 18,620 public tube wells for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes (GOP, 2005). A rapidly growing population, saline groundwater, a poorly performing irrigation distribution system, and recurrent droughts have led to increased water shortages. Under these conditions, the use of untreated urban wastewater for agriculture has become a common and widespread practice. Faisalabad is a city in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the fifth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Hyderabad. The city of Faisalabad has a population of just over 2 million and is the third largest city in Pakistan. Centrally located in the heart of the Punjab province it was founded in 1900 as an agricultural market town, but has since then rapidly developed into a major agro-based industrial centre. Over 150 different industrial units have been identified by the local Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), most of which are involved in such cotton processing tasks as washing, bleaching, dying and weaving. Faisalabad is surrounded by many villages. More than 2000 hectares are irrigated by untreated wastewater. (Mahmood & Maqbool, 2006). The city is famous for its different industries, which include paper, leather, textile, sugar, vegetable oil, soaps and detergents and other industries. As a result of these industries a large amount of untreated solid wastes and heavy metals are being disposed off into the natural streams. These heavy metals and other pollutants are quite harmful to both the environment and the groundwater because this water is the main source of drinking water. Faisalabad district has made rapid strides in the field of industry after independence. It is now called the "Manchester of Asia" for its extensive development of textile industry. This development has been made possible by the continued efforts of pioneering entrepreneurs as well as workers over a period of four decades. Before independence, there were only five industrial units in Faisalabad City (then Lyallpur). Now, there are dozens of textile mills with other subsidiary units. Roughly, there are 512 large Industrial units, out of which 328 are Textile units, 92 engineering units and 92 of chemicals and food processing units. Other industries include hosiery, carpet and rugs, nawar and lace, printing and publishing and pharmaceutical products etc. There are also some 12,000 house-hold industries, which include some 60,000 power loom factories. (City District Government Faisalabad, 2010) Ghulam Muhammad Abad Faisalabad, is included in main residential areas of Faisalabad city, situated at Narwala Road. It is the most populated area in Faisalabad. Ground water of G.M.Abad is not of good quality so the people prefer canal water for drinking and other purposes. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable tool for a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies. In GIS analysis, the end result is best visualized as a map or graph. Map displays can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional views, photographic images and other output such as multimedia. ESRI (2003) described that the unique nature of inquiry-based learning through GIS is the focus on spatial characteristics location. The foundation of geographical thinking is to know where something is, how its location influences its characteristics, and how its location influences relationships with other phenomena.

Berry (2003) stated that with the advent of GIS technology in the early 1970s, mapped data have changed to digital representations that are linked to databases and to a wealth of new processing capabilities across the landscape. Berry et al. (2005) discussed that conservations, nutrient managers and other personnel can use spatial technologies such as remote sensing, GPS and GIS to increase their abilities to analyze spatial data and linked mapped variables with appropriate management actions. Pederick et al. (2007) stated that many millions of people worldwide are at risk of severe poisoning through exposure to groundwater contaminated with sediment-derived arsenic.

Materials and Method

ArcGIS v9.2 The software used for the representation of results obtained in the form of maps was arcview GIS. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable tool for a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies. In GIS analysis, the end result is best visualized as a map or graph. Map displays can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional views, photographic images and other output such as multimedia. Study area The research was conducted in the area of Ghulan Muhammad Abad Faisalabad, which is located in Rachna Doab (land between rivers Chenab and Ravi), with coordinates of 31o N and 73o E. Site was selected on following criteria i) The area should be thickly populated. ii) There should be jet pumps so that people are using the groundwater iii) Water sample will be taken from newly installed pumps Sampling Plan: 159 samples were collected randomly from newly installed pumps to investigate the above mentioned parameters in the groundwater. The samples were collected in 500 ml bottles after rinsing the bottle with same groundwater. The tap should be run for 30 seconds before taking the sample. The area is selected because it is thickly populated area in Faisalabad and drain passes through it, that contaminate ground water. Testing of Samples: Following procedure should be adopted for performing different water quality tests on samples. Soluble Calcium & Magnesium were determined by titration with 0.01N Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid Solution. Carbonate & Bicarbonate were determined by titration with 0.01N Sulphuric Acid. TS were determined by oven drying method. pH were determined by . HANNA HI 991300 pH/EC/TDS/Temperature meter. EC and TDS were determined by HACH CO150 Conductivity meter TSS was determined by difference method taking the difference of TDS from TS. Chlorine was determined by using HI 93734 Free & Total Chlorine HR. Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of date was done to check the significance of results. In this regard analysis of variance was done. GIS analysis The locations of the sampling points were determined with GPS. The GPS receiver was taken to each point and co-ordinates of the place were determined. Image of the area was taken from the Google Earth software. This image was input in GIS software. The points were located on the image with the help of co-ordinates. Then results of sample testing area added to these points located in GIS. After it, the data was processed for spatial variability. At the end, the maps were generated by GIS showing spatial variability.

Results and Discussion

Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conductivity in groundwater samples varied from 0.07S/m to 6.04 S/m. Only 8 samples out of total 159 samples lie approximately within the permissible limit i.e 2.50 S/m. given by WHO (Appendix B). GIS analysis for the spatial variability in EC indicates that major area of Ghulam Muhammad Abad has the groundwater which has EC lower or higher than permissible limit.

Fig 4.1 Spatial Variability in EC Figure 4.1 shows the spatial variability in EC. Orange colour in the map indicates that the samples in this area are somewhat near to permissible limits. But not all the samples of this area lie under the range for drinking water given by WHO. The area of A Block and some portion of D Block lie under this range.

The area covering yellow colour in map indicate the EC lower than permissible limit. Most of the research area lies under this zone. Some area of B Block and a large area of d Block lie under this zone. Major area of C Block lies in the zone of high EC indicated by brown colour on the map. Some part of Hassan abad and B Block also lies in zone of high EC. Total Dissolved Solids: Total dissolved solids in groundwater samples varied from 309mg/L to 3530mg/L Only 2 Samples out of total 159 samples lie within the permissible limit, i.e 1000mg/L to 1500mg/L given by PSI. (Appendix B) GIS analysis for the spatial variability in TDS indicates that major area of Ghulam Muhammad Abad has the groundwater which has TDS value higher than permissible limit.

Fig 4.2

Spatial Variability in TDS

Figure 4.2 shows the spatial variability in TDS. Orange colour in the map indicates that the samples in this area have TDS value between 1415mg/L to 2172mg/L Only this zone contains Sone samples which are within the permissible limits. But not all the samples of this area lie under the range for drinking water given by PSI. The area of A Block and some portion of D Block lie under this range. The area covering yellow colour in map indicate the TDS value lower than permissible limit. This zone contains the samples which lie in the range between 658mg/L to 1415mg/L. Some portion of B Block and D Block lies under this zone. Major area of C Block lies in the zone of high TDS indicated by brown colour on the map. Some part of Hassan abad and B Block also lies in zone of high TDS i.e greater than 2172mg/L.

Total Solids: Total solids in groundwater samples varied from 400mg/L to 5200mg/L There are no guidelines given by any institution or organization For the TS value in drinking water. But the level of TS in groundwater affects other parameters such as EC and TDS. GIS analysis for the spatial variability in TS indicates that major area of Ghulam Muhammad Abad has the groundwater which has TS value much higher.

Fig 4.3 Spatial Variability in Total Solids Figure 4.3 shows the spatial variability in TS. Orange colour in the map indicates that the samples in this area have TS value between 2272mg/L to 3204mg/L. The area of Hassan abad and some portion of B Block and D Block lie under this range. The area covering yellow colour in map indicate the lower TS value. This zone contains the samples which lie in the range between 1341mg/L to 2272mg/L. A portion of A Block and some portion of B Block and D Block lies under this zone. Some area of C Block and E Block lies in the zone of high TS indicated by brown colour on the map i.e greater than 3204mg/L. Total Suspended Solids: Total suspended solids in groundwater samples varied from 3mg/L to 2222mg/L The permissible limit for TSS in drinking water is 150 mg/L given by EPA. (Appendix B). The level of TSS in groundwater affects other parameters. GIS analysis for the spatial variability in TSS indicates that major area of Ghulam Muhammad Abad has the groundwater which has TSS value of 600mg/L to 1100mg/L.

Fig 4.4 Spatial Variability in Total Suspended Solids Figure 4.4 shows the spatial variability in TSS. Orange colour in the map indicates that the samples in this area have TSS value between 653mg/L to 1107mg/L. The area of A Block and some portion of B Block and D Block lie under this range. The area covering yellow colour in map indicate the lower TSS value. This zone contains the samples which lie in the range between 199mg/L to 653mg/L. A portion of A Block, Hassan abad some portion of B Block lies under this zone. The whole area of E Block and some area of D Block lies in the zone of high TSS indicated by brown colour on the map i.e greater than 1107mg/L. References Berry, J.K., J.A. Delgado, F.J. Pierce and R. Khosla. 2005. Applying spatial analysis for precision conservation across the landscape. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 60: 363-370. Berry, J.K. 2003. Map analysis: procedures and applications in GIS modeling. BASIS Press, Fort Collins, Colorado.16 :55-63.

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). 2003. Geographic inquiry: thinking geographically. Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. Redlands, CA. USA Government of Pakistan [GOP]. 2005. National Water Policy (Draft), Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk/statistics.aspx?task=ind. website accessed on 04 March, 2011 Mahmood, S. and A. Maqbool. 2006. Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Water Quality and on the Health of Local Community in Faisalabad. Pakistan Journal of Water Resources,10: 95- 113. Nazir, A., 1995. Ground Water Resources of Pakistan. Shazad Nazir Publisher. Lahore, Pakistan, 5.:40-41. Pederick, R.L., A.G. Gault, A.G. Charnock, J.M. Polya, D.A. Lloyd. 2007. Probing the biogeochemistry of arsenic: Response of two contrasting aquifer sediments from Cambodia to stimulation by arsenate and ferric iron. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 42 :1763-1774.

Appendix B WATER QUALITY STANDARDS WHO Standards A. Bacteriological Qualities

B. Chemicals of Health Significance

C. Other Parameters

Standards Drafted by PCRWR A. Standards for Inorganic Health Related Constituents

B. Other Parameters

Pakistan Standard Institution Drinking Water Quality Standards A. Physical Requirements

B. Chemical Requirements

Maximum Acceptable Concentration. ** Maximum Allowable Concentration

C. Chemical Requirements

International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Standards A. Chemical Quality

Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards

National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents)