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Lab2FundamentalsofMATLAB
Headlines
MFiles
Operators
FlowControlStructures
Histogram
MFiles
TheMATLABsoftwareprovidesafullprogramminglanguagethatenablesyoutowriteaseries
ofMATLABstatementsintoafileandthenexecutethemwithasinglecommand.Youwriteyour
programinanordinarytextfile,givingthefileanameoffilename.m.
CreatingMFiles
Mfilesareordinarytextfilesthatyoucreateusingatexteditor.IfyouusetheMATLAB
Editor/Debugger,openanewfilebyselectingNew>MFilefromtheFilemenuatthetopofthe
MATLABCommandWindow.
TypesofMFiles
Scripts:
Areusefulforautomatingaseriesofstepsyouneedtoperformmanytimes.
Donotacceptinputargumentsorreturnoutputarguments.
StorevariablesinaworkspacethatissharedwithotherscriptsandwiththeMATLAB
commandlineinterface.
Functions:
AreusefulforextendingtheMATLABlanguageforyourapplication.
Canacceptinputargumentsandreturnoutputarguments.
Storevariablesinaworkspaceinternaltothefunction.

function [out1 out2] = fun_name(in1,in2)

out1 = in1 + in2;
out2 = (in1 + in2)/2;
end
Operators
ArithmeticOperators
MATLABhastwodifferenttypesofarithmeticoperations.Matrixarithmeticoperationsare

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definedbytherulesoflinearalgebra.Arrayarithmeticoperationsarecarriedoutelementby
element.Thedot(.)characterdistinguishesarrayoperationsfrommatrixoperations.

Exercise:
Writeafunctiontakeaimagenameasinputparameteranddisplaythenegativeofthisimage.
RelationalandLogicalOperators
Theseoperatorscompare(orperformlogicaloperationon)correspondingelementsofarraysof
equaldimensionselementbyelement,andproducealogicalarray.

Operator Name
& AND
| OR
~ NOT
< Less than
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal
== Equal to
~= Not equal to

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Exercise:
MatrixA=[
S S 7
2 S 8

ReturnAelementswhichare>4
SomeImportantVariablesandConstants

FlowControl
MATLABprovidestheconventionalflowcontrolstatementsneededinstructuredprogramming.
KeepinmindthatMATLABtreatsalogical1oranynonzeronumberastrue and0asfalse.

if,else,andelseif
if logical_expression1
statements1
elseif logical_expression2
statements2
else
statements3
end

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for
for index = start:increment:end
statements
end
while
while expression
statements
end
switch,case,andotherwise
switch expression %(scalar or string)
case value1
statements1 % Executes if expression is value1
case {value2, value3,}
statements2 % Executes if expression is value2
otherwise
statements3 % Executes if expression does not
% match any case
end
VectorizingLoops
TheMATLABsoftwareusesamatrixlanguage,whichmeansitisdesignedforvectorandmatrix
operations.YoucanoftenspeedupyourMfilecodebyusingvectorizingalgorithmsthattake
advantageofthisdesign.Vectorizationmeansconvertingforandwhileloopstoequivalent
vectorormatrixoperations.SimpleExampleofVectorizingHereisonewaytocomputethesine
of10001valuesrangingfrom0to10:

tic %Start timing

i = 0;
for t = 0:0.01:100
i = i + 1;
y(i) = sin(t);
end
t1=toc; %End timing
Avectorizedversionofthesamecodeis
tic %Start timing
t = 0:0.01:100;
y = sin(t);
t2=toc; %End timing
%Compute the ratio of the two times
rt = t1/(t2+eps); %Use eps in case t2 is close to 0

ThesecondexampleexecutesmuchfasterthanthefirstandisthewayMATLABismeanttobe
used.TestthisonyoursystembycreatingMfilescriptsthatcontainthecodeshown,andthen
usingthetic andtoc functionstotimetheMfiles.

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Histogramprocessing
ThehistogramofadigitalimagewithI possibleintensitylevelsintherange[0G]isdefinedasa
discretefunctionwithI points:
b(r
k
) = n
k

Where:r
k
isthek
th
intensityinrange|u 0];
n
k
isthenumberofpixelswiththisintensity.

imhist(f, b);
h = imhist(f, b); %Store histogram in h
Where:f isinputimage,
b isthenumberofbinsintheoutput(default256)

Exercise:
Howmanypixelshaveintensityintherange[0,32]incameraman.tif?