The following list of Roman Governors is culled from volume 1 of Emil Shrer's "History of the Jewish People in the

Time of Jesus Christ", revised by Geza Vermes and Fergus Miller, with Matthew Black, 1973. Known Governors of Syria from the times of Octavian/Augustus to the end of the period covered by Acts: *Q. Didius, 30 BC *M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, 29 BC *M. Tullius Cicero, 29-27 BC? (27-25 BC)? *(M. Terentius?) Varro, 24-23 BC? *M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 23-13 BC *M. Titius, c. 10 BC *C. Sentius Saturninus, ?10/9-?7/6 BC *P. Quinctilius Varus, 7/6-4 BC *? L. Calpernius Piso, ? c. 4-1 BC The much discussed acephalous inscription from Tibur (ILS 918) does not show an earlier governorship of Syria by P. Sulpicius Quirinius (see below), and may well, as has been argued in recent years (Syme, Roman Revolution, p. 398; B. M. Levick, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor (1967), pp. 208-9), relate tp L. Calpernius Piso, the pontifex, consul in 15 B.C. (Shurer-Vermes-Miller-Black, JPTJC, p258) *(? P. Sulpicius Quirinius ? 4-2 BC) It has often been argued that P. Sulpicius Quirinius was twice legatus of Syria, once from about A.D. 6 (see below), and once earlier. The case for the latter rests on (a) Luke 2:1 ..., which thus seems (cf. Luke 1:5) to date a Roman census conducted by Quirinius to the lifetime of Herod the Great; hence, such a census, and a governorship of Quirinius, would have to be an earlier one than that of A.D. 6, in which year he also conducted a census both of Syria and the newly absorbed province of Judea. This thesis has seemed to be supported by the inscription from Tibur (ILS 918) which records, int. al. that the unnamed senator whose career is inscribed [legatus pr. pr] divi Augusti iterum Syriam et Ph[oenicem optinuit]. In spite of the recent doubts of A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament (1963), pp. 163-4, this will, however, mean not that the man was twice legatus of Syria, but that his second legateship was that of Syria. The inscription more probably relates to L. Calpurnius Piso (see above). There is no good reason to think that Quirinius was governor of Syria at any time before A.D. 6. During the war which he fought against the Homonadenses (Strabo xii 6, 5 (567); Tac. Ann. iii 49), probably in the period c. 4-3 B.C., he was probably legatus of Galatia-Pamphylia, not of Syria (see Levick, Roman Colonies, pp. 203-14). (ShurerVermes-Miller-Black, JPTJC, pp. 258-9) *(? C. Iulius Caesar, 1 BC-AD4) (the grandson of Augustus) *L. Volusius Saturninus, AD 4-5 *P. Sulpicius Quirinius, AD 6-?? After the banishment of Archelaus, the ethnarch of Judea, in A.D. 6, P. Sulpicius Quirinius travelled to Syria and immediately after his arrival undertook a census of Judea (Jos. Ant. xvii 13,5 (355); xviii 1,1 ; 2,1 (26); referred to in Luke 2:1; see above and pp. 399-427). How long he remained governor cannot be determined. (Shurer-Vermes-Miller-Black, JPTJC, p259) *Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 12-17 *Cn Calpurnius Piso, AD 17-19

*Cn Sentius Saturninus, AD 19-21 *L. Aelius Lamia, ??-AD 32 *L. Pomponius Flaccus, AD 32-35 (?) *L. Vitellius, AD 35-39? (this is the father of the future emperor Vitellius) *P. Petronius, AD 39?-41/2 (this is the famous Governor who resisted implimenting Gaius plan to erect his statue in the Jewish Temple until after his assasination, thus preventing a revolt, the story of which is nowhere even hinted at in Acts account of this same period) *C. Vibius Marsus, AD 41/2-44/5 *C. Cassius Longinus, AD 44/5-c. 50 *Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 50-60 *Cn Domitius Corbulo, AD 60-63 *C. Cestius Gallus, AD ?63-66 High Priests: Appointed by Herod the Great (37 BC - 4 BC) 1. Ananel (37 BC - 36 BC) 2. Aristobolus the last Hasmonean (35 BC) a. Ananel for 2nd time (34 BC - ?) 3. Jesus son of Phiabi (no date) 4. Simon son of Boethus (possibly Boethus himself, no date) 5. Matthias son of Theophilus (5 BC - 4 BC) 6. Joseph son of Ellem (maybe for a day to perform a function for an unclean Matthias) 7. Joazar son of Boethus (4 BC) Appointed by Archelaus (4 BC AD 6) 8. Eleazar son of Boethus (4BC - ?) 9. Jesus son of See (no date) a. Joazar for a 2nd time (no date) Appointed by Quirinius (AD 6) 10. Ananus (or Annas) son of Sethi (AD 6 AD 15) Appointed by Valerius Gratus (AD 15 AD 26) 11. Ismael son of Phiabi (ca. AD 15 AD 16) 12. Eleazar son of Ananus (ca. AD 16 AD 17) 13. Simon son of Camithus (ca. AD 17 AD 18) 14. Joseph surnamed Caiaphas, son in law of Anna/Ananus (ca. AD 18 AD 36) Appointed by Vitellius (AD 35 AD 39) 15. Jonathan son of Ananus (AD 36 AD 37) also played a role in affairs of 50-52 before being assassinated at instigation of procurator Felix 16. Theophilus son of Ananus (AD 37 - ?) Appointed by Agrippa I (AD 41 AD 44) 17. Simon Cantheras son of Boethus (AD 41 - ?)

18. Matthias son of Ananus (no date) 19. Elionaeus son of Cantheras (no date) Appointed by Herod of Chalcis (AD 44 - AD 48) 20. Joseph son of Camei (or Camydus) (no date) 21. Ananias son of Nedebaeus (ca. AD 47 AD 59) Appointed by Agrippa II (AD 50 AD 92/93?) 22. Ismael son of Phiabi (ca. AD 59 AD 61) 23. Joseph Cabi son of HP Simon (AD 61 AD 62) 24. Ananus son of Ananus (AD 62 for 3 months) 25. Jesus son of Damnaeus (ca. AD 62 AD 63) 26. Jesus son of Gamaliel (ca. AD 63 AD 64) 27. Matthias son of Theophilus (AD 65 - ?) Appointed by the people during the War (AD 67/68) 28. Phannias/Phanni/Phanasos son of Samuel =============================================================== Emperor: Octavian (Augustus) 31 BC - AD14 * * * * * * * * * * * Governor of Syria: Q. Didius, 30 BC M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, 29 BC M. Tullius Cicero, 29 - 27? BC (27 - 25 BC)? Unknown, 27? - 24 BC (M. Terentius?) Varro, 24 23 BC M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 13 BC Unknown, 13 - c. 10 BC M. Titius, c. 10 BC C. Sentius Saturninus, 10/9? - 7/6? BC P. Quinctilius Varus, 7/6 - 4 BC L. Calpernius Piso, ? c. 4 1 BC (P. Sulpicius Quirinius?, 4 2 BC) (C. Iulius Caesar?, 1 BCAD4) L. Volusius Saturninus, AD 4-5 Judea-Samaria-Idumea: Herod the Great, King, not subject to Governor of Syria N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Archelaus, Ethnarch, not subject to Governor of Syria N/A N/A N/A

-------------* * * Tiberius AD 14 - 37 * * * * * * * * * Gaius (Caligula) AD 37 41 * Claudius AD 41 - 54 * -------------* * * * * * Nero AD 54 - 68

-------------P. Sulpicius Quirinius, AD 6 - ?? Uncertain Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 12 14 Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 14 17 * Cn Calpurnius Piso, AD 17 - 19 Cn Sentius Saturninus, AD 19 - 21 Unsure Unsure L. Aelius Lamia, ?? - AD 32 L. Pomponius Flaccus, AD 32 - 35? L. Vitellius, AD 35 - 37 * L. Vitellius, AD 37 - 39? P. Petronius, AD 39? - 41 P. Petronius, AD 41 - 42? C. Vibius Marsus, AD 41? or 42 - 44 -------------Either C. Vibius Marsus or C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 - c. 50 * * Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 50 - 54 * Ummidius Durmius

Prefect (Governor) of Judea, Samaria and Idumea: Coponius AD 6 - 9 M. Ambivius AD 9 - 12 (?) Annius Rufus AD 12 - 14 Annius Rufus AD 14 - 15 (?) Valerius Gratus AD 15 - 17 Valerius Gratus AD 17 - 19 Valerius Gratus AD 19 - 21 Valerius Gratus AD 22 - 26 Pontius Pilate AD 26 - ?? Pontius Pilate AD ?? - 32 Pontius Pilate AD 32 - 35 Pontius Pilate AD 35 - 36 Marcellus AD 36 - 37 Marullus AD 37 - 39? Marullus AD 39? - 41 (?) Not Sure, AD 41 - 42? None (Judea-SamariaIdumea given to King Agrippa I) AD 41 - 44 Procurator (Governor) of Judea, Samaria and Idumea: C. Cuspius Fadus AD 44 45 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 45 46 Tiberius Julius Alexander, AD 46 - 48 Ventidius Cumanus, AD 48 - c. 50 Ventidius Cumanus, AD 50 - 52 M. Antonius Felix, AD 52 54 M. Antonius Felix, AD 54 -

Quadratus, AD 54 - 60 Cn Domitius Corbulo, AD 60 - 63 C. Cestius Gallus, AD 63? 66 * -------------Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me

* * -------------* Galba/Otho/Vitellius, AD 69 Vespasian, AD 69 - 79

* Titus, AD 79-81 Domitian, AD 81 - 96 * Nerva, AD 96 - 98 Trajan, AD 98 - 117 * *

Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me

* * * * Hadrian, AD 117 - 138 * *

Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me Not Available To Me

60 Porcius Festus, AD 60-62 (?) Lucceius Albinus, AD 62 (?) - 63 Lucceius Albinus, AD 63 64 Gessius Florus, AD 64 - 66 Military Governor of Judea, Samaria and Idumea: Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 67 - 68 Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 69 Lucilius Bassus, AD 69 73; L. Laberius Maximus was his Procurator, AD ?? - ?? L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 73/74 - 79 L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 79 - 81 Cn. Pompeius Longinus, AD 86 Sex. Hermetidus Campanus, AD 93 Unknown Cl(audius) Pater(nus) Clement(ianus), late 1st century AD Agnitus, early 2nd century AD Atticus [Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes?], AD 99/100? - 102/103? [but AD 107 per Eusebius] C. Iulius Quadratus Bassus, ca. AD 102/3 - 104/5 Q. Roscius Coelius Pompieus Falco, ca. AD 105 - 107. [C. Avidius Ceionius Commodus], after AD 102 Tiberianus (?), ca. AD 114 Lucius Quietus, ca. AD 117 Q. Tineius Rufus, AD 132 C. Quinctius Certius

* Antoninus Pius, AD 138 161 Marcus Aurelius, AD 161 180

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Publicius Marcellus, c. AD 133 - 135. (Cn. Minicius Faustinus) Sex. iulius Severus, AD 135 Not Available To Me Not Available To Me

================================================================ Emperor Governor of Syria Governor of Judea/Samaria/Idumea (where applicable) Octavian (Augustus) 31 BC - AD14 Q. Didius, 30 BC M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, 29 BC M. Tullius Cicero, 29 - 27 BC? (or 27 - 25 BC?) (M. Terentius?) Varro, 24 - 23 BC M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 - 13 BC M. Titius, c. 10 BC C. Sentius Saturninus, 10/9? - 7/6? BC P. Quinctilius Varus, 7/6 - 4 BC ? L. Calpernius Piso, c. 4? - 1? BC (? P. Sulpicius Quirinius 4? - 2? BC) (? C. Iulius Caesar, 1 BC - AD4) L. Volusius Saturninus, AD 4 - 5 P. Sulpicius Quirinius, AD 6 - ?? Coponius AD 6 - 9 M. Ambivius AD 9 - 12? Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 12 - 14 Annius Rufus AD 12 - 14 Tiberius AD 14 - 37 Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 14 - 17 Annius Rufus AD 14 - 15? Valerius Gratus AD 15 - 17 Cn Calpurnius Piso, AD 17 - 19 Valerius Gratus AD 17 - 19 Cn Sentius Saturninus, AD 19 - 21 Valerius Gratus AD 19 - 21 Unknown, AD 21 - 26?? Valerius Gratus AD 22 - 26 Pontius Pilate AD 26 - ?? L. Aelius Lamia, ?? - AD 32 Pontius Pilate AD ?? - 32 L. Pomponius Flaccus, AD 32 - 35? Pontius Pilate AD 32 - 35

L. Vitellius, AD 35 - 37 Pontius Pilate AD 35 - 36 Marcellus AD 36 - 37 Gaius (Caligula) AD 37 - 41 L. Vitellius, AD 37 - 39? Marullus AD 37 - 39? P. Petronius, AD 39? - 41 Marullus AD 39 - 41? Claudius AD 41 - 54 P. Petronius, AD 41 - 42? Marullus AD 41? Unknown, AD 42? C. Vibius Marsus, AD 41/42 - 44 None (Judea-Samaria-Idumea given to King Agrippa I) AD 41 - 44 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 44 Either C. Vibius Marsus or C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 45 C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 - c. 50 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 45 - 46 Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 50 - 54 Tiberius Julius Alexander, AD 46 - 48 Ventidius Cumanus, AD 48 - 52 M. Antonius Felix, AD 52 - 54 Nero AD 54 - 68 Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 54 - 60 M. Antonius Felix, AD 54 - 60 Cn Domitius Corbulo, AD 60-63 Porcius Festus, AD 60-62? Lucceius Albinus, AD 62? - 63 C. Cestius Gallus, AD 63 - 66 Lucceius Albinus, AD 63 - 64 Gessius Florus, AD 64 - 66 Due to war, Judea/Samaria/IdumeaGoverned independently of Syria Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 67 - 68 Galba/Otho/Vitellius, AD 69 Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 69 Vespasian, AD 69 - 79 Lucilius Bassus, AD 69 - 73; L. Laberius Maximus was his Procurator, AD ?? - ?? L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 73/74 - 79 Titus, AD 79-81 L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 79 - 81 Domitian, AD 81 - 96 Cn. Pompeius Longinus, AD 86 Sex. Hermetidus Campanus, AD 93 Nerva, AD 96 - 98 Trajan, AD 98 - 117 Cl(audius) Pater(nus) Clement(ianus), late 1st century AD

Agnitus, early 2nd century AD Atticus [Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes?], AD 99/100? - 102/103? [but AD 107 per Eusebius] C. Iulius Quadratus Bassus, ca. AD 102/3 - 104/5 Q. Roscius Coelius Pompieus Falco, ca. AD 105 - 107 [C. Avidius Ceionius Commodus], after AD 102 Tiberianus (?), ca. AD 114 Hadrian, AD 117 - 138 Lucius Quietus, ca. AD 117 Q. Tineius Rufus, AD 132 C. Quinctius Certius Publicius Marcellus, ca AD 133 - 135 (Cn. Minicius Faustinus) Sex. Iulius Severus, AD 135 Antoninus Pius, AD 138 - 161 Marcus Aurelius, AD 161 - 180 ================================================================ All, I've been working on a chart that integrates the list of Governors of Syria in Schurer's "The History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ" with the list of Governors of Judea/Samaria/Idumea in J. P. Meier's "A Marginal Jew". I'd like comments about the accuracy and completeness of the following chart. It repeats each Prefect, Procurator or Governor during each change of superior, assuming they obtained some sort of confirmation of their position. Emperor Governor of Syria Governor of Judea/Samaria/Idumea (where applicable) Octavian (Augustus) 31 BC - AD14 Q. Didius, 30 BC M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, 29 BC M. Tullius Cicero, 29 - 27 BC? (27 - 25 BC)? (M. Terentius?) Varro, 24 - 23 BC M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 23 - 13 BC M. Titius, c. 10 BC C. Sentius Saturninus, 10/9? - 7/6? BC P. Quinctilius Varus, 7/6 - 4 BC L. Calpernius Piso?, c. 4 - 1 BC (P. Sulpicius Quirinius?, 4 - 2 BC) (C. Iulius Caesar?, 1 BC-AD4) L. Volusius Saturninus, AD 4 - 5 P. Sulpicius Quirinius, AD 6 - ?? Coponius AD 6 - 9 Prefects from this point M. Ambivius AD 9 - 12? Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 12 - 14 Annius Rufus AD 12 - 14

Tiberius AD 14 - 37 Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silannus, AD 14 - 17 Annius Rufus AD 14 - 15? Valerius Gratus AD 15 - 17 Cn Calpurnius Piso, AD 17 - 19 Valerius Gratus AD 17 - 19 Cn Sentius Saturninus, AD 19 - 21 Valerius Gratus AD 19 - 21 Unknown, AD 21 - ?? Valerius Gratus AD 21 - 26 Pontius Pilate AD 26 - ?? L. Aelius Lamia, ?? - AD 32 Pontius Pilate AD ?? - 32 L. Pomponius Flaccus, AD 32 - 35? Pontius Pilate AD 32 - 35 L. Vitellius, AD 35 - 37 Pontius Pilate AD 36 Marcellus AD 36 - 37 Gaius (Caligula) AD 37 - 41 L. Vitellius, AD 37 - 39? Marullus AD 37 - 39 P. Petronius, AD 39? - 41 Marullus AD 39 - 41? Claudius AD 41 - 54 P. Petronius, AD 42? C. Vibius Marsus, AD 41/42? - 44 None (Judea-Samaria-Idumea given to King Agrippa I) AD 41 - 44 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 44 Procurators from this point Either C. Vibius Marsus or C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 45 C. Cassius Longinus, AD 45 - c. 50 C. Cuspius Fadus AD 45 - 46 Tiberius Julius Alexander, AD 46 - 48 Ventidius Cumanus, AD 48 - 50 Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 50 - 54 Ventidius Cumanus, AD 50 - 52 M. Antonius Felix, AD 52 - 54 Nero AD 54 - 68 Ummidius Durmius Quadratus, AD 54 - 60 M. Antonius Felix, AD 54 - 60 Cn Domitius Corbulo, AD 60-63 Porcius Festus, AD 60-62? Lucceius Albinus, AD 62? - 63 C. Cestius Gallus, AD 63? - 66 Lucceius Albinus, AD 63 - 64 Gessius Florus, AD 64 - 66 Judea/Samaria/Idumea Governed independently of Syria Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 67 - 68

Galba/Otho/Vitellius, AD 69 Sex. Vellunius Cerialis, AD 69 Vespasian, AD 69 - 79 Lucilius Bassus, AD 69 - 73; L. Laberius Maximus was his Procurator, AD ?? - ?? L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 73 or 74 - 79 Titus, AD 79-81 L. Flavius Silva Nonius Bassus, AD 79 - 81 Domitian, AD 81 - 96 Cn. Pompeius Longinus, AD 86 Sex. Hermetidus Campanus, AD 93 Nerva, AD 96 - 98 Unknown Trajan, AD 98 - 117 Cl(audius) Pater(nus) Clement(ianus), late 1st century AD Agnitus, early 2nd century AD Atticus [Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes?], AD 99/100? - 102/103? [but AD 107 per Eusebius] C. Iulius Quadratus Bassus, ca. AD 102/3 - 104/5 Q. Roscius Coelius Pompieus Falco, ca. AD 105 - 107. Unnamed [possibly C. Avidius Ceionius Commodus], after AD 102 (Tiberianus?, ca. AD 114) Hadrian, AD 117 - 138 Lucius Quietus, ca. AD 117 Q. Tineius Rufus, AD 132 C. Quinctius Certius Publicius Marcellus, ca AD 133 - 135. (Cn. Minicius Faustinus) Sex. iulius Severus, AD 135 Antoninus Pius, AD 138 - 161 Marcus Aurelius, AD 161 - 180 David C Hindley