What is GPRS?

Definition: GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service and is a second generation (2G) and third generation (3G)--or sometimes refered to as in-between both generations, 2.5G--wireless data service that extends GSM data capabilities for Internet access, multimedia messaging services, and early mobile Internet applications via the wireless application protocol (WAP), as well as other wireless data services. GPRS was one of the earliest cell phone data access technologies, and more widespread particularly in Europe and Asia, though it was adopted by carriers in North America, such as Rogers in Canada and T-Mobile in the US. 2G (second generation) GPRS service had data rates of 56-114 kbit/second--akin to dial-up modem speeds. GPRS wireless networks were later enhance faster 3G (third generation) throughput speeds. TMobile's EDGE (enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution), for example, delivers up to 4 times the GPRS rate.
Both GPRS and Edge, however, are quickly being surpassed by even faster 4G (fourth generation) mobile data networks.

Examples: GPRS, which refers to a mobile or wireless data service, is not the same as GPS, which refers to geo-location. GPRS data networks enable users to access Web data and rich content from their cell phones.

2. what is cdma communication system

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.

What is Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)? Also see CDMA One, CDMA2000, and W-CDMA.

CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital Learn More

Telecom Routing and Switching Telecom Network Management Telecom Resources

conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult. The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and Wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster.

Getting started with CDMA To explore how CDMA is used in the enterprise, here are additional resources: CDMA and GSM: What's the difference?: The differences between the two competing cell phone technologies are discussed in this article. The piece was inspired by a Brighthand.com reader's question. 3G: The CDMA alternative : CDMA2000 is a third-generation (3G) mobile wireless technology that can support mobile data communications at speeds ranging from 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps. This column discusses the history and specifications of CDMA and explores its benefits. Ericsson's Nortel LTE, CDMA win gives it 4G advantage: Ericsson's winning bid for Nortel's CDMA and LTE business gives it a launchpad into the early North American 4G market and

leaves loser Nokia Siemens Networks in a tricky position.

3. Which Modulation is used in CDMA?

Ofdm (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)

What is OSS

Operations support systemOperations support systems (also called operational support systems or OSS) are computer systems used by telecommunications service providers. The term OSS most frequently describes "network systems" dealing with the telecom network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory, provisioning services, configuring network components, and managing faults. The complementary term business support systems or BSS is a newer term and typically refers to business systems dealing with customers, supporting processes such as taking orders, processing bills, and collecting payments. The two systems together are often abbreviated OSS/BSS, BSS/OSS or simply B/OSS. Different subdivisions of the BSS/OSS systems are made, depending on whether they follow the TM Forum's diagrams and terminology, industry research institutions or BSS/OSS vendors own view. Nevertheless in general, an OSS covers at least the application areas:

Network management systems Service delivery Service fulfillment, including the network inventory, activation and provisioning Service assurance Customer care

What is BSS