Gemini Communication Ltd.

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Basics of RF Technology
Ref. 1020005100

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RF Modulation Techniques

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A transmitter transmit radio signal

Transmitter

A transmitter usually has a power supply, an oscillator, a modulator, and amplifiers

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Transmitter

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A receiver Receiver receives a is a device that radio signal from an antenna and decodes the signal for use Generally, receiver refers to a demodulator, a preamplifier, and a power amplifier

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Receiver

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Modulation Modulation is the process of varying some characteristics of a carrier

signal, in accordance with the instantaneous value of the information signal The three parameters of a sinusoid signal are its amplitude, its phase and its frequency Any of them can be varied in accordance with an information signal to obtain the modulated signal

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Analog Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB)
Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

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Amplitude of a carrier wave is varied

Amplitude Modulation

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Frequency Modulation

Frequency of a carrier wave is varied

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Phase Modulation
Phase of a carrier wave is varied

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Pulse Modulation
These are hybrid of digital and analogue techniques Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

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Pulse Code Modulation

A digital representation of an analog signal The signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals Then quantized to a series of symbols in a binary code Several PCM streams may be multiplexed into a larger aggregate data stream This is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation

PAM involves the modulation of amplitude of the carrier pulses

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Pulse Width Modulation

PWM involves the modulation of duty cycle of the carrier pulses

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Pulse Position Modulation

PPM involves the modulation of position of the carrier pulses

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Digital Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)

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Amplitude Shift Keying

ASK conveys data by changing the amplitude of a carrier wave

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Phase Shift Keying

PSK conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier wave

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

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Frequency Shift Keying

FSK conveys data by changing the frequency of a carrier wave

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Minimum Shift Keying

MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quaternary components Instead of square pulses, MSK encodes each bit as a half sinusoid

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Binary Sequence sI(t) sQ(t) sI(t) cos(2fct) sQ(t) sin(2fct) Modulated Signal s(t)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QAM conveys data by changing the amplitudes of two carrier waves out of phase with each other by 90

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Continuous Phase Modulation

In PSK, the carrier phase abruptly resets to zero at the start of every pulse With CPM the carrier phase is modulated in a continuous manner Continuous Phase FSK is a variation of FSK The phase of a CPFSK remains continuous Desirable for signals to be transmitted over a band-limited channel Discontinuities in a signal introduce wideband frequency components

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Channel Access Methods

To share a communications channel between multiple users Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS SS) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FH SS)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

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Frequency Division Multiple Access

Different users use different frequency to transmit simultaneously

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Time Division Multiple Access

Different users use different time slots to transmit

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Code Division Multiple Access

Different users use different codes to transmit simultaneously

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Spread Spectrum
Here, the information is deliberately spread over a wide band of frequencies Employs direct sequence or frequency hopping, which can be used for multiple access Decreases the potential interference to other receivers while achieving privacy The receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve the original information signal

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Utilizes a digital code sequence (PN Sequences) This code has a chip rate much higher than the information signal bit rate Each information bit is transmitted as a pseudorandom sequence of chips To recover the original data, the same PN Sequence is multiplied to the received signal

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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

A method of transmitting signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels This uses a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver Highly resistant to noise and interference Difficult to intercept

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Carrier verifies the absence of other trafficAccess on a A transmitter Sense Multiple before transmitting
shared physical medium

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
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Duplex
Duplex means two way A simplex channel is a one way channel A half duplex channel carries information in both directions, but not at the same time A full duplex channel carries information in both directions simultaneously Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal subcarriers The base-band data on each sub-carrier is independently modulated This composite base-band signal is typically used to modulate a main RF carrier

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OFDM

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OFDM

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

As the frequencies are closely spaced, each one has room for a Narrowband signal This results in a signal with high resistance to interference OFDM is used in conjunction with channel coding (error correction technique) COFDM signals show good resistance to multi-path fading

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Thank You
Contact : info@gcl.in
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