AP US History 1st Semester Exam

1. Enclosure movement: For many years peasants enjoyed a secure hold on their plots of land. But in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, landlords sought profits by raising sheep for the expanding trade in wool and introducing more modern farming practices such as crop rotation. They evicted small farmers and fenced in commons previously open to all. While many landlords, farmers, and town merchants benefited from the enclosure movement, as this process was called, thousands of persons were uprooted from the land. 2. Reason for going to the New World: Colonial period of American History is when four continentsNorth America, South America, Europe and Africawere suddenly thrown into contact with one another. It was not, however, a desire for freedom that drove early European explorations of North and South America. Contact b/w Europe and the Americas began as a byproduct of the quest for a sea route for trade with Asia. But quickly became a contest for power b/w rival empires, who moved to conquer, colonize, and exploit the resources of the New World. Escape govt Religious motives/ Flee religious persecution Political refugees Find sea route to Asia Economic opportunities Start fresh and creating new govt Until about 1820 many European countries were reluctant to meet the cost of keeping people in jail, so sometimes people were given the option of going to the New World instead of going to prison. Overpopulation Escape diseases 3. Mercantilism: Throughout the colonial period, most Europeans who thought about economics at all subscribed to a theory called mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade (that is, exporting more than you import) and the control of specie(hard currency, such as coins). Colonies, they felt, were important mostly for economics reasons, which explains why the British considered their colonies in the West Indies that produced sugar and other valuable commodities to be more important than their American colonies. According to prevailing theory known as mercantilism, the govt should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. It should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures. Above all, trade should be controlled so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. In mercantilist outlook, the role of colonies was to serve the interests of the mother country by

producing marketable raw materials and importing manufactured goods from home. 4. English, Spanish, and French colonization practices English: The first experience that the English had with colonization was establishing colonies in Ireland in the 1560s and 1570s. Here they developed many assumptions that later colonists would carry with them to the Americas. The English considered the Irish to be wild, ignorant and vicious savages who didnt speak English and who fought back against the English fiercely. The English decided that these were not a people to be tamed or assimilated, instead the goal was to suppress and isolate them and established in Ireland a transplantation of English society populated by the English plantations. So, when the English established societies in the New World, they carried many of the same assumptions that they had learned in Ireland. Their goal was to be a totally separate society from native peoples. They wanted colonies to be populated as much as possible by the English. The English traded with natives, sometimes fought with natives and occasionally even allied with the natives but always considered natives to be the other Spanish: The Spanish focused to a great extent on extracting wealth from their colonies as well as converting natives. Unlike the English, the Spanish wanted to rule over their holdings, and did not focus on populating them heavily with Spaniards. In most Spanish colonies, European men outnumbered European women by 10:1 and some native peoples saw advantages to intermarrying with the Spanishthis was a way of making alliances in some native cultures. French: The French never sent as many settlers to the New World as the English but they were able to exercise considerable influence in the New World by forging alliances with native peoples. Unlike the English, who for many years hugged the coastline and traded with interior natives through intermediaries, the French forged direct, close ties with natives deep inside the continent. French Jesuits missionaries were among the first to penetrate many Indian societies. They also depended on Indian for fur trade. 5. Metizos: With the population of Spanish women remaining low, the intermixing of the colonial and Indian peoples soon began. As early as 1514, the Spanish govt formally approved of such marriages, partly as a way of bringing Christianity to the native population. By 1600, metizos(person of mixed origin) made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America. 6. Missions: The Catholic Church played an important role in the spanish colonies. Spain decreed that Catholicism must be the only religion of its new territories in the Americas. By the early 17th century, the most common type of settlement in the Spanish colonies was the mission. The missions had commercial side but thjeir primary focus was on converting natives Catholicism.

7. Encomiendas and Repartimiento system: In 1550, Spain abolished the encomienda system and in its placed established the repartiento system. Encomienda system: under which the first settlers had been granted authority over conqured Indian lands with the right to extact forced labor from the native inhabitants. Repartiento system: whereby residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still rqd to perform a fixed amt of labor each year 8. Popes Rebellion(Pueblo Revolt): Pope Rebellion occurred when the Spanish destroyed Indian sacred things and try to enforce Catholicism by force. The Pueblo Revolt was the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only wholesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America. The victorious Pueblos turned with a vengeance on all symbols of European culture, uprooting fruits trees, destroying cattle, burning churches and images of Christ and the Virgin Mary, and wading into river to wash away their catholic baptisms. 9. Coureur de bois: The fur trade was very important in New France but in many ways it was more an Indian than a French enterprise. The courers de bois(French fur traders and trappers) were in many ways little more than agents for the Algonquians and the Huron. The level of success of the French in the New World was often dependent on the degree to which they could form partnerships with natives, so many coureurs de bois lived among the natives and adopted native dress and customs and often married native wives. 10. The nature of slavery in Africa Slavery in Africa long predated the coming of Europeans. Traditionally, Arican slaves tended to be criminals, debtors, and captives in war. They worked within the households of their owners and had well-defined rights, such a spossessing property and marrying free persons. It was not uncommon for African slaves to acquire their freedom. Slavery was one of several forms of labor, not the basis of economy as it would become in large parts of the New World. 11. Chattel slavery: Chattel slavery, so named because people are treated as the personal property, chattels, of an owner and are bought and sold as commodities, is the original form of slavery. It is the least prevalent form of slavery today. 12. Columbian Exchange: The transatlantic flow of goods and people, sometimes called the Columbian Exchange, reversed millions of years of evolution. Plants, animals, and cultures that had evolved independently on separate continents were now thrown together. Products introduced to Europe from American include corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and cotton, while tot eh New World from the Old came wheat, rice, sugar cane, horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep. European also brought germs. 13. Jamestown:

The English did not try again until 1606, when they settled Jamestown. Jamestown was funded by a joint-stock company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the company, a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king. The company was called the Virginia company (named for the Virgin Queen Elizabeth), from which the area around Jamestown took its name. The Jamestown colony nearly went the way of the Lost Colony. The settlers, many of them English gentlemen, were ill-suited to the many adjustments life in the New World. The early history of Jamestown was, to say the least, not promising. The colonys leadership changed repeatedly, its inhabitants suffered an extraordinarily high death rate, and, with the inadequate. Jamestown lay beside a swamp containing malaria carrying mosquitoes, and the garbage settlers dumped into the local river bred germs that caused dysentery and typhoid fever. 14. The Covenant: All puritans believed they had a covenant with God, and the concept of covenants was central to their entire philosophy, in both political and religious terms. Government was to be a covenant among the people; work was to serve a communal ideal, and, of course, the true church (that is, the Puritan church) was always to be served. This is why both the Separatists and the Congregationalists did not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies, even though both had experienced and fled religious persecution. 15. The Iroquois: In eastern North America, hundreds of tribes inhabited towns and villages scattered from the Gulf of Mexico to present day Canada. Tribes frequently warred with one another to obtain goods, seize captives, or take revenge for the killing of relatives. They conducted diplomacy and made peace. Little in the ways of centralized authority existed until, in the fifteenth century, various leagues of confederation emerged in an effort o bring order to local regions. Five Iroquois peoples, each year a Great Council, with representatives from the five groupings, met to coordinate behavior toward outsiders. Later on in last quarter of the seventeenth century the role of the Iroquois in providing essential military aid to the colonists helped to solidify their developing alli8ance with the government of New York. Iroquois balance of power diplomacy. British. 16. Roger Williams: One of major incidents during the first half of the 17th century demonstrated Puritan religious intolerance. Roger Williams, a teacher in the Salem Bay settlement, taught a number of controversial principles, among them that church and state should be separate. The Puritans banished Williams, who subsequently moved to modern-day Rhode Island and founded a new colony. 17. Rhode Island: Williams moved to modern-day Rhode Island and founded a new colony. Rhode Islands charter allowed for the free exercise of religion, and it did not rqd voters to be church members.

18. Separatists: One Puritan group called Separatists(b/c they were so appalled at the corruption of the English church that they had abandoned it) left England around this time 16th century. First they went to Holland, but ultimately decided to start fresh in the New World. In 1620 they set sail for Virginia, but their ship, the Mayflower, went off course and they landed in modern-day Massachusetts. B/C winter was approaching, they decided to settler where they had landed. This settlement was called Plymouth. 19. Quakers: A number of followers of Anne Hutchinson became Quakers, one of the sects that sprang up in England during the Civil War. Quakers held that the spirit of God dwelled within every individual, not just the elect, and that this inner light, rather than the Bible or teachings of the clergy, offered the surest guidance in spiritual matters. When Quakers appeared in Mass, colonial officals had them whipped, fined, and banished. Charles II also gave New Jersey to a couple of friends, who in turn sold it off to investors, many of whom were Quakers. Ultimately, the Quakers received their own colony. William Penn, a Quaker, was a close friend of King Charles II, and Charles granted Penn what became Pennsylvania.

1. Puritans: The term "Puritan" first began as a taunt or insult applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. Although the word is often applied loosely, "Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: a. Separatist: "separating" Puritans, such as the Plymouth colonists,
who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it

b. Non-separatist: Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in reform but not separation. Most Massachusetts colonists were nonseparating Puritans who wished to reform the established church, largely Congregationalists who believed in forming churches through voluntary compacts. c. The elected: elect puritans are puritans who have been predetermined by god to be saved. Puritans believed that their destination was predtermined by god and that the elect or saints were to be saved and they were granted church membership meaning they had the right to vote on church issues including things like hiring and firing ministers deciding a ministers pay. Puritan churches did not hold that all parish residents should be full church members d. Visible saints: Visible saints were people who appeared to be godly Christian people who would go to heaven when they died. Strict Puritans in colonial days only allowed visible saints to worship with them because they thought that the church of England was irreverent for allowing everyone to worship in the same way. They were revered because they were open about their beliefs, and they influenced Father William Joseph Chaminade. e. Justification: "justification," or the gift of God's grace given to the elect f. Sanctification: "sanctification," the holy behavior that supposedly resulted when an individual had been saved 20. John Winthrop: In 1629, a larger and more powerful colony called Massachusetts Bay was established by Congregationalists (Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within). This began what is known as The Great Puritan Migration, which lasted from 1629 to 1642. Led by Governor John Winthrop, Massachusetts Bay developed along Puritan ideals. While onboard the ship Arabella, Winthrop delivered a now-famous sermon urging the colonists to be a city upon a hilla model for others to look up to. 21. A City upon a hill city upon a hilla model for others to look up to. Be a model for the rest.

22. Virginia: Jamestown founded in Virginia. Colony only surved b/c Captain John Smith imposed harsh martial law. The colony would have perished without the help of a group of local tribes called the Powhatan Confederacy, who taught English what crops to plant and how to plant them. Virginia was financed by the Virginia Company. Early years were very diffucult, death rate high. he colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. By the late 17th century, Virginia's export economy was largely based on tobacco, and new, richer settlers came in to take up large portions of land, build large plantations and import indentured servants and slaves. In 1676, Bacon's Rebellionoccurred, but was suppressed by royal officials. After Bacon's Rebellion, African slaves rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia's main labor force 23. Uprising of 1622: Once it became clear that the English were interested in establishing a permanent and constantly expanding colony, not a trading post, conflict with local Indians was inevitable. The peace that began in 1614 ended abruptly in 1622 when Powhatans brother and successor, Opechancanough, led a brilliantly planned surprise attack that is a single day wiped out one quarter of Virginias settler population of 1,200. The surviving 900 colonists organized into military and massacred scores of Indians. The destruction caused by the uprising of 1622 was the last in a series of blows suffered by the Virginia Company. Two years later, it surrendered its charter and Virginia became the first royal colony, its governor now appointed by the crown. Virginia had failed to accomplish any of its goals for either the company or the settlers. 24. Uprising 1644: Indians remained a significant presence in Virginia, and trade continued throughout the century. But the unsuccessful uprising of 1622 fundamentally shifted the balance of power in the colony. The settlers supremacy was reinforced in 1644 when a last desperate rebellion led by Opechancanough, now said to be 100 years old, was crushed after causing the deaths of some 500 colonists. Virginia forced a treaty on the surviving coastal Indians, who now numbered less than 2,000 that acknowledged their subordination to the govt @ Jamestown and rqd them to move to tribal reservations to the west and not enter areas of European settlement without permission. 25. Tobacco: Increasing # of Europeans enjoyed smoking & believed the tobacco plant had medicinal benefits. As a commodity with an ever-expanding mass market in Europe, tobacco became Virginias substitute for gold. It enriched an emerging class of tobacco planters, as well as members of the colonial govt who (taxes on tobacco that entered or left the kingdom). By 1624, over 200,000 pounds were being grown, producing startling profits for landowners. The expansion of tobacco cultivation also led to an increased demand for field labor, met for most of the seventeenth century by young, male indentured servants.

26. Bacons Rebellion: (basically indenture servant mad landless & Bacon add to problem) At tobacco and, in South Carolina, rich farming became more widespread, more laborers were needed than indenture could provide. Events such as Bacons Rebellion had also showed landowners that it was not in their best interest to have an abundance of landless, young, white males in their colonies, either. Bacons Rebellion took place on Virginias western frontier during the 1670s. the stage was set by Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia, who controlled the govt from his appointment by King Charles I in 1642 until the 1670s. He was popular @ first, though autocratic, but eventually his rule created tension b/w the original settlers of the Tidewater region and the more recent backcountry settlers. As the farmable land to the east filed up, settlers looked to the western portion of the colony. Many were willing to chance the dangers of frontier life in return for an opportunity to strike it rich. As they were encroaching on land already inhabited by Native Americans, however, those danger were considerable. The pioneers soon believed that the colonial govt was not making a good-faith effort to protect them, and that, furthermore, the govt was using them as a human shield to protect the wealthier colonists to the east. Rallying behind Nathanial Bacon, a recent immigrant who wanted a piece of the lucrative fur trade that was the domain of the governor, these settlers first attack both eh Doegs and the Susquehannocks, and then turned their attentions toward the colonial governor. The rebels marched on Jamestown and burned it to the ground. When Bacon later died of dysentery, the rebellion dissolved. The war Bacon nearly instigated b/w the colonists and Native American tribes was averted with a new treaty. Bacons Rebellion is often cited as an early example of a populist uprising in America. Bacons Rebellion is significant for other reasons not always discussed in most textbooks. Many disgruntled, former indentured servants allied themselves with free blacks who were also disenfranchised. This alliance along class lines, as opposed to racial lines, frightened many southerners and led to the development of what would eventually become black codes. Bacons Rebellion may also be seen as a precursor to the American Revolution. As colonists pushed westward, in search of land, but away from the commercial and political centers, they experienced a sense of alienation and desire for greater political autonomy. It is important to remember that Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia, and that backcountry of Virginia was even further from London.

27. Half-way Covenant: To top it all off, the Puritans feared that their religionwhich they fervently believed was the only true religionwas being undermined by the growing commercialism in cities like Boston. Many second-and-third-generation Puritans lacked the fervor of the original Pilgrim and Congregationalist settlers, a situation that led to the Halfway Covenant, which changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms. (Prior to the passage of the Halfway Covenant in 1662, a Puritan had to experience the gift of Gods grace in order for his or her children to be baptized by the church. With so many, particularly men, losing interest in the church, the Puritan clergy decided to baptize all children whose parents were baptized. Howeverher is the halfway partthose who had not experienced Gods grace were not allowed to vote.) Drafted by Richard Mather and approved in 1662, the Half-way Covenant proposed that second-generation members be granted the same privilege of baptism (but not communion) as had been granted to the first generation. 28. Slaves Codes: Bacons Rebellion contribute to slave code. By 1700, blacks constituted over 10% of Virginias population. Fifty yrs later, they made up nearly half. Recognizing the growing importance of slavery, the House of Burgesses in 1705 enacted a new slave code, bringing together the scattered legislation of the previous century and adding new provisions that embedded the principle of white supremacy in the law. Slaves were property, completely subject to the will of their masters and, more generally, of the white community. They could be bought and sold, leased, fought over in court, and passed on to ones descendants. Henceforth, blacks and whites were tried in separate courts. No black, free or slave, could own arms, strike a white man, or employ a white servant. Any white person could apprehend any black to demand a certificate of freedom or a pass from the owners giving permission to be off the plantation. Virginia had changed from a society with slaves, in which slavery was one system of labor among others, to a slave society, where slavery stood @ center of the economic process. Slave codes were laws each US state, which defined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. These codes gave slave-owners absolute power over the African slaves. 29. Anne Hutchinson: (Quaker) Anne Hutchinson was a prominent proponent of antinomianism, the belief that faith and Gods graceas opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deedssuffice to earn one a place among the elect. Her teachings challenged Puritan beliefs and the authority of the Puritan clergy. The fact that she was an intelligent, well-educated, and powerful woman in a resolutely patriarchal society also turned many against her. She was tried for heresy, convicted, and banished.

30. Pequot War: As the population of Mass. grew, settlers began looking for new places to live. One obvious choice was the Connecticut Valley, a fertile region with lots of access to the sea(for trade). The area was already inhabited by the Pequots, however, who resisted the English incursions. When the Pequots attacked a settlement in Wakefield and killed nine colonists, members of the Mass. Bay Colony retaliated by burning the main Pequot village, killing g400, many of them women and children. The result was the near-destruction of the Pequots in what came to be known as the Pequot War. The destruction of one of the regions most powerful Indian groups not only opened the Connecticut River valley to rapid white settlement but also persuaded other Indians that the newcomers possessed a power that could not be resisted. 31. Headright System: In 1618, the Virginia Company introduced the headright system as a means of attracting new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming, which rqd a large # of workers. A headright was a tract of land, usually about fifty acres, that was granted to colonists and potential settlers. Men already settled in Virginia were granted two headrights, totaling about one hundred acres of land, while new settlers to Virginia were granted one headright. Wealthy investors could accumulate land by paying the passage of indentured servants and gaining a headright for each servant they sponsored. The headright system became the basis fo ran emerging aristocracy in colonial Virginia, where land was still the basis of wealth and political power and was one of the factors that hindered the development of democracy in the region. Furthermore, it must be noted that these land grants infringed upon the rights of Native Americans, whose values regarding the environment and property ownership were vastly different from the values of the Europeans who settled in this region. 32. Indentured Servants Many who migrated to the Chesapeake did so for financial reasons. Overpopulation in England had led to widespread famine, disease, and poverty. Chances for improving ones lot were minimal. Thus, many were attracted to the New World by the opportunity provided by indentured servitude. In return for free passage, indentured servants promised seven yrs labor, after which they received small piece of property with their freedom, thus enabling them (1) to survive and (2) to vote. As in Europe, the right to vote was tied to the ownership of property.

33. Change from use of indentured servants to use of slaves: As mention, the extensive use of African slaves in the American colonies began when colonists from the Caribbean settled the Carolinas. Until then, indentured servants had satisfied labor requirements in the colonies. As tobacco and, in South Carolina, rich farming became more widespread, more laborers were needed than indenture could provide. Events such as Bacons Rebellion had also shown landowners that it was not in their best interest to have an abundance of landless, young, white males in their colonies, either. Enslaving Native Americans was difficult; they knew the land, so they could easily escape and subsequently were difficult to find. Unlike Native Americans, African slaves did not know the land, and so were less likely to escape. Removed from their homelands and communities and often unable to communicate with one another, black slaves initially proved easier to control than Native Americans. 34. Characteristics of Family life in the Chesapeake Colonies: Tobacco-based plantation slavery Slavery was common on small farms as well as plantations Slavery laid the foundation for the consolidation of the Chesapeake elite, a landed gentry that , in conjunction with merchants who handled the tobacco trade and lawyers who defended the interests of slaveholders, dominated the regions society and politics Slavery transformed Chesapeake into hierarchy of degrees of freedom among people 35. Characteristics of Family life in the New England Colonies: Non-Planatation slavery Slaves represented only a minor part of these colonies population, and it was unusual for even rich families to own more than one slave Slaves worked as farm hands, in artisan shops, as stevedores loading and unloading ships, and as personal servants 36. Stono Rebellion: Insurrections led by slaves ddi not begin until nearly seventy yrs later with the Stono Uprising, the first and one of the most successful slave rebellions. In September 1739, approximately twenty slaves near the Stono River outside Charleston, South Carolina. They stole guns and ammunition, killed storekeepers and planters, and liberated a # of slaves. The rebels, now numbering about t100, fled to Florida, where they hoped the Spanish colonists would grant them their freedom. The colonial militia caught up with them and attacked, killing some and capturing most others. Those who were captured and returned were later executed. AS a result of the Stono Uprising, many colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern the behavior of slaves. Fear of slave rebellions increased, and NY experienced a witch hunt period, during which thirty-one blacks and four whites were executed for conspiracy to liberate slaves.

37. Great Awakening: As noted, the generations that followed the original settlers were generally less religious than those that preceded them. By 1700 women constituted the majority of active church members. However, b/w the 1730s and 1760 the colonies (and Europe) experienced a wave of religious revivalism known as the Great Awakening. Two men, Congregationalist minister Jonathan Edwards and the Methodist preacher George Whitefield, came to exemplify the period. Edwards preached the severe, predeterministc doctrines of Calvinism and became famous for his graphic depiction of Hell; sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. Whitefield preached a Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality, which today most clearly manifested in Southern evangelism. The First Great Awakening is often described as the response of devout people to the Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement that borrowed heavily from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality. 38. French and Indian War (Seven Year War): British treatment of the colonies during the period preceding the French and Indian War(7 yr War) is often described as salutary neglect. Although England regulated trade and govt in its colonies, it interfered in colonial affairs as little as possible. Seven Year War lasted for ten years. It is also called the French and Indian War, which is almost equally confusing because the French and Indian fought on the same side, not against each other. The Seven Years War was the British name for the war. The colonists called it the French and Indian War b/c thats who they were fighting. It was actually one of several war for empire fought b/w the British and the French. The Americans just got stuck in the middle. The War was the inevitable result of colonial expansion. Proclamation of 1763 was issued at the close of the French and Indian War. 39. Impressment: In 1805 the British and French were @ war and at a stalemate. In an effort to gain an advantage, each side began blockading the others trade routes. The US, dependent on both as trade partners, suffered greatly from the blockades. To add insult to injury, the British began stopping American ships and impressing (forcing to enlist in their navy) those sailors who might have deserted the British navy. Unfortunately, the English were not as particular about whom they reenlisted as the Americans would have liked them to be. 40. Changes in the relationship between the British and the colonies as a result of the French and Indian War: The English victory spelled trouble for Native Americans, who had previously been able to use French and English disputes to their own advantage. In response to the initial attacks Pontiac, British govt issue the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding settlement west of the river running through the Appalachians. When Americans gained their independence, the US govt continued the treatment of Native Americans that had been established by the British.

41. Albany Plan of Union: In 1754, representatives from seven colonies met in Albany, New York to consider the Albany Plan of Union, developed by Benjamin Franklin. The plan provided for an intercolonial govt and a system for collecting taxes for the colonies defense. At the meeting, Franklin also tried to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois. Franklins efforts to unite the colonies failed to gain the approval of a single colonial legislature. The plan was rejected b/c the colonists did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor were they prepared to unite under a single colonial legislature, Franklins frustration was well publicized in one of the first American political cartoons (snake Join or Die) 42. Proclamation of 1763: IN response to the initial attacks, the British govt issued the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding settlement west of the river running through the Appalachians. The proclamation came too late. Settlers had already moved west of the line. The proclamation did have one effect, however. It agitated colonial settlers, who regarded it as unwarranted British interference in colonial affairs. 43. Stamp Act: All changed when Parliament passed the Stamp Act the following year, 1765. The Stamp Act included a # of provocative elements. First, it was a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue, thus awakening the colonists to the likelihood that even more taxes could follow. The Stamp Act demonstrated that the colonies tradition of self-taxation was surely being usurped, much to the dismay of many colonists. Second, it was a broad-based tax, covering all legal documents and licenses. Not only did it affect almost everyone, but it particularly affect a group that was literate, persuasive, and argumentativenamely, lawyers. Third, it was a tax on goods produced within the colonies. 44. Resistance to Stamp Act: Reaction to the Stamp Act built on previous grievances, and consequently was more forceful than any protest preceding it. A pamphlet by James Otis The Rights of the British Colonies Assured and roved laid out the colonists argument against the taxes and became bestseller of its day. What they wanted, and what the British were refusing to give them, was the right to determine their own taxes. Opposition to the Stamp Act was the first great drama of the revolutionary era and the first major split b/w colonists and Great Britain over the meaning of freedom. Several disruptive events follow the Stamp Act ex. riot. Effigy hanged 45. Homespun: The boycott began in Boston and soon spread to the southern colonies. Reliance on American rather than British goods, on homespun clothing rather than imported finery, became a symbol of American resistance. Women who spun and wove @ home so as not to purchase British goods were hailed as Daughters of Liberty. The idea of using homemade rather than imported goods especially appealed to Chesapeake palnters, who found themselves owingincreaisng amt of money to British merchants.

46. Townshend Crisis: In 1767, the govt in London decided to impose a new set of taes on Americans. They were devised by the chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend. Townshend persuaded Parliament to impose new taxes on goods imported into the colonies and to create a new board of customs commissioners to collect them and suppress smuggling. He intended to use the new revenues to pay the salaries of American governors and judges, thus freeing them from dependence on colonial assemblies. Although many merchants objected to the new enforcement procedures, opposition to the Townshend duties developed more slowly than in the case o the Stamp Act. 47. Regulators: Beginning in the mid-1760s, a group of wealthy residents of the South Carolina backcountry calling themselves Regulators protested the underrepresentation of western settlements in the colonys assembly and the legislators failure to establish local governments that could regularize land titles and suppress bands of outlaws. A parallel movement in North Carolinza mobilized small farmers, who refused to pay taxes, kidnapped local officials, assaulted the homes of land speculators, merchants, and lawyers, and disrupted court proceedings. 48. Townshend Acts: Rockingham remained prime minister for only two years. His replacement was William Pitt. It, however, was ill, and the dominant figure in colonial affairs came to be the minister of the exchequer, Charles Townshend. Townshend drafted the eponyjmous Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts, like the Stamp Act, contained several antagonistic measures. First, they taxed goods imported directly from Britain==the first such tax in the colonies. Mercantilism approved of duties on imports from other European nations but not on British imports. Second, some of the tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors, meaning that colonial assemblies could no longer withhold govt officials wages in order to get their way. Third, Townshend Acts created even more vic-admiralty courts and several new govt offices to enforce the Crowns will in the colonies. Fourth, they suspended the NY legislature b/c it had refused to comply with a law requiring the colonists to supply British troops. Last, these acts instituted writs of assistance, licenses that gave the British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods. Colonists got better protesting with each new tax, and their reaction to the Townshend Acts was their strongest yet. As part of Townshend Acts, British stationed a large # of troops in Boston, and even after the duties were repealed, the soldiers remained. 49. Intolerable Acts: The English responded with a # of punitive measures, known collectively as the Coercive Acts(Intolerable Acts). One measure closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade tightened English control over the Mass. govt an its courts, and yet another rqd civilians to house British soldier. The Coercive Acts convinced many colonists that their days of semi-autonomy were over and that the future held even further encroachments on their liberties by the Crown. Empowered

military commanders to lodge soldiers in private homes. Threat to colonists freedom. 50. Boston Tea Party: 51. Declaration of Independence: 52. Loyalists: 53. Committees of Correspondence: 54. Thomas Paine: 55. Common Sense: 56. Article of Confederation: 57. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: 58. Groups that wanted to strengthen the national government and why: 59. Shays Rebellion: 60. The Constitution: 61. Federalism: 62. Checks and Balances: 63. 3/5th Compromise: 64. Federalists: 65. Anti=Federalists: 66. Bill of Rights: 67. Federalists believed: 68. Republicans believed: 69. Alexander Hamilton: 70. Hamiltons economic program: 71. Jays Treaty: 72. Whiskey Rebellion: 73. Alien Act: 74. Sedition Act: 75. Naturalization Act: 76. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: 77. Revolution of 1800 78. Marbury v. Madison: 79. Judical Review: 80. Gabriel Rebellion: 81. Louisiana Purchase: 82. Republican Motherhood: 83. Hartford Convention: 84. Tecumseh: 85. Tenskwatawa: 86. War of 1812: 87. Missouri Compromise: 88. Eli Whitney: 89. Cotton Gin: 90. Universal White Male Suffrage: 91. Corrupt Bargain: In election of 1824 of the four, Andrew Jackson received the greatest # of popular votes and electoral votes; however, as none of the four had won a majority, the

election was decided in the House of Representatives. There, Clay threw his support to Adams, thereby handing Adams the victory. Adams reciprocated by naming Clay secretary of state, a position whose previous holders included Adams, Monroe, and Jefferson and was therefore considered the threshold to the presidency. Opponents referred to Clays appointment as the corrupt bargain. Adams presidency was impeded by a contrary Congress. 92. John Quincy Adams: Adams was also handicapped with an obnoxious personality, a trait that apparently ran in his family. He had also been a Federalist congressman and was the son of a Federalist president, and every effort he mad to strengthen the central govt was thus viewed with deep suspicion. Jacksons supporters strongly favored states rights and thwarted all of Adamss efforts to initiate improvements through the federal govt. His proposals to impose new protective tariffs, build interstate highways, wand establish federal schools and research centers were all rejected, though he did go on to found a naval college and become an influential congressman. 93. Tariff of Abominations: The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the Adams administration, but it almost turned into a national crisis during Jacksons administration, when some states (particularly those in the South) started to consider nullifying the tariff in 1830. Tariff of 1828, raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as on raw materials like iron, had aroused considerable opposition in the South, nowhere more than in South Carolina, where it was called the tariff of abomination. The states leaders no longer believed it possible or desirable to compete with the North in industrial development. Insisting that the Tariff on imported goods raised the prices paid by Southern consumers to benefit the North, the legislature threatened to nullify it that its, declare it null and void within their state. 94. Nullification: One of the major issues of Jacksons presidency focused on nullification. In 1830, the nullification movement failed, but it laid the groundwork for opposition to the Tariff of 182, which South Carolina nullified. Jackson threatened to call troops to enforce the tariff, but the meantime he worked behind the scenes to reach a compromise that would diffuse tensions. Although the crisis subsided with the compromise, no resolution was reached over the question of nullification, and it would continue to be an issue until the Civil War. 95. Andrew Jackson: Despite the po9litical incorrectness of his policies by todays standards and reevaluation of Andrew Jackson by modern-day historian, Jacksons presidency is an important period in American history. Furious he had been denied the presidency in 1824 despite winning a plurality of the vote, Jackson put together a support network to assure wide popular support. A coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers, and other community leaders rallied around the campaign. That group became the present-day Democratic party. Jackson

accused Adams of being a corrupt career politician, while Adams accused Jackson of being a stupid and vilent drunkard. 96. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification: To avert a confrontation, Henry Clay, with Calhouns assistance, engineered the passage of a new tariff, in 1833, further reducing duties. South Carolina then rescinded the ordinance of nullification although it proceeded to nullify: the Force Act. Calhoun abandoned the Democratic Party for the Whigs, where, with Clay and Webster, he became part of a formidable trio of political leaders. 97. Force Bill: Jackson persuaded Congress to enact a Force Bill authorizing him to use the army and navy to collect customs duties. 98. Whig Party: The Second Party System would emerge during the presidency of Andrew Jackson and would consist of the Whigs, who embraced many Federalist principle and policies, and the Jacksonian Democrats, who saw themselves as the heirs of the Jeffersonian Republicans. Jacksons Democratic party could not represent the interests of all its constituencies (Northern abolitionists, Southern plantation owners, Western pioneers), and inevitably, an opposition party, the Whigs, was formed. By 1834 almost as many congressmen supported the Whig Party as the Democratic Party. The Whigs were a loose coalition tha shared one thing in common: opposition to one or more of the Democrats politics. For example, while Democrat favored limited federal govt, many Whigs believed in govt activism, especially in the case of social issues. Many Whigs were also deeply religious and supported the temperance movement and enforcement of the Sabbath. Still, the defining characteristic of the Whigs was their opposition to the Democrats. They differed on many issues, which is why their candidates were often famous military heroes whose political beliefs were politically less important than their popularity. 99. Trial of Tears: Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, a policy suggested by Monroe but enacted during Jacksons tenure in office. By the time of Jacksons presidency, there were Five Civilized Tribes living in the South in the area east of the Mississippi River, among those, the Cherokee nation. The Cherokees had developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture as a way of life. Some Cherokees even owned slaves( how much civilized could become) The Cherokees had developed their own govt and deemed themselves to be an independent republic within the state of Georgia. The problem arose when gold was discovered on Cherokee land and the citizens of Georgia demanded that the Cherokees comply with the provision of the Indian Removal Act and resettle in Oklahoma, which had been deemed Indian territory. The Cherokees refused and brought their case to Supreme Court(denied). B?W 1835 and 1838, thousands of Cherokees walked to Oklahoma under the supervision of the US army in what has come to be known as the Trail of Tears. Thousands died of sickness and starvation along the way.

1. Seminole Resistance to Removal: But Seminoles resistance to removal , was a Red Stick who had survived Andrew Jacksons assault on hostile Creeks during the War of 1812. The Indians were assisted by escaped slaves. The administration of George Washington attempted to persuade the Seminoles to expel the fugitives, but they refused. Georgia sent the militia into Florida to recapture them, but it was driven out by Seminole and African=American figherters. In Second Seminole War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842 some 1500 American soldiers and the same # of Seminoles were killed, and perhaps 3000 Indians and 500 blacks were forced to move to the West. A small # of Seminoles managed to remain in Florida, a tiny remnant of the once sizable Indian population east of the Mississippi River. 2. Panic of 1837: Van Buren had the misfortune to take over the presidency just as the country was entering a major economic crisis (Panic of 1837). Van Buren made the situation worse by continuing Jacksons policy of favoring hard currency, thereby insuring that money would be hard to come by. Panic of 1837 resulted in bank foreclosure on mortgages and other business loans, not just in the Midwest but all across the country. 3. Presidential Election of 1840: 4. Texas secedes from Mexico: 5. Nativists: 6. Limited liability: 7. General incorporation: 8. Wage Slaves: 9. Roads: 10. Steamboats: 11. Canals: 12. Railroads: 13. The Market Revolution: 14. Lowell Mills: 15. Second Great Awakening: 16. Transcendentalism: 17. Cult of domesticity: