English for Specific Purpose Vocabulary Group 2

Financing Foreign Trade

No. Word AAA rating (triple-A rating) Pronunciation Meaning (Eng) Meaning (VNese) the highest grading available from credit rating agencies. A tripleA rating means that delay or default in payments of principal or xp hng tn dng tuyt i interest on the security concerned is regarded as extremely AAA unlikely. Any institution with a triple-A rating on its securities can borrow easily and on favourable terms. the returns are above those predicted by the market movement describe a bond or other fixed-interest security whose market value is higher than the price at which is was issued. In balance of payments accounting, this refers to those transactions that are included in calculating the balance of payments surplus or deficit. /'brein/ /b':s:pn/ thu nhp bt thng trn mnh gi trn gii tuyn (ch cc khon mc ch thu thng xuyn trong bng bo co ti chnh) Note

2 3

abnormal returns above par

/b'n:ml ri't:n/ /'bv pa:/

Above the line

5 6

abrasion absorption (full) costing

the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind s mi mn or ice the cost of a product that is the full unit manufactoring cost, consisting of direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead ph tn ton b

acceleration clause

Provision normally included in loan documents, mortgage agreements, and other debt instruments (such as bonds and notes). It gives the lender the right to demand the entire loan amount (principal plus interest) to be paid at once, in case the borrower fails to make payments (defaults) or gets into serious iu khon thu n ng hn financial difficulties. A loan document details (often in fine print) which actions or events can trigger the acceleration clause. Some banks include unspecific terms such as "if the bank otherwise deems itself insecure" to widen the scope of default. Also called call clause. / k'sentjueit/ /kse.n/ to stress, single out as important nhn mnh, nu bt s gia nhp

Example: The whole of the loan was recalled under the acceleration clause.

8 9

accentuate accession

10 accountability

A process by which a country becomes a member of an international agreement (usually an agreement that has already been accepted by other countries). the liability of a board of diretors to shareholders and /kantblti/ stakeholders for corporate performance and actions of the corporation.

trch nhim gii trnh

11 accounts payable

cash owed by a firm to its suppliers for purchases made on credit and not yet paid; reported in the firm's balance sheet as current khon phi tr liability. cash owed to a firm by its suppliers for sales made on credit and khon phi thu not yet paid; reported in the firm's balance sheet as current asset. /'kru:l/ /k.wz.n/ a gradual or automatic increase in an amount of money (e.g interest), usually money owned to someone. The act of becoming owner of a property. In finance, it is the purchase of a company's assets or its common stock. cng dn, tch ly dn s thu mua ton din, trn mi lnh vc c bit, khng theo th thc Ko gii hn, mi mi

12 accounts receivable 13 accrual 14 acquisition 15 across-the-board 16 Ad hoc 17 AD infinitum

/krs bd / involving everyone or everything in a company, an industry, etc /d hk / done for special occasion to infinity, endlessly The duty collected under a specific tariff or a compound tariff expressed as a percentage of the value of the imported item. Since a specific tariff is calculated on the basis of units (of volume or weight), rather than value, and prices can change over time, the ad valorem equivalent could differ when calculated for different time periods. A tariff calculated "according to value," or as a percentage of the value of goods cleared through customs; for example, 10% ad valorem means 10% percent of the value of the entered merchandise Financial, training and re-employment technical assistance to workers, and technical assistance to firms and industries, to help them cope with adjustment difficulties arising from increased import competition. Any civil or criminal matter having to do with maritime legal issues. a condition of being united, allied, associated, or attached. An affiliate company is one effectively controlled by another. able to be transferred to new ownership.

18 AD Valorem Equivalen

Thu gi tr tng ng

19 AD Valorem Tariff

Thu theo tr gi

20 adjustment assistance

S vin tr c tnh iu tit

21 admiralty 22 affiliate 23 alienable

/d.m.rl.ti/ /flt/ /elnb()l/

ch quyn trn bin Chi nhnh c th chuyn nhng c (v mt php l) gi thng thng s bo: Ocean freight + Baf + GRI + ISPS + EIS + (OWS nu c) + local charge( thc,doc,seal) Cn nu bo All-in th s l RATE (tng cng ca Ocean freight + Baf + GRI + ISPS + EIS + OWS) + local charge.

24 all in

/':lin/

an issuer's interst rate afte accounting for commissions and various related expenses.

gi RATE + local charge

allfinanz 25 (bancassurance) all-or-nothing option (cash-or-nothing option, 26 digital option, binary option) 27 allotment 28 amalgamate 29 amendment

the combination of traditional loan and savings bank products with such assurance products as life assurance and pensions. It is now common for major UK banks to provide this combined service and the practice is spreading worldwide /pn/ an exotic option in which the payoff is either a given value or nothing

Bo him lin kt ngn hng

s la chn c n c, ng v khng

/'ltmnt/ /'mlgmeit/ /mend.mnt/

the number of securities assigned to each of the participants in s phn phi c phiu an underwriting syndicate to merge to combine , to join two or more businesses into a single hp nht (cng ty) organization An addition, deletion, or modification of a document. s sa i, b sung

30 amortization

1. The provision to pay a debt over a period of time. 2. The gradual repayment of borrowings in a series of installments. 3. A transaction or security where the principal reduces over the life of s tr dn, s tr dn (mn /mrtzen/ the agreement. 4. The writing off or reduction in value of an n) intangible asset over time (c.f.depreciation)5. Allocation of the cost of an asset over its estimated useful life. /mpl/ /nslris t tred/ /'nju:iti/ /nmli/ enough or more than enough service which support trade, such as banking and advertising yearly allowance; yearly pension; yearly income something unusual or strange a tariff imposed to prevent dumping /ntitrst (adj)/ ( of laws ) preventing companies or groups of companies from controlling prices unfairly. A national manufacturing index that surveys several manufacturing firms on a monthly basis. /'p:n/ distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose measure the quality of a fund's investment picking ability chia ra tng phn, chia thnh l h s gim nh d tha cc ngnh h tr thng mi Nin kim l thng Thu chng bn ph gi chng c quyn If the index is above 50 it signals expansion, if it dips below 50 it indicates contraction.

31 ample 32 ancillaries-to-trade 33 annuity 34 anomaly 35 anti-dumping duty 36 antitrust APICS Business 37 Outlook Index 38 apportion 39 appraisal ratio

40 appurtenance

/p.t.nnts/

An accessory, adjunct, or appendage connected to a primary property and used in conjunction therewith.

vt ph thuc

41 arbitrage

/,:bi'tr:/

A method of taking advantage of the fact that there may be different prices in different markets for identical goods such as trao i, u c, hi oi/ gold, foreign exchange or commodities. Simultaneously, one buys Nghip v c-bt in the lower price market and sells in the higher one. money which is owned, but which has not been paid at the right time calculation of value the practice of taking over a company in financial difficulties and selling each of its assets at a profit tin tr tr, khng ng hn

42 arrears

/ rz /

43 assessment 44 asset stripper 45 at par

/sesmnt/

s nh gi Ngi tho d ti sn ngang gi

/ t pa:/

a price equal to nominal value of a security An ATA Carnet is issued by an authorized Chamber of Commerce to allow temporary export and subsequent re-import of professional equipment, commercial samples and goods for exhibition or trade fairs without payment of customs duty on deposit of a bond.

46 ATA Carnet

S tm nhp ti xut

47 atrophy

/'trfi/

any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use)

s hao mn

48 back fee

/b k fi:/

the fee paid on the extension date if the buyer wishes to continue ph gia hn the options

49 back freight

The freight costs involved on returning the shipment to the Sender, when the Importer refuses to accept the goods. The return of a carrier to the original point or area from which its journey began. If a carrier can obtain cargo to carry on the back haul route, that cargo may often obtain a favorable freight rate because otherwise the carrier would have to return empty.

cc ph tr li

50 back haul

/bk hl/

Hnh trnh ngc

51 bad debt

/b d debt/

debt which will not be paid (usually because yhe debtor has gone n xu out of business) and which has to be written off the accounts

52 bailment

/'beilmnt/

A delivery of goods or personal property by one person (the bailor) to another (the bailee) on an express or implied contract for a particular purpose related to the goods while in possession of the bailee, who has a duty to redeliver them to the bailor. escape attempt; escape from damaged aircraft A large bundle or package of compressed and bound goods, usually with an outer covering, often of burlap. An index of the rates charged for chartering large ships that transport coal, iron ore, and grain. It is regarded as a useful indicator of the current level of world trade. very cheap price

S k gi hng ho

53 bailout 54 bale 55 baltic dry index 56 (at) bargain basement price

/ 'beilaut/ /bel/

S tr gip ti chnh kin hng Ch s thu tu hng kh Baltic gi sn (gi rt r) phong v biu th trng s ch quan (ca thuyn trng) gy thit hi cho ch tu hng i hng ch ( cc nc phng ng) Chnh sch thng mi quc t da trn vic ph gi v tng cng cc hng ro bo h khi mt nc c gng tm kim li ch t cc i tc thng mi ca n l mt ch s do S giao dch Baltic (Baltic Exchange) tr s ti Lun

57 barometer 58 barratry 59 barter 60 bazaar

/ b'rmit/ / 'brtri/ / 'b.tr/ /bz(r) /

economic and market data represents an overall trend In maritime law the intentional misconduct of the ship's master or crew; includes theft, intentional casting away of vessel, or breach of trust. Trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other merchandise without use of money. a derogatory name for a market that is unregulated

61 beggar thy neighbor

For a country to use a policy for its own benefit that harms other chnh sch "p ni cm countries. Examples are optimal tariffs and, in a recession, tariffs anh lng ging" and/or devaluation to create employment.

62 benchmark 63 beneficiary

/ ['bentm:k]/ /benfri/

the performance of a predetermined set of securities, used for comparision purposes the party in whose favour a credit is issued The investment approach that aims to follow the strategies implemented by Benjamin Graham. The Benjamin Method of investing is based on fundamental principals of value investing, which is the process of discovering undervalued stocks prejudice; tendency, leaning The difference between the interest rate at which the bank borrows money and lends money.

gi chun ngi th hng Benjamin Graham, the founder of value investing, was primarily concerned with minimizing losses rather than maximizing profits

64 benjamin method

Phng php u t Benjamin

65 bias 66 bid-offer Spread

khuynh hng, xin, chnh lch mc chnh lch gi bn-cung cp

67 big mac PPP

A survey done by The Economist that determines what a country's exchange rate would have to be for a Big Mac in that country to cost the same as it does in the United States.

Purchase power parity (PPP) is the theory that currencies adjust according to changes in their purchasing power. With the Big Mac PPP, purchasing power is reflected by the price of a McDonald's Big Mac in a particular country. The measure gives an impression of how overvalued or undervalued a currency

68 Birth - Death Ratio

69 black box model

70 blanket Rate 71 blockade 72 blocked Funds 73 bona fide 74 bond 75 bootstrap 76 bottleneck 77 bottom line 78 bounce

/blkt ret/ /blked/

A figure that represents the net number of jobs provided from newly started businesses (births) and business closings (deaths) during a period of time, typically a month in conjunction with government-sponsored jobs reports used in the study of the buying behaviour of consumers; the model assumes that what takes place in the consumer's "black box" of the consumer's mind can be inferred from a study of observed stimuli and responses In insurance, a rate of premium applied across the board when there is more than one kind of property which is the subject of insurance. Prevention of commercial exchange by physically preventing carriers from entering a port or nation. Cash flows generated by a foreign project that cannot be immediately repatriated to the parent firm because of capital flow restrictions imposed by the host government. undertaken in good faith A security evidencing debt, specifying the date payment is due and usually specifying a rate of interest and its dates of periodic a company start with very little capital a person/place that stops or slows the easy flow of ideas or products the last line on a balance sheet indicating profit and loss; the most significant point

t l sinh - t

Phng php nghin cu hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng

sut cc thng nht s phong ta vn ng c thin , thnh tht, chn tht phiu n doanh nghip mi khi s ngi, vt gy cn tr mc tiu c bn (li, l trn bng cn i k ton); im quan trng nht sec b gi tr

/'boun'faidi/ /bnd/ /'bu:tstr p/ /btlnek/

/'bauns/

a check returned by a bank because it is not payable

79 bounty

/ ban.ti/

80 breakage 81 breaking bulk 82 bridging Credit

/ bre.kd/ /blk/ / bridin/

A compensation paid to persons to induce certain actions. In this class are government payments to producers or exporters to strengthen their competitive position. A monetary allowance that a manufacturer allots for compensation to a buyer for breakage to goods (usually fragile) while in shipment. buying in bulk and then selling in small quantities to many customers Borrowing ahead of receiving payment for a sale, or short-term credit to a customer pending his or her receipt of funds from a method of financing, used to maintain liquidity while waiting for an anticipated and reasonably expected inflow of cash.

tin thng

tin bi thng hng b v mua bun bn l tn dng cp theo tin

83 bridging finance

ti chnh tm thi

84 brokerage

/'broukrid/

the business of a broker; charges a fee to arrange a contract between two parties a short-lived stock price increase

s mi gii, ngh mi gii

85 bulge

/bld/

tng nhanh nht thi vng (hoc bc ) di dng nn thi trc khi c thnh tin

86 bullion 87 bust-up takeover 88 buyback

/'buljn/

gold(or siver) bars, often part of banks' reserves

/ba.bk/

a leveraged buyout in which the target company's assets are sold to repay the loan that financed the takeover when a business or person sells something, especially shares (= equal parts of its ownership) and then buys them again according mua li to a fixed agreement A type of market in which each transaction takes place at predetermined intervals and where all of the bid and ask orders th trng cho vay ngn hn are aggregated and transacted at once. The exchange (tin li tnh theo ngy) determines the market clearing price based on the number of bid and ask orders. Money lent by banks on a short term basis which the bank, as lender, can "call" (demand payment at any time, usually on 24 hours notice.) khon vay khng k hn; tin mua quyn chn A call market is contrasted to an auction market, where orders are filled as soon as a buyer/seller is found for any given order at an agreed upon price.

89 Call Market

90 Call Money

91 cambist

/ mbist/ k

a dealer in foreign currencies and bills of exchange

ngi chuyn bun bn hi phiu

92 capital gain

/ 'k pitlgein/

a profit that results from investments into a capital asset, such as stocks , bonds or real estate , which exceeds the purchase price. The case where funds are limited to a fixed dollar amount and must be allocated among the competing projects.

Li nhun thu t vic bn cc khon u t hoc ti sn t sut vn

93 capital rationing

94 cartel

/ktel/

A group of independent producers which regulates production, pricing, and marketing by members to maximize market power and limit competition. oficial count of a country's population, including such data as as the age, sex and occupation of individuals describe an investment philosophy used by investors seeking to profit from environmentally friendly companies. Cleantech firms seek to increase performance, productivity and efficiency by minimizing negative effects on the environment.

lin hp (lin minh) lng on

95 census

/senss (n)/

iu tra dn s

96 cleantech

Cng ngh sch

A shortened form of "clean technologies"

97 closely held

/klousli held/

a company which its stocks are traded restrictively

cng ty c c phiu giao dch hn ch

98 Cluster Analysis

An investment approach that places securities into groups based s phn tch nhm on the correlation found among their returns A group of indexes made up of 25 tranches of commercial Ch s th chp Chng khon mortgage-backed securities (CMBS), each with different credit thng mi ratings A legal and economic theory that affirms that where there are attributed to Ronald Coase, complete competitive markets with no transactions costs, an Nguyn tc Coase using in law and economics, efficient set of inputs and outputs to and from production-optimal asserts that when property A market that is believed to have the potential to make a strong move in one direction after being pushed in the opposite direction A statistical measure that calculates the degree of peak of a variable's probability distribution in relation to another variable's peakedness a double limit to a floating interest rate, comprising both a floor and a ceiling (lower or upper limits) The act of making a process, good or service easy to obtain by making it as uniform, plentiful and affordable as possible. a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and the international standard banking practice interest on an investment that is calculated not only on the money you originally invested, but also on interest The ability of an asset to generate earnings, which are then reinvested in order to generate their own earnings

99 CMBX Indexes

100 Coase Theorem

101 Coiled Market

102 cokurtosis 103 collar 104 commoditize 105 complying presentation 106 compound interest 107 compounding /kmpla preznten/ / 'kmpaund 'intrst/ /klr/

vng ai thng dng ha xut trnh ph hp li kp Tnh li kp, tnh gp lin tc

108 concealed damage 109 concentraction ratio 110 conciliation /kn,sili'ein/

Damage to the contents of a package which is not evident from the appearance of the exterior of the package. In economics, a ratio that indicates the relative size of firms in relation to their industry as a whole any of various forms of mediation whereby disputes may be settled short of arbitration A risk assessment technique often used to reduce the probability a portfolio will incur large losses. This is performed by assessing the likelihood (at a specific confidence level) that a specific loss will exceed the value at risk situation where a person may profit personally from decisions which he takes in his official capacity a group of companies thar cooperate and share resources in order to achieve a common objective a group of people, countries, companies, etc. who are working together on a particular project account which offsets another account the broker of one side: buyer or seller A move against the direction or trend of the broad market. Any product that a nation has made unlawful to possess, produce, transport, import, or export. An investment style of buying assets that have performed poorly and selling assets that have performed well

hng tn tht bn trong, khng th pht hin bn ngoi T l tp trung s ho gii This term is also known as "Mean Excess Loss", "Mean Shortfall" and "Tail VaR".

conditional value at risk 111 - CVAR

gi tr trung bnh ca tn tht

112 conflict of interest 113 consortium 114 consortium 115 contra account 116 contra broker 117 contra market /kn's:tjm/ /knstim /

xung t li ch tp on ti chnh quc t t hp (cng ty) ti khon i ng ngi mi gii i tc Contra market securities and sectors tend to have a negative correlation with the broader market index and hng lu thu ngi i ngc tro lu In a congeneric merger, the companies may share similar distribution channels, providing synergies for the merger

118 contraband 119 contrarian

/kntrbnd/ /kn'trerin/

120 congeneric merger

A type of merger where two companies are in the same or related lin doanh gia 2 doanh industries but do not offer the same products nghip cng ngnh /kn'glmrit/ /knlmrt/ cng ty i t hp tp on hm ni cc phn b xc sut ca mt b nhiu bin

121 conglomerate 122 conglomerate

a firm engaged in two or more unrelated businesses group of subsidiary companies under a holding company, each making very different types of products A statistical measure that represents a multivariate uniform distribution, which examines the association or dependence

123 copula

the statistical calculation of a copula was invented in

124 countertrade

The sale of goods or services that are paid in whole or in part by the transfer of goods or services from a foreign country.

Thng mi i lu

Thng mi i lu l mt phng thc giao dch trao i hng ha, trong xut khu kt hp cht ch vi nhp khu, ngi bn ng thi l ngi mua, lng hng giao i c gi tr tng xng vi lng hng nhn v. Mc ch ca giao dch khng phi nhm thu ngoi t m nhm thu v mt hng ha khc c gi tr tng ng

125 countervailing duty 126 covariance 127 crash 128 credit rating 129 Creditworthy /kr/ /'kredit,reiti/ /kred.tw.i/

A duty imposed to counter unfairly subsidized products. measure of the variance of two variables to change in the same mean time period Dramatic loss in market value level of reliability of the credit card owner able to be trusted to pay back money that is owed; safe to lend money to

thu b thit hi/ thu b tr Hip phng sai s ph sn hng lot nh gi mc tn dng ng tin cy

130 Critical Mass

A very important or crucial stage in a company's development, where the business activity acquires self-sustaining viability. Khi lng ti hn, s lng When a company reaches critical mass, it is thought that they can ti hn remain viable without having to add any more investment means that the shareholder will receive the next dividend payment k c tin li c phn CR = (Current Price of Security - Original Price of Security)/Original Price of Security

131 cum div

132 Cumulative Return

The aggregate amount that an investment has gained or lost over thu nhp tch ly time, independent of the period of time involved. A currency trade that offers an all-or-nothing payoff based on a given currency exchange rate when the position reaches its expiration date. /'kun/ The minimum period between the time a bond is issued and the time it is called. mc m ri ro tp qun tha thun

133 Currency Binary

134 cushion 135 customary risks 136 cut a deal

to reach an agreement

137 cut corner 138 cut-price (cut-rate) CWO (Cash With 139 Order) 140 Cyclical Risk

to save money/time by substituting inferior materials or not carrying out all the required steps sold at a cheaper price than usual A payment in advance. Cash With Order usually used for small orders with new buyers and may even be asked for before The risk of business cycles or other economic cycles adversely affecting the returns of an investment, an asset class or an individual companys profits.

ct gim chi tiu gim gi tr tin khi t hng

Ri ro mang tnh chu k The rate of return is dependent on the standard deviation of the asset's returns and the slope of the characteristic line, which is represented by the asset's beta.

141 Characteristic Line

A line formed using regression analysis that summarizes a ng c trng particular security or portfolio's systematic risk and rate of return.

142 charter party 143 cheap money

contract between owner and charterer of a ship A loan or credit with a low interest rate, or the setting of low interest rates by a central bank like the Federal Reserve an attempt to acquire a large number of a company's shares by buying several brokers just as the market opens The intraday unpredictability of an exchange rate (or price of a good or service), that changes due to imbalances in supply and demand A debt which has been incurred and will be paid back at some point in the future.

hp ng thu tu Khon vay li sut thp

144 dawn raid

tn cng ph u

145 dayrate volatility

T l bin ng hng ngy

146 deferred payment

tr tin v sau

Price levels of various goods or services can change very quickly, dependingTo stimulate Example: on the current sales, buyers are allowed a deferred payment within 90 days.

147 demise

/di'maiz/

A lease of property

s cho thu, s cho mn (bt ng sn...)

148 demurrage 149 depreciation

In international transportation, a charge for the failure to remove tin bi thng gi tu qu cargo from a terminal within the allowed free time. Also, a charge thi gian giao kt for failure to load or unload a ship within the allowed period. A decrease in a currency value relative to another currency in a s st gi floating exchange rate system.

150 depression

/dpre.n/

a long and severe recession in an economy or market

tnh trng suy thoi

151 derivative security 152 devaluation

A financial security whose price is derived from the price of another asset. The official lowering of the value of one country's currency in /di.vl.jue.n/ terms of one or more foreign currencies. Directorate General of Foreign Trade, which is headed by the Director General of Foreign Trade. The office of the DGFT is responsible for formulating and execution of Foreign Trade Policy, including licensing. Formerly (till 1991), was known as the Chief /dis'b:smnt/ amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

chng khon phi sinh s mt gi tin t

153 DGFT

154 disbursement

s chi tiu

155 discrepancy

/dskrepnsi/

a difference between two or more things that should be the same s khc bit The practice that selling a product or service at different prices that do not reflect a proportional difference in costs. A situation where internal and/or external forces prevent market equilibrium from being reached or cause the market to fall out of

156 discriminatory pricing 157 disequilibrium 158 dishonor 159 disinflation /dsn.r/ /,disin'flein/ /dspzbl nkm / /dsrwd (n)/ /dsnns /

phn bit gi S mt cn bng t chi chi tr ng hn (chnh sch ) gim lm pht

The refusal by a drawee to accept a draft or to pay it when due. goverment policy designed to slow down price inflation

160 disposable income

money they are free to spend after paying taxes, etc. penalizing bad customers to allow the company to give special terms to the best customers lack of agreement freight charge based on the distance over which the goods are transported

thu nhp thc t vic pht khch hng xu a ra nhng iu khon c s bt ng cc ph vn chuyn da trn khong cch hng ha c chuyn i s vi phm (quyn hng dng) bn hng gi r thanh ton n nn

161 disrewarding 162 dissonance 163 distance freight 164 disturbance 165 distress selling 166 dividend

/dis't:bns/ /distres seli/ /dv..dend/

activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption selling goods cheaply in order to pay off debts

an amount of the profits that a company pays to people who own tin li c phn shares in the company

167 dock receipt

A receipt issued by an ocean carrier to acknowledge receipt of a shipment at the carrier's dock or warehouse.

bin lai kho cng

168 doctrine

/'dktrin/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

hc thuyt ch ngha

169 dormant account 170 dotcom bubble 171 downmarket (downscale)

/dmnt /

past customers who are no longer buying An rapid rise in equity markets fueled by investments in internetbased companies.

ti khon ng Bong bng ti ch nh bn gi r During the dotcom bubble of the late 1990s, the value

/danmkt /

cheaper, appealing to a less wealthy section of the population

172 dud cheque

/dd tek/

cheque written by someone who has not enough money in their bank account

sc v gi tr

173 (collusive) duopoly

/djupli /

existence of only two producers or suppliers in a market

s c quyn lng cc (c thng ng)

Two businesses collaborate to keep prices at very high levels; when they take over their only competitor on the market, the DUOpoly becomes a MONOpoly. The earnings yield (which is the inverse of the P/E ratio)

174 earnings yield 175 embargo 176 entrepot 177 EPOS 178 equalization 179 escalator clause (escalation clause) /i.kw.lze.n/ /mb.g/ /ntrp/

The earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period T sut li nhun divided by the current market price per share A government prohibition of exports or imports with respect to lnh cm vn specific products or specific foreign countries. An intermediary storage facility (often in an intermediate country) bi gom chuyn hng ha where goods are kept temporarily for distribution. Electronic Point of Sale im bn hng in t

In transportation, a money allowance given the customer if the s cn bng p lc transport company picks up the goods at origin points or delivers clause in a contract allowing for regular price increases because /eskleit kl:z/ iu khon iu chnh gi of increased costs

180 (in) escrow 181 ETA 182 ETD 183 excise tax 184 exogenous 185 facility 186 FCIA 187 finance lease FIRST IN-FIRST OUT 188 (FIFO) 189 fiscal 190 force majeure 191 forex

/es'krou/

held in safe keeping by a third party The expected date and time of arrival of a carrie The expected date and time of departure of a carrier A selective tax sometimes called a consumption tax on certain goods produced within or imported into a country.

c gi bi bn th ba (vn bn, ti khon, v.v) Gi khi hnh c chng

Gi khi hnh c chng thu gin thu ngoi sinh iu kin d dng, iu kin thun li; phng tin d dng Hip hi Bo him tn dng nc ngoi cho thu ti ch nh d liu u tin c nhp vo s l d liu u tin c ly ra. thuc v cng kh bt kh khng trao i ngoi hi The difference between forfaiting and factoring is: forfaiting is a transactionbased operation while factoring is a firm-based operation. In factoring, a firm sells all its receivables while in forfaiting, the firm sells one of its transactions Example: As a result of the force majeure, the

/eksdns/ /f'siliti/

coming from or controlled from without; uncontrollable variables something designed and created to serve a particular function and to afford a particular convenience or service Foreign Credit Insurance Association.

a lease that is primarily a method of raising finance to pay for assets, rather than a genuine rental An accounting method based on an assumption regarding the flow of goods that older stock is disposed of first, in accordance with good merchandising /fskl/ relating to goverment finances (taxation, expenditure...) unexpected circumstances, such as war, that can be used as an /fs m(r)/ excuse when they prevent somebody from doing something that /freks/ Foreign Exchange

192 forfaiting

involves in the purchasing of receivables from exporters. The forfaiter takes on all risks involved with the receivables.

Bao thanh ton min truy i

193 franco frontier 194 franco quay 195 franco wagon 196 fraudulent 197 freeze

/ 'frkou 'frntj/ / 'frkou ki:/ / 'frkou 'wgn/ / 'fr:djulnt/ / fri:z/ free on rail intended to deceive a fixing of prices, wages, rents etc .. at current level

(gi) giao ti bin gii (gi) giao ti bn tu ( cng ch ) (gi) giao ln toa gian ln, la lc hn nh

198 funds flow statement 199 fungibles 200 galloping inflation 201 Go down swinging 202 golden parachute / 'gouldn 'pru:t/ / greis 'pirid/ / rinbk/ /gri:n meil/

a statement of changes in financial position detailing the causes of flows of resources into and out of a company Goods that, for commercial purposes, are identical with other goods and interchangeable in all situations. /'glpi nflen/ inflation in two or three digits( eg 30,60,100%..) to keep trying until the end; never give up compensation paid to top-level management by a target firm if a take-over occurs the time which you have to pay a bill or a loan in full without any finance charge.

bo co lung tin hng ha c th thay th cho nhau lm pht phi m c gng ti cng; khng t b tr cp thi vic dnh cho b phn lnh o khi mt cng ty b thu tm thi gian n hn

203 grace period 204 greenback 205 greenmail

Popular name for US paper currency. la M the holding of a large block of stock of a target company by an unfriendly company, with the object of forcing it to repurchase the th xanh stocks at a substantial premium to prevent a takeover Under which goods from certain countries are given preferential rates of import duty. h thng u i ph cp

206

GSP (General System of Preferences)

207 haggle Harmonized System (HS)

/'h gl/

to discuss prices and terms and try to make them more favorable tho lun hp ng A multipurpose international goods classification system designed to be used by manufacturers, transporters, exporters, importers, customs, statisticians, and others in classifying under a single An action taken by a buyer or seller to protect his or her business or assets against a change in prices used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time loans to customers that are repaid over 2 or 3 years To accept a bill of exchange; or to pay a note, check or draft at maturity. Minimum return on investment necessary to cover all costs associated with a project. If the expected rate of return is below the hurdle rate, the project is abandoned or is modified to increase the return. It must be equal to the incremental cost of capital and is also called break-even yield. The pledging of property to secure a debt, without giving up possession of such property.

208

m h s HS t bo him tnh n hin ti Hnh thc thu mua thc hin ng giao ko, tr ng hn

209 Hedge/ Hedging 210 heretofore 211 hire purchase 212 honor

/hed / /'hitu'f:/

/n(r)/

213 hurdle rate (n)

/hdl ret/

li sut gii hn

214 hypothecation

s cm c, th chp

215 impost

/impst/

A tax, especially an import duty

Thu nhp hng, thu nhp khu

216 indemnify

/in demni fai/

to conpensate someone for loss or injury, etc 1. A compensation to make a person whole from a loss already sustained. 2. A contract or assurance by which one engages to secure another against an anticipated loss. the process of flowing in

tin bo m

217 indemnity 218 influx 219 initiating memorandum 220 interchangeably 221 IPO initial public offering

/ndem.n.ti/

1. s n b 2. s bo m s chy vo, s trn vo gic th ban u c th thay cho nhau, i ln nhau c

/ 'inflks/ /niet a jargon of WB. memrndm/

/,int'teinbly/ in an interchangeable manner / i'nil 'pblik 'fri/ /,iri'di:mbl/

selling part of your company on the s cho bn ln u cho cng stock market in exchange for investment capital in your business chng (of paper money) not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder khng th hon li c, khng th chuyn thnh tin ng (giy bc) s pht hnh(c phiu, tn phiu...)

222 irredeemable

223 issuance

/isjuns/

The execution, validation, and tender of delivery of a contract or financial instrument to the appropriate party.

224 jettison (v)

/detsn/

to throw objects out of an aircraft, ship or vehicle because they are no longer needed or are dangerous, or in order to lighten the load

vt hng xung bin

Example: It was necessary to jettison most of the cargoes during the storm.

225 keep the lid on inflation

kim sot lm pht

226 ledger

/'led/

a book of account

s ci

227 legal tender 228 legal tender

/ 'li:gl'tend/ /lil tend(r)/

tin php nh (phi c chp nhn khi a ra thanh ton) Any money that is recognized as being lawful for use by a debtor tin php nh ( tr n)/ to pay a creditor, who must accept same in the discharge of a ng tin php nh Currency that cannot legally be refused as payment

229 legislative

/'ledisltiv/

of or relating to or created by legislation the use of debt financing of rising or falling at a proportionally greater amount than comparable investments to impose and collect a tax or other financing charge the belief that self interest, compensation and the price mechanism are adequate to regulate an economy a right given to a lender over a borrower's property when he cannot pay a debt a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights to have capital invested in such a way that it cannot be used for other investments a legal way of avoiding tax by exploiting part of a law

lm lut, lp php

230 leverage 231 levy 232 liberalism 233 lien 234 litigation 235 look up 236 loophole 237 Market disruption

/ ['li:vrid] / / levi/ /librlizm/ / 'lin/ /,liti'gein/

n by ti chnh nh thu c ch t do th trng quyn sai p ti sn th n s kin tng, s tranh chp ng k h ( php lut ) Example: Most of my capital is looked up in the property market.

/'lu:phoul/

A situation where a surge of imports of a certain product causes a trc trc th trng sharp decline in the domestic sales of that product and creates a

238 maturity date

/mtrti det/ the time when money you have invested is ready to be paid

ngy o hn

239 minor 240 miscellaneous

/'main/ /,misi'leinjs/

limited in size or scope having many aspects

nh (hn), khng quan trng, th yu tp, pha tp, hn hp; linh tinh tin tr trc

241 money up front

payment in advance

242 moorage

/ murid/

Charges assessed for mooring a vessel to a pier or wharf.

Thu u thuyn, thu b neo

243 mortgage

/m.gd/

a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization lends you money to buy a house, etc.,and you pay the money back over vn t th chp; s th chp a particular number of years; the sum of money that you borrow using or knowing more than one language ni c nhiu th ting

244 multilingual

/'mlti'ligwl/

245

multiyear rescheduling arrangement

tha thun hon n trong nhiu nm Non cash but liquid assets (such as gilt edged securities) that can Example: Calculate the cn t, vn lu hot, ti sn c be easily converted into cash but are not used as a medium of amount of cash and near tnh thanh khon cao exchange in everyday transactions. Depending on its type, a near money. /ni'sesiteit/ cause to be a concomitant bt phi, i hi phi, cn phi c s mua vt chng khon Example: There was no evidence of new time buying today. Example: This online dictionary, for example, is a compendium of the nomenclature of about 60 business related subjects.

246 near money

247 necessitate

248 new time buying

249 nomenclature

Set or system of official names, terms, or specialized vocabulary /nmenklt(r)/ used in a particular area, discipline, or subject such as accounting, engineering, finance, law. /nmni/ /nl nd vd/ a person or a company holding securities for someone else who want to remain anonymous Invalid, unenforceable, having no legal force or effect. It is a popular but redundant term. A financial center where many of the financial institutions have little connection with that country's financial system, but have International compacts negotiated between two or more governments in which the trading partners agree to restrain the An agreement by which the buyer may purchase an unspecified amount of goods from a seller over a certain period of time without changes in the price or the contract terms. in a way that was not expected

danh mc hng ha

250 nominee 251 null and void (adj) 252 offshore banking center 253 OMAs (Orderly Marketing Agreements) 254 Open-End Contract

ngi ng tn,ngi i din v hiu, v gi tr trung tm ngn hng hi ngoi Example: This contract is now null and void.

hp ng ng, hp ng khng iu kin bt ng

255 out of the blue

256 outlay

/ lei/ aut

an amount of money spent on a particular project

kinh ph s rt qu s tin gi ngn hng

257 overdraft 258 overextended 259 par value

/'ouvdr:ft/ /ouvikstendid/ /pa: 'v lju:/ /pemnt ndtek/

a draft in excess of the credit balance

describe a business owning far more than the value of its current bnh trng qu mc assets Nominal face value gi tr danh ngha

260 payment undertaking

a promise to pay an amount of money to the bank or the seller

cam kt thanh ton

261 PEFCO

Private Export Funding Corporation. A corporation that lends to foreign buyers to finance exports from the United States.

cng ty t nhn ti tr xut khu

262 perception

/p'sepn/

collecting something (tax... )

s thu (thu...)

263 perforated signature 264 perishable 265 petty cash 266 preliminary advice 267 prematuring 268 prevalent 269 price elasticity of demand

/pfretd snt(r)/ /'peribl/ /'peti k/ /prlmnri dvas/ /premtr/ /'prevlnt/

ch k c l liable to perish; subject to destruction or death or decay Small amount of cash available for everyday expenses Preliminary information about a letter of credit (L/C) sent by the issuing bank to the advising bank where time is short. It notifies happening before the normal or expected time most frequent or common c th b dit vong, li tn khon thu chi nh, qu tp chi thng bo s b s o hn sm thng thy, thnh hnh, ang lu hnh Depending on the jurisdiction, a preadvice

The percentage change in demand for a given product likely to co gin gi ca cu result if its price changes by 1 percent. A slight lowering or raising The percentage change in supply for a given product likely to result if its price changes by 1 percent. co gin gi ca cung

270 price elasticity of supply 271 pro-forma invoice 272 proforma invoice (n) /prfm nvs/ /prksi/

an invoice sent to a ccustomer so that it can be paid before the ha n co th, ha dn goods are supplied chiu l An agreement for a product or service with a set price and ha n chiu l conditional terms. It states the selling price and terms offered. Properson granted power of attorney by a shareholder to vote for him ngi c y nhim or her at an general meeting an accounting principle which states that where alternative accounting methods are possible, one understates rather than overstates profits person or company that tries to obtain control of another company by buying its shares on the stock market individual or corporate investor who intends to take control of a company

Example: Send a proforma invoice to a new customer.

273 proxy

274 prudence

/pru:dns/

nguyn tc thn trng trong k ton ngi ( doanh nghip) thu tm cng ty khc bng cch mua c phiu k mun thu tm cng ty

275 raider 276 raider

/reid/ / 'reid/

277 rally

/rli/ /reit kmpaunding/

an act of returning to a strong position after a period of difficulty or s tng gi t ngt sau mt weakness thi k tr tr how regularly compounding can take place thi hn ghp li

Example: The market is expected to rally when the trade figures are

278 rate of compounding

279 recapitulating

/,ri:k'titjuleit/

repeat an earlier theme of a composition

tm li, tm tt li

280 recession

/rse.n/

a difficult time for the economy of a country, when there is less trade and industrial activity than usual and more people are unemployed

s suy thoi

281 reciprocity

/res.prs..ti/

The practice by which governments extend similar concessions to nhng c quyn m hai quc each other, gia dnh cho nhau

282 redeem 283 redemption

/ri'di:m/ /ri'dempn/

to repay bond, debenture, mortgage, etc.. epayment of the principal amount of a debt or security at or before maturity (as when a corporation repurchases its own stock)

chuc li s mua li, chuc li, tr ht n Example: Bank-to-bank reimbursement arrangements : s cam kt hon tr gia cc ngn hng trong phng thc thanh ton LC. Example: There was an increase in the number of reimports last year.

284 reimbursement

/rimbsmnt/ Amount refunded for costs incurred or expenses paid.

s hon tr

285 reimports

hng ti nhp

286 reliance

/ri'lains/

the state of relying on something

s tn nhim

287 remittance

/rmt.nts/

Funds forwarded from one person to another.

s tin chuyn

288 rent-seeking economy

an attempt to derive economic rent by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather nn kinh t ti a ha thu nhp than by adding value. /riplevn/ A legal action for the recovery of property brought by the owner or gii tr sai p, party entitled to repossess the property against a party who has s gii p tch bin wrongfully kept it. to refuse to accept the payment t chi thanh ton bi b (lut hp ng..), tuyn b v hiu (mt hp ng, mt o lut...) s tr a Example: The company repudiated all debts occured before the merger.

289 replevin

290 repudiate

/rpjudiet/

291 rescind

/risind/

To abrogate, annul, avoid, cancel a contract; declare it void in its inception and put an end to it as though it never were. Action taken by a country to restrain its imports from a country that has increased a tariff or imposed other measures that adversely affect its exports. the mistake of not following suit when able to do so

292 retaliation

/rtlien/

293 revoke 294 rollover credit

/ri'vouk/

295 sanction

/skn/ /'snitri/

thu hi (giy php), hu b, th tiu (sc lnh...); rt lui (quyt nh, li ha...) Short term notes or loans which may be extended after the initial tn dng cng dn, tn dng li due date. sut thay i Lut quy nh hnh thc A proviso in a law to secure its enforcement by imposing a thng pht (cho vic chp penalty for its violation or offering a reward for its observance. hnh hay vi phm mt o lut) free from filth and pathogens the Securities Exchange Commission, which supervises American stock exchange (thuc) v sinh y ban chng khon M sai p, tch thu, tch bin (hng cm..) chng ch c phiu

296 sanitary 297 SEC 298 seizure 299 share certificate 300 share index

/si(r)/ / 'e s'tifikeit/

The act of taking possession of property. Certificate representing the number of shares owned by an investor

a list that shows the current value of shares on the stock market, ch s c phn based on the prices of shares of particular companies Example: Do not do business with those sharks, unless you can afford to lose money.

301 (loan) shark 302 short sale 303 simultaneously

/k/

a person who lends money at very high rates of interest

ngi cho vay ct c bn khng ng thi, cng mt lc

/:t seil/ the sale of a security that is borrowed by the seller /,siml'teinjsly/ at the same instant

304 solvency 305 sovereign risk 306 specimen 307 speculator 308 Spot rate

/'slvnsi/

the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due

tnh trng c th tr n c Although sovereign nations don't "go broke", they can assert their independence in

/'spesimin/ / ['spekjuleit] / /spt ret/

Probability that the government of a country (or an agency backed by the government) will refuse to comply with the terms of ri ro ch quyn a loan agreement during economically difficult or politically volatile a bit of tissue or blood or urine that is taken for diagnostic mu, vt mu purposes Someone who buys and sells stocks and shares in the hope of making a profit through changes in their value The rate (price per unit) for purchase or sale of a commodity or hi sut, t gi giao ngay foreign exchange for immediate delivery. an attempt to limit (but not total freeze ) increases in pay, profits, credit, etc.. person who buys new share issues, hoping to resell them at a profit if the issue is oversubscribed hn ch

309 squeeze

/skwi:z/

310 stag

/st/

ngi u c c phn

311 stagnant

/stnnt/

describe an ecocnomy that is not growing, but remain in a state of tr tr recession

312

stale document acceptable /stndba kmtmnt/ /'st:li/ /stivd(r)/ /stpjuletd dkjumnts/ /'sb'str:tm/

documents presented later than 21 calender days after the date cc chng t n chm c th of shipment are acceptable as long as they are presented no later chp nhn than the expiry date for presentation as stated in the credit A bank commitment to loan money up to a specified amount for a specific period, to be used only in a certain contingency. highest in quality tht s c gi tr A person having charge of the loading and unloading of ships in port the documents are clearly/ firmly required a surface on which an organism grows or is attached cng nhn bc xp ( cng) cc chng t quy nh c s

313 standby commitment 314 sterling 315 Stevedore 316 stipulated documents 317 substratum 318 SWIFT (Society For World-wide Interbank

319 teletransmission

Major banks have set up a computer system for interbank transfers called the Society For World-wide Interbank Financial the act or process of sending out an electronic signal or message /teli trnsmn/ in chuyn tn dng or of broadcasting a radio or television programme

320 tenor

/'ten(r)/

The term fixed for the payment of a draft or debt

K hn (hi phiu)

321 tied loan 322 to order /tu d(r)/

A loan made by a government that requires a foreign borrower to Khon cho vay c iu kin spend the proceeds in the lender's country. hay c rng buc A term on a financial instrument or title document indicating that it (c phn, c phiu, tn phiu) is negotiable and transferable the amount by which the measurement of a value can vary without causing problems twice as great or many the values declines/ goes down. A minimum price. a segment of a capital issue offered for sale on a particular date; an instalment. The extent to which laws, regulations, agreements, and practices /trnsprntsi/ affecting international trade are open, clear, measurable, and verifiable. Trade between three countries which creates a more favorable flow of trade for each than would exist between only two of them dealing directly with each other. breaking up monopolies to encourage competition illegally /tra:n/ /ndla kntrkt/ In undisclosed factoring, a factor buys the goods from a primary party (producer, manufacturer, or seller) and then appoints the same party as its agent to resell those goods and to collect the / n'skru:pjul s/ / n'wi:ldi/ without scruples or principles dung sai gp i th trng mt gi n bo him cho con phn n tr mi ln ca mt s tin ln s minh bch, r rng Example: Tolerance in quantity, costs, measurement.

323 tolerance 324 twofold 325 the market goes south 326 threshold price 327 tranche 328 transparency

/tlrns/ /'tu:fould/

329 triangular trade 330 trust busting 331 under the counter 332 underlying contract

mu dch tam gic, tay ba vic ph v th c quyn bt hp php hp ng c s Example: We used undisclosed factoring to improve our cash-flow

333 undisclosed factoring 334 unscrupulous 335 unwieldy 336 usance 337 variable levy

s y thc du tn khng n o, khng ngn ngi

difficult to use or handle or manage because of size or weight or kh cm, kh s dng shape Usual period allowed for payment of a bill of exchange (such as a thi hn thanh ton hi phiu check or draft), especially in international trade. Usance does not a duty that increases or decreases as domestic or world prices fluctuate to ensure that the price of the imported product after thu kh bin payment of duty will equal a predetermined "gate" price.

Example: A sixty-day usance.

338 velocity of circulation 339 virgin territory 340 waiver (of the discrepancies)

the rate at which money circulates in the economy, usually calculated as the GNP shown as a percentage of the stock of money supply /vdn tertri / a new prospect, service or product /wev(r)/ /weil/ /w:fid// /wewl/ /wait nait/ /'windf :l/ / ji:ld / situation in which somebody gives up a legal right or claim; an official document stating this a customer with a large net income who invest a substantial amount in the market

tc lu thng tin t lnh vc, sn phm hoc dch v mi ngh b qua cc sai bit Nh u t ln

Example: A lively economy means a high velocity of circulation.

341 whale 342 wharfage 343 wherewithal 344 white knight 345 windfall 346 yield

thu bn, ph neo u, ph tr A charge assessed by a pier or dock owner for handling incoming hng cu cng or outgoing cargo the money, things or skill that you need in order to be able to do sth a friendly potential acquirer sought out by a target firm that is threatened by a less welcome suitor an unexpected profit Return on investment shown as a percentage tin; tim lc kinh t hip s trng ca tri cho li sut