WCDMA

Overview

WCDMA Features

High data rates in 5 MHz

384 kbps with wide-area coverage

2 Mbps with local coverage

High service flexibility

support for services with variable rate

support for simultaneous services

support of multiple parallel variable-rate

services on one connection

packet and circuit switched services

Fast and efficient packet access

Higher capacity

Orthogonal in frequency within cell
Narrow bandwidth per carrier
Continuous transmission and reception
No synchronization in time
f
t
Power
MS1 MS 2 MS 3
NMT
AMPS
TACS
Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA)

Orthogonal in time within cell
Increased bandwidth per carrier
Discontinuous transmission and reception
Synchronization in time
Power
t
f
MS 1
MS 2
MS 3
200 kHz

GSM

PDC

D-AMPS
Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)

Separate users through different codes

Large bandwidth

Continuous transmission and reception

f
Code
t
MS 1
MS 2
MS 3

5 MHz

IS-95 (1.25 MHz)

CDMA2000 (3.75 MHz)

WCDMA (5 MHz)
Direct Sequence - Code Division
Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)

WCDMA technical
characteristics
f
t
10 ms frame
4.4-5.0 MHz
P

Optimized packet access on common or

dedicated channel

High spectrum efficiency

5 MHz carriers

Frequency Division Duplex,

FDD

3.84 Mcps chip rate

Variable spreading codes

Advantage of Spread Spectrum

Wideband transmission being less sensitive to frequency

selective interference and fading

Power density of spectrum is decreased several times

and the transfer of information is still possible even below
background noise.

Radio Network planning is easier compared to Networks

using FDMA or TDMA as all the available freqencies can
be used in all cells (frequency re-use = 1)

CDMA is very spectrum efficient due to the possibility of

using each carrier in each cell.

There is no fixed capacity limit (number of users at the

same time). The main limit is the increase in the level of
interference from other subscribers which reduces the
quality of service.

The possibility of having soft handover in WCDMA can

be an advantage.

Disadvantage of Spread
Spectrum

The power level of all UE transmission received at the

BTS must be equal if the bit rates are equal and
therefore fast power control is necessary.

A UE in soft handover mode require the resources of

more than one cell, the system capacity is reduced.

BITS 11001
SPREADING
CHIPS 1101001001
Chip rate = Spreading Factor * Symbol Rate = Constant = 3.84 Mchip/s
Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between chip rate and the symbol rate!
Relation between Chips and Bits

Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Signals
T
S
t
d(t)
Information signal
T
C
t
c(t)
Spreading signal
(Unique & Given)
t
d(t)c(t)
Transmission signal

User Bitrate and Spreading Factor
SF Chiprate
Mchips/s
User Bitrate
Uplink
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
SF Chiprate
Mchips/s
User Bitrate
Downlink
SF Chiprate
Mchips/s
User Bitrate
Uplink
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
3,84
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
15
30
60
120
240
480
960

Overview
Of
3G Mobile Core

Layered Architecture
Connectivity Layer
Control Layer
Application Layer

UOO 4 E C UU M +] + }

The Application Layer is responsible for providing services to users via

applications regardless of the device and method in which the user accesses
the network. The Application Layer itself is not a real network as such important
operator parts of the application Layer may, however, be realized in what are
called Service Networks.
UE4ME C UU M }
The Control Layer contains nodes that control and direct traffic (both
Circuit and Packet Switched). The Control Layer is realized in a Core
Network. The WCDMA Core Network will contain, for example, MSCs,
HLR/HSS, GMSC/TSC, SGW and possibly IMS.

UE 4 + 4U C UU M }] + + }
* E 4 + 4U C U M E 4 E 4 =} ] }] + + } ] + = }
4M OEM4 E WUUU UU U U UU E -} - - ]
4 4E 4 + M E4 4EMUU }] =} + ]]} }
* U 4EMU E 4 E 4 4 4 =} ]]} } ] + =} } +
E E4ME M 4 CE 4EMUW - ] } + =} + } }
UUU U*UU U UUU EM U 4M OEM4 + }- ]]} - ]
E 4 + 4U 4EMU 4 4 M 4E }] + + } = } } = -
M 4 4UO E 4M W U U U M 4U 4 } -+} } } +] } ^+ ] +
U 4 U U 4 U 4 4 UU EM UU UUU + ]=}- - ] }+ ] =}- -
4 U 4EMU M 4 UU UU < =} ]]} } + } +#}- =}
E U 4EMUU -+ ]]} }

UU UU 4 M U 4 * M M 4 E + - -+#}- =} =+ - } } +
U M4 M O UMEU 4 WU UUUU } =+ }]

U E 4 U UU M M 4EMU CE U 4 }- =} }} } ]} } -} =
UU UU 4EMU E M 4E E 4 E } } ] } ] +-} }- ] +
E4M C UEM ECOE 4U ] }

M UO4 OC 4 WUU } + }
U 4EMU WUU ]]} }
UEM 4EMU WUU } }
4EMU U4 M 4E UU UU } }
UU UU U*UU<C U<U U*UU*<U

3GPP Network Reference
Model
GMSC
GMSC
GGSN
GGSN
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
AUC
AUC
SCF
SCF
SMS-
IWMSC
SMS-
IWMSC
RNC
BS
Uu
CN External
Networks
Iur
D
USIM
USIM
ME
ME
RNC
BS
Uu
USIM
USIM
ME
ME
Iub
Iub
Iu
Gd ,
Gp ,
Gn+
SGSN
SGSN
MSC
MSC
E,
G
Cu
Cu
SMS-
GMSC
SMS-
GMSC
SGSN
SGSN
MSC
MSC
Gb
SMS-SC
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
PDN:
-Intranet
-Extranet
-Internet
Iu
AN UE
BSC
BTS
Um
SIM
SIM
MT
MT
Abis A
BSS
RNS
RNS
UTRAN
Note:
Not all interfaces
are shown and named
F
Gf
Gr
Gn +
H
GMSC
GMSC
GGSN
GGSN
HLR
HLR
EIR
EIR
AUC
AUC
SCF
SCF
SMS-
IWMSC
SMS-
IWMSC
RNC
BS
Uu
CN External
Networks
Iur
D
USIM
USIM
ME
ME
RNC
BS
Uu
USIM
USIM
ME
ME
Iub
Iub
Iu
Gd ,
Gp ,
Gn+
SGSN
SGSN
MSC
MSC
E,
G
Cu
Cu
SMS-
GMSC
SMS-
GMSC
SGSN
SGSN
MSC
MSC-S
Gb
SMS-SC
ISDN
PSTN
PSPDN
CSPDN
PDN:
-Intranet
-Extranet
-Internet
Iu
AN UE
BSC
BTS
Um
SIM
SIM
MT
MT
Abis A
BSS
Iu
AN UE
BSC
BTS
Um
SIM
SIM
MT
MT
Abis A
BSS
RNS
RNS
UTRAN
Note:
Not all interfaces
are shown and named
F
Gf
Gr
Gn +
H

Mobile Soft switch Solution

Mobile soft switch enable a layered
architecture design for the mobile
circuit core , where the network
functions responsible for service
management & control and for
transport of service data are
physically & logically separated
Mobile Soft switch Solution

Advantages of Mobile Soft switch Solution
1. Packet backbone technology (IP or ATM) enables
more efficient transmission of voice traffic over
the backbone by retaining the same voice coding
in the backbone as is used in the air interface
2. Access independent (GSM/WCDMA) core network
3. Reduction of backbone traffic
4. Simplification of network planning through
common core for WCDMA & GSM

Core Network Overview


SGSN G
GMSC
Server
GGSN
RNC
BSC
C-MGw
SDH
Network
C-MGw
MSC
Server

IP or ATM
Backbone
IP
R
I
P
R
IP
R
PSTN
ISDN
PLMN
Internet,
Intranet


SGSN W
USER DATA
HLR/
FNR/AUC
CONTROL

Ericsson
Multi
Activation
Ericsson
Multi
Mediation

RANOS

GSMOSS

SGSN
GGSN

BSC

MGw

MGw

MSC

Server

GMSC

Server

Internet/

Intranets

Internet/

Intranets

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN

IP or ATM

Backbone

IP

R

I

P

R

IP

R

IP v4/v6,

QoS

, VPN

RNC





GSM RAN
WCDMA RAN

RANOS

GSMOSS

SGSN
GGSN

BSC

MGw

MGw

MSC

Server

GMSC

Server

Internet/

Intranets

Internet/

Intranets

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN



IP

R

I

P

R

IP

R


RNC






SGSN
GGSN

BSC

MGw

MGw

MSC

Server

GMSC

Server

Internet/

Intranets

Internet/

Intranets

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN

PSTN/

ISDN/

PLMN



IP

R
I

P

R
IP

R

RNC



HLR/AUC/FNR

GSM RAN
WCDMA RAN

WCDMA Core Network Overview

Network 1
Network 2 MGW
Handles payload,
processing traffic and
signaling interworking
between networks
Payload Format 1
Transport Type 1
Signaling 1
Payload Format 2
Transport Type 2
Signaling 2
What does a MGW do?

Media Gateway
Inter-working between different transport technologies (TDM, ATM
and IP bearer).
Media Stream handling (Speech Coder, Echo Canceller, Multi-Party
call, Tone Sender, DTMF sender/receiver, Interactive Messaging,
Code Answer and Tone Sender (CAT), Continuity Check)
Adapting the circuit-switched data services in WCDMA and GSM.
Signaling bearer conversion at the network edges in order to allow
unified signaling bearers to be used within the core network.
Supporting Radio Access Network interfaces.
Routing and switching.
Element Management.

Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN)
Session and mobility management (paging, attach, detach, Packet
Data Protocol (PDP) context handling, intra- and inter-SGSN routing
area update).
Payload Handling
Security includes features such as user and network authentication
and data confidentiality through ciphering.
CDR based charging includes functions for collecting charging
information from various sources within the SGSN
CAMEL based charging provides a real-time charging mechanism
Configuration management functions that support definition and
handling of logical relations with other network elements
SMS over GPRS
Support for SS7 signaling.

Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN)
Tunnel management
IP-address management
Charging data collection/output
Security management
Packet filtering
Packet routing / forwarding
QOS management
Element management

MSC Server
Circuit based connection management i.e. traffic
control, roaming, call routing and handover.
Media Gateway Control
Mobility Management
Authentication
Charging data collection/output
Supporting a comprehensive set of Supplementary
Services that complement and modify the Tele-
services and Bearer Services.
IN and CAMEL Services
Security and Fraud

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* UUU U M+ M UE4ME C U M 4 4U E =} } } = - } } ] +
M 4 4E M 4 4UCE ECC4 4 E M } }- ]+ ] + -} ] +] + }
+ 4 UE E 4 4 E44 E +]} + =+ + } + ]= + }
+ MEC 4U EM CO U CE 4U C C + } } } + + ^} }
4 E 4 E C C 4 M+ U * UUU - ] }] + ^} } } +]} =}
U M+ M EMU EU4 4 E 4 4 UUU U } } + ] ] + + = =}
UUU W UUU
* UUU W UUU UE4ME C U M 4 4U E =} = - } } ] +
M 4 4E M 4 4UCE ECC4 4 E } }- ]+ ] + -} ] +] + }
M+ 4 U 4 U +]} + =+ +] + =+ +]
UUU UM 4 44M 4EMU EM CO U ]=+ }] } }- } } }
CE 4U C C 4 E 4 E C + + ^} } - ] }] + ^}
C 4 M+ U } } +]}

4 U UUU U M+ M W UUU U M+ } } } }
MU }
* C 4 4 E E UUU M+ M EM ME44 =} + ] + } } + +
4E CE 4 M M U E 4 ^ ] + } ] +} + + ^
ME44 EMC 4 E MEC 4 4 M M C + ^ + + =} ] +}
<U

UE U 4 U WUUU UU + } }-+ }
* UUU U E 4 4 UE UEM 4EMU 4 =} ] }] =} + } } } + =
4 M 4EMU 4 UU UU UU < E U } } } ]= - -+ ]
4EMUU UU* 4EMU EM E4 M UE 4 ]} } } =} + } }
EMU 4 UUU EMU EU4 4 E 4 4 UU =} + ] ] + + = =}
U U M+ M WUE 4 4 UU } } + ]=

U M+ U<U U4OOEM4 E W } + ^ -}
U UU
* U U OME+ U E CE 4U C =} +-} } + - + + ^}
C 4 WO U 44 U 4 4 UME4E E } ^+ ^ ]= -} ]= ]
U E4 4 U 4M U 4 MUU U ME4 ] } = - + ^ + - + }
4 M 4O 4 UU * U U 4OOEM4 O UU 4 + ^ } - } =} ] }
M+ EM 4 UU < E U 4EMU 4 } +]} =} -+ ]]} } -
U U U 4OOEM4 O U 4 M+ EM 4 UU UU =} ] }} + ]} =}
< E U 4EMUU -+ ]]} }
4 U U<U U4OOEM4 E } -}
W UU
The GGSN provides an interface between mobile radio core networks (GSM
and WCDMA) and other packet data networks, such as the Internet,
corporate intranets, and private data networks.

EC CE 4 E < 4 M W } ] + }^+ }
C<U
EC CE 4 E < 4 M W C<U M+ 4 } ] + }^+ } } } =}
OM C MU 4 E 4 M M EMC 4 E + - } ] +} + +
4 4E OME+ E4ME 4 }- +-} ] - + } +^}
4 4 UUU U<U UU UU U 4EMUU ]} + =+ =} - }

* C< C CE 4 M OME =} ^} + } ] +} + }
4 M M E 4 E 4 + } ] +} ] + - ] + +
4UU E 4OO C 4 MU M+ - = - } } } } +]}
U

U44 4 4 E U 4M WU =} +] + } }
UU
* U44 4 4 E U 4M WUUU E4 =} =} +] + } } ] +
4 4 E EM 4M 4EM E + 4 ] + }] } ^} + -+ +-
4 M M 4 M U UU UU E ] +} +-} ++} - }
4 EM 4 C MU EM M + ] -} ^ + = }]} ^} }
4 44 4 4 E O M 4 + ^ =} +] + - ]+ =} + ^ -
E 4 4 M M U UU * 44 4 }- =} ] +} } =} =} +
4 E O M 4 U OME+ U 4 ] + - ]+ =} + ^ - +-}-
UU 4OE M O4 4U M 4 U M 4 =} } } } }- -+} }
4EMU C 4 4E OME4 4 4 4EMUU } } } } }] =} }
4 M EO M 4EM 4 4 44 EM } - } ^+ = +#}-
4 E 4 U4 CU } =} }

UO4 OC 4 U 4 4U < + } -} + }^+

4 M WUU<U }
* UU< 4 + 4 CE O4 OC =} - } +- } + } } +
4 M M 4 4UU * UUU M O4 4 } = - } +-} + =} ] } }
4 UU< 4E U UU 4E EM =} ]=}] + = }} }
44U W U 4 UU E4 4UO UU OOME+ + ] + }- }
W M U 4 UU EMC M 4 M W 4 }- ^ + }- }^+ } }- =+
4 UU EM 4UEU } + }-

4C M < 4 M } + } } }^+ }
W <U

* < E E MU =} -} }
Mobile Number Portability (MNP): This feature permits an end-user to keep
his MSISDN identity when changing service provider or moving subscription
between two service domains within the same country.
Flexible Allocation of MSISDN for the GSM and WCDMA networks. This
feature provides mobile operators with free allocation of subscription
identity without considering the relation between MSISDN and IMSI series
in the HLR.