TOPIC 1 Future developments

CONTENTS
Case study 1 ..........................................................................................................2
Microchips in pills

Case study 2 ..........................................................................................................3

Microchips capable of detecting cancer

Worksheet 1 ..........................................................................................................4
Implications of future developments and future uses of ICT

Worksheet 2 ..........................................................................................................5
Researching emerging technologies

Multiple-choice questions.................................................................................8 Answers..................................................................................................................9

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Unit IT 3 Us e o f IC T in th e Di git al Wo r ld

Topic 1 Future developments

Case study 1
Microchips in pills

pp. 19

One problem doctors have with their patients is that they do not know whether they have taken their medication. The only way that this can be done at present is to conne the patient to hospital so that staff can ensure they are taking their pills, but this is costly. As well as actually checking whether they take the pills, the medical staff have to check that the correct combination and number of pills are taken at the correct time. This can be a real problem with elderly or psychiatric patients who forget or do not understand the necessity of taking the pills. Help is now at hand through the use of ICT by the inclusion of a microchip being placed inside a pill. These sensors are digestible and only 1mm wide and their use allows doctors and surgeons to monitor patients outside the surgery or hospital. The system works by the pill activating a harmless electric charge when it is digested by the stomach. This charge is detected by a sensor placed on the patients stomach or back, which is also able to record the time and date. As well as doing this, the sensor is also able to measure physiological quantities such as heart rate, motion and breathing patterns. The information from the sensor is transmitted to the patients mobile phone and then transmitted using the Internet to the healthcare professionals computer system. Doctors can then view this information on secure webpages and they can even have the information sent to their mobile phones. One doctor has said that the technology measures how a patient is getting better by giving important patient feedback. She said, until now we could only get this level of feedback by keeping patients in hospital. She went on to say, it is hoped that the new system will free up beds and save the NHS money.

The case study highlights a problem doctors have when giving certain patients medication. Briey explain what the problem is. (2 marks)

Describe two features that the sensor inside the pill must have in order for the system to be successful. (2 marks)

Explain briey the system which sends the information from the sensor to the doctor or healthcare worker. (2 marks)

Give two advantages that this system has compared to the monitoring of patients in hospital. (2 marks)

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Topic 1 Future developments

Case study 2

pp. 19

Microchips capable of detecting cancer

Scientists have developed a tiny microchip which can be used to detect one type of cancer, called prostate cancer, in the body. It works by detecting a certain protein molecule, which is typical in people likely to get this type of cancer. The device works by getting the proteins to stick to and bend a cantilever, which is just like a tiny diving board. The higher the concentration of the protein, the more the cantilever bends and the amount of bend is detected using a laser beam. It is also possible to put hundreds of these cantilevers on a single silicon chip, which will make it possible to detect many different types of cancer. The successful treatment of cancer is enhanced by its detection at an early stage, so in the future everyone might have one of these chips inside them. In the future it may also be possible to have drugs inside each person that would be released automatically into the patient if the early signs of cancer are detected.

Give one advantage in using microchips to detect cancer. (2 marks)

Explain briey how the system for detecting cancer works. (3 marks)

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Topic 1 Future developments

Worksheet 1

pp. 67

Implications of future developments and future uses of ICT

Read pages 6 and 7 of the textbook and then complete the following mind maps on separate sheets of paper.

1 Mind map showing the impact of the use of ICT on society

Higher standard of living

The impact on society

2 Mind map showing the problems and abuses of new technology

Violent videos

Problems and abuses of new technology

3 Mind map showing the impact on the way organisations are run
Remote working possible

The impact on the way organisations are run

4 The impact on individuals as consumers and as workers

Blurs the boundary between work and play The impact on individuals as consumers and as workers

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Topic 1 Future developments

Worksheet 2

pp. 25

Researching emerging technologies

Emerging technologies change the way ICT will be used in the future. New technologies are being discovered and developed all the time. You are required to do your own research using the Internet and write a short paragraph under each of the following headings. You also need to include the URLs of any websites you used to nd the information.

1 Touch screen interfaces

Websites used:

Description:

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Topic 1 Future developments

Worksheet 2
(continued)

pp. 25

2 New uses for mobile phones

Websites used:

Description:

3 The use of robots in the home

Websites used:

Description:

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Topic 1 Future developments

Worksheet 2
(continued)

pp. 25

4 New technology in cars

Websites used:

Description:

5 Uses of nanotechnology
Websites used:

Description:

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Topic 1 Future developments

Multiple-choice questions
1 Which one of the following is not an impact that ICT has had on the way organisations have been run over the last ten years? A B C D The use of the Internet as a vehicle in conducting business It is easier to conduct business globally The ability for staff to do all or part of their jobs from home The use of networks

pp. 19

6 Mobile working has changed the way business is done. Which of the following is not a way that doing business has changed? A B C D Customers expect services to be available 24/7 Business can be done anywhere, anytime Mobile communication has reduced stress amongst workers Workers have more exibility and can be more productive

2 Which one of the following is not a reason for the widespread use of ICT? A B C D The lower cost of ICT hardware Cheap communication methods such as access to the Internet The increase in ICT-related legislation The development of e-mail and le transfer

7 Which one of the following is not a benet to society in the increased use of robotics? A B C D Goods are made to a higher standard which means they are more reliable Robots enable goods to be produced at lower cost In the near future you will start to see robots being used in the home Robots can only ever carry out one type of task

3 Which one of the following best describes Wikipedia? A B C D A comprehensive paper-based encyclopaedia An on-line encyclopaedia with contributions by world experts An encyclopaedia on CD-ROM An on-line encyclopaedia with contributions from ordinary people

8 There are many benets to society in using ICT. Which one of the following is not a benet? A B C D Greater democracy with the use of e-voting Improvement in health and life expectancy owing to advances in scanner technology More exible working makes it easier for people to t work around families Greater abuse of ICT systems

4 Which one of the following devices is not a mobile communication device? A B C D A mobile phone A PDA A laptop computer A desktop computer

9 There are a number of things which limit the use of ICT. Which one of the following is not one of them? A B C D Speed of transfer of data through communication channels Storage capacity The ability of people to learn new things Battery life

5 Which one of the following statements concerning Bluetooth is correct? A B C D Bluetooth is a standard for sending data wirelessly between devices Using Bluetooth you can only transfer data using wires Bluetooth technology is never used in mobile phones Bluetooth is a type of computer virus

10 There are many legal issues caused by the development of ICT systems. Which one of the following would not be expected to give rise to legal implications? A B C Biometric input methods such as ngerprinting and retinal scanning The use of ICT for the input of names and addresses for mail shots Using someone elses wireless connection to gain access to the Internet without them knowing or giving permission Posting lies about a person on a blog or message board

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Topic 1 Future developments

ANSWERS
Case study 1: Microchips in pills
UNIT 3 TOPIC 1 PAGE 2

1 One mark for a brief description and one mark for additional detail. Need to know that patients are taking their medicines (1). They are taking the right dose and at the right time (1). 2 Two points (one mark each) similar to the following: Must be small so it ts into a pill that can be swallowed (1). It must dissolve in the patients stomach (1). 3 Two points (one mark each) similar to the following: Sensor dissolves, emitting an electric charge in the patients stomach (1). Sensor on surface of stomach picks up charge (1). Info is sent from this sensor to the patients mobile phone (1). The mobile phone uses the Internet to send the information to the healthcare workers computer system (1). 4 Two points (one mark each) similar to: Reduces the need to monitor patients in hospital (1). This saves beds and reduces costs (1).

Case study 2: Microchips capable of detecting cancer

UNIT 3 TOPIC 1 PAGE 3

1 A supercial answer for one mark and a more detailed explanation for two marks. Microchips are continually sensing the signs of cancer (1). The cancer can be detected at the early stages (1). 2 One mark for each point to a maximum of three marks. Proteins indicative of cancer stick to a cantilever (1). The cantilever bends (1). The amount of bend is detected by a laser (1). The concentration of the protein is determined by the bend (1).

Questions 1
TEXTBOOK PAGE 10

1 (a) One mark for each point to a maximum of four marks. Example answers include: Can cause accidents because people focus on the device rather than what is around them. It is much easier to make last-minute arrangements. As each new device is created, new misuses are also created such as cyberbullying using e-mail or text message. Rise in obesity as many young people do not get enough exercise because they spend too much time sitting surng the net or playing computer games.

Criminals can be caught by tracking their mobile phone calls. Causes stress as employees can easily be contacted by their bosses at any time. (b) One mark for each point to a maximum of four marks. Example answers include: People only have to carry one portable device such as the latest mobile phone rather than a camera, a phone, a laptop, a GPS system, etc. Workers can be much more productive when travelling as they can use their computer, access the Internet and so on. People travelling to meetings can let others know of any delays, problems, etc. Employees are always contactable when working. Can work using the Internet wherever there is mobile phone reception. 2 (a) One mark for the name of the device/system and one mark for each additional point to a maximum of two marks. Example answers include: E-mail You do not have to waste time printing the letter, putting it into an envelope and posting it (1). If the person is sitting at their desk and their computer is switched on then the e-mail will arrive almost instantly (1). It is possible to send an e-mail to lots of different people. With a letter this would be time consuming (1). It costs little money to send an e-mail (1). The Internet Many more people now spend their time surng the Internet rather than watching television (1). You can use the Internet for the playing of games, watching TV programmes, listening to radio, downloading music, etc. (1). The Internet has changed the way people shop as many people now shop on-line (1). People benet from the lower costs of Internet goods, and shops have to lower prices to remain competitive (1). (b) One mark for the name or brief description of the emerging technology and one mark for a description of why it is likely to change society. Examples include: Smart cars reduce trafc accidents as developments in computer control make it much harder to crash a car (1). Sensors and computers work out distances between vehicles and brakes are applied automatically when distances become too close (1). Flexible screens these allow devices to have much larger screens yet keep the device as small as possible (1). It will be possible to have moving images in books and magazines (1).

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Topic 1 Future developments

ANSWERS (continued)

3 One mark each for three points such as: Increased monitoring by authorities (1) many people are concerned about the use of cameras to recognise people or their vehicles (1). Such systems are used to ght crime but they could be used for more sinister purposes (1). Monitoring of employees (1) employees can be monitored on their use of the Internet, how much work they get through, how long they spend on the phone, how long they are away from their computers and so on (1). Control of the Internet (1) some countries censor what can be seen using the Internet in their country (1). This allows authorities to exert more control over the population (1). Lack of privacy when using search engines (1) some search engines record details of searches performed by a particular computer (1). This can be used to target advertising based on the searches performed (1) but people are worried that this information is collected without their permission (1). On-line essay banks (1) these essay banks, where students can buy essays on every subject and topic imaginable, encourage students to cheat (1). Some people think such sites should be made illegal (1). 4 One mark for example of the abuse and one mark for the name of the Act that deals with the abuse 2. Examples of suitable answers are as follows: Spreading computer viruses causing damage to ICT systems or annoyance and inconvenience to users (1). The Computer Misuse Act 1990 makes it an offence to deliberately plant or transfer viruses (1). The copying of software and then selling it at car boot sales or on Internet auction sites (1). Abuse covered by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which makes it illegal to copy or distribute software without permission or licence from the software owner (1). 5 (a) Note that as this is a discuss question, the answers should be given in continuous prose and not as a series of bulleted points. One mark for each point to a maximum of six such as: Low power computer chips means that battery life is extended. High capacity storage lots of les can be stored in a very small space. Touch screen technology allows users to use the screen to enter data, eliminating the need for a very small keyboard which is difcult to use. File compression utilities allows large les to be attached to e-mails and sent over the Internet quickly. Different le compression formats allow the storage of lots of music tracks or digital photographs on portable media. The use of LCD screens for making laptops small and light. Use of interfaces which make the devices as easy to use as possible.

(b) One mark each for two limitations such as: Weight many mobile devices are still heavy owing to heavy batteries, transformers, hard drives, etc. Size if device is kept small then it makes the user interface harder to use, as any keyboard has keys which are very small. Battery life mobile devices can only be used away from the mains power for a limited amount of time. This limits their use on long journeys without carrying backup battery supplies. 6 Four points (one mark each) such as: Changes to skills required and not required new ICT systems need new skills and staff must be prepared to learn these skills. Some staff may fear this (1). Changes to organisational structure some staff may be worried that they will have to move sites, work with new people, etc. (1). Changes in work patterns new systems often mean that people will have to work exibly and new working hours may not suit everyone (1). Changes to internal procedures staff members are often asked to take on more responsibility and do a wider variety of tasks when ICT systems are introduced. Some staff may feel dissatised with this (1). Possible redundancies sometimes improvements in efciency by the use of ICT systems means fewer people are needed in organisations, so some staff may feel threatened by this (1). 7 This question is typical of the questions in the exam with the largest number of allocated marks. Normally two sides of A4 are supplied for the answer to this question, so students need to plan their answers to this carefully. It is also important to note that the quality of written communication will be assessed in their answer. Please note that the points are not marked individually but instead are marked according to: High mark range 1620 marks The candidate should address a wide range of issues on both topics and demonstrate a full understanding of the topics and they should write about these issues legibly with very few, if any, errors of spelling, punctuation or grammar. The meaning of the text is clear and they have used a style of writing which is appropriate and have expressed their complex ideas clearly and uently. Sentences and paragraphs are arranged in a sensible order and specialist vocabulary has been used in an appropriate manner. Good mark range 1115 marks The candidate refers to a range of issues on both topics and demonstrates a good understanding of the topics and produces legible text with the occasional error in spelling, punctuation or grammar. The style of writing is appropriate for the purpose and the meaning is reasonably clear. The candidate has expressed moderately complex ideas clearly and reasonably uently. The candidate had used well-linked sentences and paragraphs.

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Topic 1 Future developments

ANSWERS (continued)

Medium mark range 610 marks The candidate refers to a number of issues and shows a reasonable understanding of them. There may be some errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar, but not such as to cause problems in the readers understanding and not such as to suggest a weakness in these areas. The candidate has used a form and style of writing which is sometimes appropriate to its purpose, but with many deciencies. The candidate has expressed straightforward ideas clearly, if not always uently. Sentences and paragraphs may not always be well connected. Information or arguments may sometimes stray from the point, or information may be weakly presented. Low mark range 05 marks The candidate will only express a small number of possible issues. Text is barely legible. Errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar may be noticeable and intrusive to understanding, suggesting weaknesses in these areas. The candidate has used a form and style which is barely appropriate to its purpose. The candidate has expressed simple ideas clearly, but may be imprecise and awkward in dealing with complex or subtle concepts. Information or arguments may be of doubtful relevance or obscurely presented. Here is a list of the points the students should cover in their answers: Impact on individuals as consumers: Much more choice when buying goods using the Internet. Goods may be delivered straight to your door. Able to search for the cheapest goods. Some stores may close as a result of increased competition, meaning that the city centres become run-down. Consumers can shop 24/7 if they want to. More re-selling of unwanted items because they can be sold on Internet auction sites. There is a global market available for the purchase of goods. Many everyday tasks can be speeded up such as getting a tax disc on-line instead of queuing up at a post ofce. Impact on individuals as workers: Remote working is possible. May have to work more exible hours. They will require continual training as systems change or are replaced over time. Employees will have to be exible in their roles and will not usually be involved in performing the same tasks. Workers will often face re-organisations when new ICT systems are introduced. Employees may face health problems associated with the continual use of ICT systems. Some staff may face redundancy. Some staff may become stressed in using systems which have poorly designed user interfaces.

Case study 1: Wikipedia

TEXTBOOK PAGE 11

1 Two points (one mark each) such as: Most people would not waste their time posting incorrect information (1). The many users would spot the incorrect information and have it corrected (1). Users can use the older information which will have been edited and is less likely to misinform (1). 2 Three points (one mark each) such as: An encyclopaedia written collaboratively by volunteers (1). Anyone with access to the Internet can edit it (1). Anyone can add new material, references or citations (1). Older articles tend to be more balanced because they are edited more (1). 3 One mark for each point to a maximum of three marks. Do not worry too much if the development already exists, as long as it is not something like the ability to search text, print sections of text, etc. Audio which would read out the text which would be useful for people with impaired eyesight (1). Use of video showing videos which are connected with the text and can help explain it (1). Use of animations to explain how things work (1).

Case study 2: A novel use for nanotechnology

TEXTBOOK PAGE 11

1 (a) An explanation similar to the following for two marks. The science of new materials where standard sized particles can be reduced to sizes as small as a nanometre (1) where the material starts to experience strange but useful properties (1). New materials that exhibit strange properties because of their size (1) and are likely to have many uses in ICT such as exible display technologies and e-paper (1). (b) Three distinctly different points (one mark each). A wire grid of nanotechnology bres is knitted into the material of the shirt (1). These bres collect signals from the wearers body and digitise them and send them wirelessly to a base station (1). The computer can then decide what to do based on the data it receives (1). (c) One mark for each benet to a maximum of two such as: The shirt can be used to monitor patients who have just had operations (1). Shirts can be used to monitor the performance of athletes (1).

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Topic 1 Future developments

ANSWERS (continued)

2 Any suitable problem with two points for two marks such as: Those technologically advanced countries will be able to benet by the development (1) which will once again widen the gap between the haves and the have nots. People are not aware of the dangers of some of these materials (1) and there is a danger that some of these materials can enter humans and cause damage (1). 3 One mark for the statement of the advantage and one mark for further detail. The shirt just looks like an ordinary tee shirt so it does not make the wearer self-conscious (1) as there are no trailing wires and large data loggers (1).

(b) Two applications (one mark each) such as: Being able to communicate with pets you have to leave in the house all day while you are at work (1). Being able to check that elderly relatives are OK and to chat with them (1). 2 Two points (one mark each) such as: This device could be used to spy on someone without their knowledge (1). The manufacturers have addressed some of the issues by enabling the person who has the Irobot in their home being able to turn the audio, video or both off (1).

Multiple-choice questions
UNIT 3 TOPIC 1 PAGE 8

Case study 3: Virtual visitor

TEXTBOOK PAGE 12

1 D, 2 C, 3 D, 4 D, 5 A, 6 C, 7 D, 8 D, 9 C, 10 B

1 (a) One mark for each answer to a maximum of two marks. By the use of the Internet (1). and with wireless connectivity to the robot device (1). that allows the device to be controlled using a distant computer (1).

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