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Summary Lecture: The application of Human Physiology in exercise and sports performance
A/Prof Lim Chin Leong BSc, MSc, MBA, PhD Programme Director, Combat Protection and Performance Head, Military Physiology Lab DMERI@DSO Dept of Physiology, NUS AUT, Spore Sports School NCAP SSC Sport Med Trg Prog COFM NUS
Trachea
O2
O2
O2
CO2
Right heart Pulmonary Capillary
Pulmonary System
Cardiovascular system
Venous Blood
Pulmonary capillary PO2 = 40 mmHg PCO2 = 46 mmHg O2 extraction CO2 production by tissue
Arterial Blood
Application in Sports Exercise testing Lactate buffering Altitude training EPO doping Blood doping Sodium biarbonate doping
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Time (min:sec)
0:17:17
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Exercise Metabolism
Stored ATP (3oz) PCr - ATP Anaerobic Alactate
Mitochondria CO2
Indirect Calorimetry
Determining VO2 measurement by the Fick equation: VO2 = Cardiac Output x A-VO2 Difference
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate End diastolic volume End systolic volume Ventricular compliance Contractility Ventricular volume Blood pressure Delivery
X Peripheral O2 Extraction Vascularization Mitochondria volume Citric acid cycle enzymes Muscle type Pre-ETC events. Extraction and utilisation
Indirect Calorimetry
Determining VO2 measurement by respiratory equation:
(FEO2 x VE)
Expired O2 (Measured) Expired air volume (Measured)
O2 Delivery Circulation
Expiration
METABOLIC MEASUREMENT
VO2
VO2max
Intensity
METABOLIC MEASUREMENT
VO2 max: Maximum volume of oxygen consumption VO2peak: Highest volume of oxygen consumption VO2peak VO2 VO2max
Intensity
METABOLIC MEASUREMENT
VO2: Volume of oxygen consumption VO2 max: Maximum volume of oxygen consumption VO2peak: Highest volume of oxygen consumption VO2peak VO2 VO2 Intensity VO2max
Data from Hermansen, L. & Anderson, K.L. (1965). Aerobic work capacity in young Norwegian men and women, Journal of Applied Physiology 20: 425-431.
Data from Robinson, S. (1938). Experimental studies of physical fitness in relation to age, Arbeitsphysiologie 10: 251-323., and others .
Lim et al 2009
3:55:12 3:40:48 3:26:24 3:12:00 2:57:36 2:43:12 2:28:48 2:14:24 2:00:00 Triathlon timing (h:mm:ss)
10
15 Subjects
20
25
30
Variations in improvement in VO2 max following 20 weeks of endurance training by family. Average was 18% but the range was 053%. The range was influenced by genetics but was influenced very little by age, sex and race.
Adapted from C. Bouchard et al., 1999, Familiar aggregation of VO2 max response to exercise training. Results from HERITAGE Family Study, Journal of Applied Physiology 87: 10031008.
From a genetics point of view, the chance of having one individual in the world endowed with the perfect genetic make-up for superior endurance performance is only 0.0005%, that is, provided he / she likes to run
Lim CL The two-hour marathon debate, J Appl Physiol In print, Jan 2011 Williams et al, J Physiol 586.1: 113 121, 2008
Exercise Metabolism
Stored ATP (3oz) PCr - ATP Anaerobic Alactate
Mitochondria CO2
Lactic Acid
Buffers the accumulation of pyruvate in cell during exercise Prolonged intense exercise performance Alternative substrate for major organs during exercise (heart and kidney) Prevents competition for glycogen between muscles and major organs during intense exercise Conservation of glycogen Buffering of Blood Lactic Acid Neutralization by sodium bicarbonate
Carbonic acid + CO2 Increases PCO2 Sharp increase in VE
Utilized by heart and kidney as energy fuel during exercise Returns to liver and stored as glycogen Returns to muscle to be converted to pyruvate to participate in aerobic metabolism
Anaerobic Threshold
Lactate clearance < Lactate production
Inflection Point
Lactic Acid concentrations
Time / Intensity
Increased VE
CO2 Carbonic Acid
Early Studies
Performance VO2
LT VO2
VO2max
Stroke volume
MHR
Hbo Conc
% ST fibers
Joyner model R2 = 0.954 Noakes model R2 = 0.796 Joyner + Noakes R2 = 0.978 VO2max R2 = 0.902 VO2max + RE R2 = 0.973
Altitude Training
Exercise at Altitude
Barometric pressure (Pb) is the sum of pressure exerted by all the gases comprising the atmosphere. Pb is 760 mmHg at sea level (normobaric), increases below sea level (hyperbaric) and decreases above sea level (hypobaric) The composition of air is 20.93% O2, 0.03% CO2 and 79.4% nitrogen. Does not change even when Pb is decreased. Partial pressure of O2 (PO2) is the proportion of Pb exerted by O2 molecules in the air; 159 mmHg at sea level PO2 (mmHg) = 0.2093 X Pb i.e. decreases with increased altitude. It is the decrease in PO2 and not the O2 content in the air that affects our physiology at altitude
Decreased O2 delivery to the tissue
Changes in Barometric Pressure (PB) and Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO 2) at Different Altitudes
CONDITIONS AT ALTITUDE*
*At least 1,500 m (4,921 ft) above sea level Reduced barometric pressure (hypobaric) Reduced partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) Reduced air temperature (1 oC/150 m) Low humidity: Cold air holds little water. Increase in solar radiation intensity
Pulmonary diffusion between alveoli and arterial blood does not change. Oxygen transport is slightly impaired.
SaO2 of 97% at sea level PO2 104 mmHg SaO2 of 80% at 4300 m PO2 46 mmHg
Oxygen uptake is impaired due to decrease in PO2 gradient between arterial and body tissue
Sea level arterial PO2 is 100 mmHg, and tissue PO2 is 40 mmHg At 4300 m, arterial PO2 is 47 mmHg and tissue PO2 is 27 mmHg
Decreased VO2max.
Due to: Decreased O2 delivery O2 uptake > 1600 m 8% - 11% / 1000 m Due to decreased arterial PO2 up to about 5000 m Due to decreased Qmax at > 5000 m
ACCLIMATIZATION TO ALTITUDE
Increased release of EPO (3 h) Increase in number of red blood cells Decrease in plasma volume Increase in hematocrit Decrease in muscle fiber areas and total muscle area; may be due to under performance. Increase in capillary density decreased diffusion distance. Increase in pulmonary ventilation (40 to 50% > sea level) Decrease in VO2max with initial exposure does not improve much
Reviewed 51 studies