A Monte Carlo Modeling of Planetary Formation: A Case of 47 Ursae Majoris System

Avivah Yamani1), Taufiq Hidayat2), Ratna Satyaningsih3), and Budi Dermawan2) 1 langitselatan.com 2) Bosscha Observatory and Astronomy Research Division, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 3) Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, Jakarta e-mail: avivahy@gmail.com Received 31 December 2009, accepted for publication 26 March 2010 Abstract This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation, using Planetary System Generator, which has been built based on a simple accretion model by Dole (1970) and by considering the present structure of the Solar System. Data of known extrasolar planets have also been taken into account. It was then applied to generate 47 Ursae Majoris (47UMa)like planetary systems. The results are subsequently compared to the observed data of 47UMa. The dynamical evolution as well as the stability of the system have been evaluated by using a n-body formalism accounted for in our simulation. The generated system reproduced approximately the observational data and suggests that some other accompanying planets may exist. The orbital evolution is also found to be stable within the current age of the system. Keywords: 47 Ursae Majoris, Dynamic evolution, Stability, n-body problem, Planetary system Abstrak Makalah ini memaparkan simulasi Monte Carlo, menggunakan Planetary System Generator, yang dibangun berdasarkan model akresi sederhana (Dole, 1970) dan dengan mempertimbangkan struktur Tata Surya yang kita kenal sekarang. Data planet luar surya yang telah ditemukan juga dipertimbangkan. Model ini kemudian digunakan untuk menghasilkan sistem keplanetan serupa-47 Ursa Mayoris (47 UMa-like). Hasilnya selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan data pengamatan 47 Uma. Evolusi dinamik maupun stabilitas sistem dievaluasi menggunakan formalisme n-benda yang dimasukkan dalam simulasi ini. Sistem yang dihasilkan mampu mereproduksi dan mendekati data pengamatan serta memberikan kemungkinan adanya planet lain dalam sistem tersebut. Evolusi orbit juga didapati stabil dalam kurun waktu seperti usia Tata Surya yang sekarang. Kata kunci: 47 Ursa Mayor, Evolusi dinamik, Stabilitas, Masalah n-benda, Sistem keplanetan solar nebula up to the generation of planets, which favorably explained various problems in the Solar System formation (see for example, Pollack et al., 1996; Papaloizou and Terquem, 1999; Laughlin et al., 2004). Numerical sophisticated models of planetary formation have also been developed by various authors (Wetherill, 1988; Alibert et al., 2005) which generally need complex algorithm and are time consuming computation. Note that an alternative model of gravitational collapse leading to planetary formation has also been developed (Boss, 2000) and is still under debate. In this work, we do not undertake the research on the very early stage of the Solar System history, particularly the solar nebula, but concentrated on the formation of planets, given for certain conditions in the protoplanetary disk which contains a mixture of gas and condensed matter. We have modified and adapted a Monte Carlo simulation of planetary formation, based on ACRETE code, originally developed by Dole (1970) and critically scrutinized by Isaacman and Sagan (1977). It is a simple 64

1. Introduction The formation of the Solar System is one of the most fundamental problems in astrophysics. As revealed by observations through centuries, our Solar System presents major regularities as well as irregularities. The nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the Solar System planets imply that planetary formation occurred in a flattened protoplanetary disk revolving around the Sun. A remarkable characteristic of the Solar System is the existence of terrestrial and Jovian planets. The former are small rocky planets, situated at the innermost region close to the Sun, and the latter are gas giants at farther out regions of the Solar System (Woolfson, 2000; Lewis, 2004). Many detailed and rigorous theories of the formation of the Solar System have been developed (Goldreich and Ward, 1973; Cameron, 1973; Wetherill 1980; Lissauer 1993; Montmerle et al., 2006). In general, the core accretion model has been widely accepted to describe the early stage of the

Yamani, et al., A Monte Carlo Modeling of Planetary Formation: a Case of 47 Ursae Majoris System planetary generator to form our Solar System, assuming accretion with unit sticking efficiency. Planets were formed by accretion of particulate matter within a cloud of dust and gas surrounding the newly formed star. This first model successfully reproduced our Solar System and gave a complete set of planetary system, described by the number of planets formed in the system, its orbital distance, mass and eccentricity (Dole, 1970). In our previous work (Yamani, 2007), we modified ACRETE, using new assumptions and parameters, to Planetary System Generator and applied this model to the Solar System. The result shows many similarities with that obtained by Dole (1970) for our Solar System. Since 1995 hundreds of extrasolar planetary systems have been discovered. In light of these results, in this work we generate planetary systems and investigate the stability of their orbital evolution. In particular, we study 47 Ursae Majoris (47 UMa) system, one of the first discovered extrasolar planetary systems, which has many similarities with our Sun. We run our simulation program 250 times, adopting known 47 UMa parameters, and investigate all the results to see the probability of finding the system. Note, however, that our model does not include planetary migration a mechanism proposed to explain the existence of hot Jupiters found in most extrasolar planets so far. 2. Monte Carlo Model It is generally assumed that planetary systems form within cold, spherical dark globule of dust and gas, through accretion of grains and inelastic collisions of particles. It is also well known since the days of Poincar (1911) that in a cloud of particles with a nonzero net angular momentum where inelastic collision can occur, particle orbits that are highly inclined to the invariable plane of revolution are gradually eliminated by being converted through collisions into lower inclination orbit. The spherical shape of the nebula is finally lost and the volume containing particulate orbits takes on a shape approaching that of an exocone, at least in its inner regions. Subsequently, planetary bodies grow by the gradual addition of matter, following two-body collision and coherence, within the cloud of gas and dust in the exocone. In ACRETE, planetary nuclei, each having a mass m0, are randomly injected to the cloud and grows after it swept particles in the cloud. To obtain quantitative results, certain parameters must be specified, such as the density distribution within the cloud, the ratio of gas to dust, the definition of critical mass, or the planetary mass above which a planet can begin to accumulate gas in addition to dust, and the orbital eccentricity of particles within the cloud. Details of these parameters and related equations are given in Dole (1970) and Isaacman and Sagan (1977).

65

All planetary nuclei are injected into the invariable plane with an inclination of zero but with a semimajor axis and an eccentricity chosen at random, with a range specified at reasonable value. When a planet stops to grow, another nucleus is injected. As the planetary nucleus grew, it sweeps out clear lanes of dust in the cloud and consequently its size and mass increase to form a planet. A part of the gas is also swept out in the vicinity of the planetary orbit having mass greater than its critical mass (mc). It sometimes occurs, during the course of the run that two planetary embryos come within a close distance x of each other. When this happens they can collide inelastically and coalesce forming a single planet. After the coalesce, the body which has been formed may continue to grow if conditions are suitable. Planetary nuclei will be injected to the cloud until all dust is being swept. If there is no more dust, the experiments end and the system is completely formed. First adaptation of ACRETE into personal computer was made by Fogg (1985). Since then, many different versions have been developed (see, for example, Croughton, 2007). Fogg (1992) includes the planetary geochemical carbon cycle to investigate the possible abundance of both biocompatible and habitable planets. Based on Burrows ACRETEStargen model (2003), which includes planetary atmosphere parameters, we have developed a model with several changes and include a n-body problem formalism to examine the motion of the objects in a given interval of time (Yamani, 2007). Hence, we can determine the stability of the systems, and also have some information on its evolution. In our Planetary System Generator, the code provides an output written in a HTML format that yields main information about the system conditions. The planets generated by the codes are called Rock, Jovian, Asteroid, etc., following the criterion given by Burrows (2003). The assumptions adopted in our generator are the following: (i) distance; we use the recent discovery of dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt and also extrasolar planets for inner and outer bound. We take 0.08 AU for the inner bound and 100 AU for the outer bound as a first approach. Note however that the recent discovery suggests an outer bound much farther than 100 AU, (ii) eccentricity of the dust particle; we use a random number between 0 0.2 for the eccentricity of the dust particle in the cloud. In the original version of ACRETE, the dust particles are assumed in a circular orbit around the central star, (iii) planetary nuclei injections; in this model, random injections are made simultaneously, and injections could be done for several planetary nuclei at the same time, (iv) coalescence between planet; collisions and coalescence between planets will occur if two planets have an encounter at specific distance and their separation is close enough to their minima.

66 JURNAL MATEMATIKA DAN SAINS, AGUSTUS 2010, VOL. 15 NOMOR 2 Moreover, to account for the close encounter between the bodies, the Gladman criterion has been adopted in this work (Gladman, 1993). When close encounters occur, the system will keep stable if the separation between the two planets min. The Gladman criterion for minimum separation is expressed by:
min = 2.4(b + c )
1 3

(1)

where b, c are the ratios of the planet masses to the stellar mass and is the fractional orbit separation of the two planets given by =

(ac ab ) .
ab

If the close

encounters between the two planets do not occur, the system will remain stable. On the other hand, if the system is unstable when close encounter occurs, then both planets will coalesce or rebound. To satisfy this condition, we examine the corresponding encounter velocity of both planets when close encounter occurred. We calculated the encounter velocity as follows:
2 vc = v 2 + ve

Figure 1. Three point masses in a Cartesian coordinate system. The three point masses move under influence of a central field. The corresponding equations of motion can be written as:
mm mm m1&&1 = G 1 3 2 r12 + 1 3 3 r13 r r r13 12

(4) (5) (6)

(2)

m m m m m2&&2 = G 23 3 r23 23 1 r12 r r r12 23 mm mm m3&&3 = G 33 1 r13 33 2 r32 . r r13 r23

where v is the velocity of m2 relative to m1 prior to encounter and ve is its escape velocity from the encounter point, given by:
2G (m1 + m2 ) ve = RS
1 2

(3)

The rebound velocity is equal to vcwith 1 is a restitution coefficient. If vc ve, then both objects will be gravitationally bound to each other and coalesce will soon occur. 3. Planetary System Generator In Planetary System Generator. we also perform long-term numerical orbital integrations of planetary objects with n-body integrations. We combine the n-body integrations with the output parameter provided by ACRETEStargen to evaluate the evolution of orbital motion. Based on this computation, in this integration we included close encounters between bodies to see the dynamical stability of the system. Consider three different point masses m1, m2 and m3 in a rest cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z), and their positions with respect to the origin are expressed by vectors r1, r2, dan r3 (see Figure 1).

To obtain the relative motion with respect to the central star, we take the origin to be the position of the star (m1) and, obviously, it has a dominant mass. The mass of the two other bodies are written as m and m, where m is the mass of the body whose trajectory will be determined, and at a position of m(x,y,z), and m is the mass of the body which perturbs the motion of m with respect to m1, in a position of m(x,y,z). The motion of m is expressed by (Danby, 1988; Roy, 1988): GMx Gm( x x) Gmx (7) && = 3 + x 3 r r 3
&& = y
&& = z

GMy Gm( y y ) Gmy + 3 r3 r 3

GMz Gm( z z ) Gmz , + r3 r 3 3

(8) (9)

with M = m1 + m and its distance is given by:

= (x x)2 + ( y y )2 + (z z )2

Equations (7), (8) and (9) are the equations of motion of a point mass m that is perturbed by a body of mass m. If there is an additional mass from other bodies perturbing the motion of m, then the three body problem can be extended to the n-body problem, such as the case in our Solar System. If the mass which perturbs the other mass is identified by mi, then the perturbation function in n-body system is described by:

Yamani, et al., A Monte Carlo Modeling of Planetary Formation: a Case of 47 Ursae Majoris System
1 xx + yy + zz . R = Gmi r 3 i

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(10)

This perturbative function is a consequence of perturbation from another body, and thus we have:

&& = x
&& = y

GMx n2 Ri + r3 i =1 x

(11)

GMy n2 Ri + r3 i =1 y

(12)

&& = z

GMz n2 Ri . + r3 i =1 z

(13)

In this model we also determine the timescale to build a system and apply this model to extrasolar planetary systems in order to examine possible characteristics of the planets. The computations in this model follow the methods described in Roy et al., (1984), Taidakova (1997), and Duncan et al., (1998). 4. Result and Discussion Planetary System Generator was run a thousand times to perform simulations with the various adopted parameters until all planets were generated. The results have been then compared with the existing newly discovered extrasolar planetary system (Schneider, 2009). The characteristics of the generated planets are then analyzed and grouped into systems which resemblance with the observed planets (Yamani, 2007). The Solar System has also been successfully reproduced. After all planets have been formed, we made several selections of the system, and Planetary System Generator will continue to take into account all planetary dynamical stability. Table 1. 47 UMa orbital parameters Parameter e M sin i (MJUP) a (AU) 47 UMa b 0.032 (0.014) 2.54-0.06+0.07 2.1 (0.02) 47 UMa c 0.098-0.096+0.047 0.54-0.073+0.066 3.6 (0.1)

not been found yet. The orbital parameters of 47 UMa is shown in Table 1. The 47 UMa-like system in this work is generated by adopting stellar parameters of 1.03 M for the stellar mass, 1.54 L for the stellar luminosity, and its spectrum class of G0V. This system is located at a distance of 13.97 pc from the Sun and its age is ~7 Gyr. From these input parameters, a habitable zone of the system can be estimated in a range of 1.090 2.565 AU by using a criterion adopted from Kasting et al., (1993). The input parameters are given in a user friendly environment in the code, displayed in Table 2, as an image. Furthermore, our Planetary System Generator simulates 250 systems, and accordingly, Jovian and rocky planets are commonly found in every generated system. At least, there are 2 5 Jovian planets and 8 rocky planets in a system. Other types that are common in these systems are small objects we name as either asteroid-like or Kuiper Belt-like objects, characterized by small masses and sizes and their distances from the central star. Rocky planet called Venus-type is quite common in all systems, but some of them do not generate it. Venus type is a representation of planet with high CO2, leading runaway greenhouse effect to occur. Table 2. The 47 UMa Characteristics given in the code.

In this paper, we study the possible formation and orbital evolution of a 47 UMa-like system, which is one of the first discovered extrasolar multiplanetary systems and is a solar-type star (Fuhrmann et al., 1997). From the observational results, we know that 47 UMa have two planets. The first planet of the system 47 UMa (b) was detected by Butler and Marcy (1996), using a radial velocity method. The second planet was discovered when Fischer et al., (2002) analyzed further for 7 year period of variation in radial velocity curve possibly caused by another component. Yet, 47 UMa is an extrasolar system with two Jovian planets, but it is still possible that there is another planet in this system. Another earth-size planet could exist but has

Smaller planets, called Mars-type, icy and gas-dwarf, are quite rare, while terrestrial planet is only found in 1 system from 250 generated systems. In our simulation, Jovian planets are commonly found between 1.9 33 AU. Jovian planets are mostly generated in a distance range of 2 18 AU, but there are 1 or 2 Jovians generated outside 20 AU. At this distance, the system is dominated by giant planets with mass < 20 Earth mass, or Neptune and Uranus-like planet. From these 250 systems we generated, rocky planets with mass of less than 0.05 Earth mass are common outside 50 AU. With this result, if we compare to the Solar System, this outer part region is dominated by dwarf planets or Kuiper Belt-like objects.

68 JURNAL MATEMATIKA DAN SAINS, AGUSTUS 2010, VOL. 15 NOMOR 2 greater mass than 47 UMa c. In addition, from all the nine systems that are comparable to 47 UMa, only one system, which we have identified as number 75 in our runs, has Jovian planets at 2.3 AU and 3.7 AU (Figure 2). In observational data, 47 UMa system has planets at 2.09 AU and 3.73 AU which are in good agreement with our computational results. In this simulation, systems with two Jovian planets close to each other are commonly formed. Other systems with more than two Jovian planets in a greater distance from the central star are also generated. In the system number 75, that matches our criterion of 47 UMa system, there are 5 Jovian planets (with masses 0.47 MJ, 0.25 MJ, 0.38 MJ, 0.07 MJ, and 0.28 MJ), Moreover, there are 3 rocky planets, 6 dwarf planets, and 2 regions of asteroid generated from the remaining dust of the system formation. In this system, the first and second planet experienced tidal locked with temperatures in excess of 1000 K (Fuhrmann et al., 1997).

Figure 2. The 47 UMa-like system characteristics generated in the simulation and identified as number 75. From all the 250 systems, if we compare the computational results with that from the observations, we found 27 systems (~11%) having Jovian planets in a distance range of 1.6 5 AU. However, there are only 9 systems (3.6%) whose Jovian planet masses similar to that of 47 UMa where 47 UMa b has a

Figure 3. The 47 UMa System formation, No. 27 in this simulation, takes 470 million years to complete planet formation. The number of the planets indicated in this figure refers mostly to small bodies generated by the system.

Yamani, et al., A Monte Carlo Modeling of Planetary Formation: a Case of 47 Ursae Majoris System

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Table 3. Separation and minimum separation between planets Close Encounter Planet1,2 Planet2,3 Planet3,4 Planet4,5 Planet5,6 Planet6,7 Planet7,8 Planet8,9 Planet9,10 Planet10,11 Planet11,12 Planet12,13 Planet13,14 Planet14,15 Planet15,16 Separation

5. Conclusion The 47 UMa-like system which has been generated by our Planetary System Generator is in good agreement with the observational results and suggests that other accompanying planets may exist. At least two other inner rocky planets and two Jovians at a distance greater than 8 AU are expected. From this simulation model of 47 UMa-like, we could see that in planetary systems, Jovian planets are indeed very common. Small objects like dwarf planets and Kuiper Belt-objects are also common to form in circumstellar disks around solar-like stars. We found that Kuiper Belt objects are usually located at distances of more than 40 AU. Two or three bodies close to each other with small masses are also found in several case of our model. We speculate that these small bodies might be satellite candidates and will be investigated in further work. All dwarf planets are formed after creating Jovian and sub-Jovian planets. They are formed from the remaining dust that combines into protoplanets which do not reach the critical mass. In other words, these dwarf planets could neither accrete all the matter in their surrounding environment nor eject them from the system. This could be seen in the debris disk in the system called in this simulation as asteroid. We note that this Monte Carlo Planetary System Generator, although detailed physical processes are omitted, could predict realistic results on planetary system formation. Therefore, this suggests that the probability of finding habitable planets could be investigated by this method. This will be done in a future work. Acknowledgements This research was supported by Hibah Penelitian Tim Pascasarjana - Dikti 2006 2007 to which the authors gratefully appreciated. AY wishes to thank M. J. Fogg for a very helpful correspondence during the preparation of this work. References Alibert, Y., C. Mordasini, W. Benz, and C. Winisdoerffer, 2005, Models of giant planet formation with migration and disc evolution, Astron. & Astrophys., 434, 343-353. Boss, A. P., 2000, Possible Rapid Gas Giant Planet Formation in the Solar Nebula and Other Protoplanetary Disks, Astrophys. Journal, 536, L101-L104. Burrows, J., 2003, STARGEN Solar System Generator. http://www.eldacur.com/~brons/ NerdCorner/StarGen/StarGen.html. Butler, R.P., and G. W. Marcy, 1996, A Planet Orbiting 47 Ursae Majoris, Astrophys. Journal, 464, L153-L156.

Minimum Separation min 6.29 10-6 1.49 10-5 0.001 0.00162 0.000143 0.00102 7.910-4 6.36 10-4 3.2 10-7 3.6 10-7 2.3 10-6 2.23 10-6 6.99 10-10 6.99 10-10 1.3 10-8

0.5 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.15 0.9 0.45 0.9 0.13 0.14 0.36 0.16 0.026 0.005 0.038

Our simulation shows that this system has reached its final configuration after 470 million years (Figure 3). We note, however, that according to Kornet et al., (2002), 47 UMa system formation needs 107 108 years to complete its course of formation. In the chart, the line represents each planetary nucleus injected to the cloud and formed the planet. The line begins when a planetary nucleus is injected and it stops when the planet is formed. We remark that some of the line end before 470 million years that may represent a planet formation from the corresponding nucleus that has been in collision and has coalesced with another planetary body. When the formation process is completed, the simulation continues to calculate the dynamical evolution, which corresponds to its life time, until it reaches the present age of the stars (9.98 billion years). From this computation, we inferred that the system is stable because, in its orbital motion, the close encounter never reaches its minimum separation, as given by equation (1). The separation and min calculated in this simulation is shown in Table 3. To obtain another reason why the system remains stable in this model, we also performed the computations to generate planets smaller than Jupiter (mostly rocky planets). It is likely that the existence of small planets also gives influence to the system to stay in a stable orbit. A system stabilization could also be maintained because in this model we only took perturbation influence between interacting planets into account. We neglected possible mechanism from the tidal force affected by the star as well as its stellar evolution itself. Other results are discussed in Jones and Sleep (2002) and Laughlin et al., (2002).

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