EE4105 Weeks 8 10 Assignment Report

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Table of Contents
1. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 3. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................2 Evolution to 3G ..................................................................................................................................2 CDMA ................................................................................................................................................3 WCDMA ............................................................................................................................................3 3G Duplex Techniques .......................................................................................................................4 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................5

1. Introduction
The first generation cellular networks, which were based on analog technology with FM modulation, have been successfully deployed since the early and mid 1980s. A typical example of a first generation cellular telephone system (1G) is the Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS). Second generation (2G) wireless systems employ digital modulation and advanced call-processing capabilities. In view of the processing complexity required for these digital systems, two offered advantages are the possibility of using spectrally efficient radio transmission schemes such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), in comparison to the analog Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) schemes previously employed and the provision for implementation of a wide variety of integrated speech and data services such as paging and low data rate network access. Examples of 2G wireless systems include the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), TDMA IS-54/IS-136 and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). The third-generation (3G) vision is to create a unified global set of standards requirements that could lead to the commercial deployment of advanced multimedia wireless communications. The best known example of 3G is the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).

2. Literature Review 2.1. Evolution to 3G

3G has evolved from 2G and is built on the success of GSM (GSM, GSM1800, GSM1900). Dual-mode terminals ease migration from 2G to 3G.The radio technology in 3G is Wideband CDMA. This is similar to local area network technologies such as Ethernet. In the US, CDMA2000 will be used (this is similar to Wideband CDMA but backward compatible with IS-95), where as in Singapore WCDMA is used.

Comparison of the technologies from 1st generation to 3rd generation is shown below. Technology / Features Start/ Deployment Data Bandwidth AMPS Standards Technology Analog cellular technology Mobile telephony (voice) FDMA Multiplexing TDMA, CDMA, GSM Digital cellular technology Digital voice, short messaging TDMA, CDMA GPRS, EDGE, 1xRTT Digital cellular technology Higher capacity, packetized data TDMA, CDMA WCDMA, CDMA-2000 Broad bandwidth CDMA, IP technology Integrated high quality audio, video and data CDMA 1G 1970/ 1984 1.9 kbps 2G 1980/ 1991 14.4 kbps 2.5G 1985/ 1999 14.4 kbps 3G 1990/ 2002 2 Mbp

Figure 1: Evolution to 3G

Service

Circuit Switching

Circuit

Circuit for access network & air interface; Packet for core network and data PSTN and Packet network

Packet except circuit for air interface

PSTN Core Network

PSTN

Packet network

2.2.

CDMA

In CDMA each user is assigned a unique code sequence (spreading code), which it uses to encode its data signal. The receiver, knowing the code sequence of the user, decodes the received signal and recovers the original data. The bandwidth of the coded data signal is chosen to be much larger than the bandwidth of the original data signal, that is, the encoding process enlarges (spreads) the spectrum of the data signal. CDMA is based on spreadspectrum modulation. If multiple users transmit a spread-spectrum signal at the same time, the receiver will still be able to distinguish between users, provided that each user has a unique code that has a sufficiently low cross-correlation with the other codes.

Figure 2: CDMA

2.3.

WCDMA

With WCDMA a users information bits are spread over an artificially broadened bandwidth. This is done by multiplying them with pseudo random bit stream several times. The bits in the pseudorandom bit stream are referred to as chips, so the stream is known as chipping or spreading code. It increases the bit rate of the signal by a ratio known as spreading factor. The key device in any CDMA system is its correlation receivers, which stores exact copies of

all the systems chipping codes. These codes are used by the receiver to multiply a received data stream, selecting the chipping code as was used in the transmitter. The devices also perform whatever mathematical functions required to restore the original user data. The result is that at the receiver output, the amplitude of the de-spread signal is increased by the spreading factor relative to the interfering signals. In the process, those interfering signals are diminished and add to the background noise level. This effect is called process gain. CDMA the conversations occupy the same frequency band at the same time. But each interaction is multiplied by a different chipping code, and when the signals are de-spread, the only one that comes through intelligibly is the one whose code was used by the de-spreader. The others simply add to the background noise level.

Figure 3: Spreading and de-spreading

For the system to work two factors are key. First only soft handovers may be employed, since with them mobile terminals can maintain simultaneous connections to different base stations as they move among them. Second transmitted power should be strictly controlled so that signals from all mobile terminals arrive at the base station with about the same strength, despite their differing distances from the base station.

2.4.

3G Duplex Techniques

WCDMA has two forms, distinguished by how they separate the two directions of communication. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) employs separate uplink and downlink frequency bands with a constant frequency offset between them. The other form Time Division Duplexing (TDD) puts the uplink and downlink in the same band, and then timeshares transmissions in each direction 1. Frequency Division duplex- The transmission and reception of signals are achieved simultaneously using two different frequencies as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 4: FDD (Frequency Division Multiplexing)

2. Time Division Duplex- Uses only a single frequency and it shares the channel between transmission and reception, spacing them apart by multiplexing the two signals on a time basis.

Figure 5: TDD (Time Division Duplex)

3. Conclusion
The latest research 3G technologies have spearheaded economical wireless broadband communications in both developed and emerging markets. These technologies are being rapidly deployed for fixed, portable and mobile uses. The factors that are encouraging the operators and countries to develop and deploy 3G includes high data speed, access to multimedia services, video conferencing, facilitation of mobility, corporate solutions and so on. The continuous enhancements in 3G technologies have given birth to advanced version like EV-DO Rev. A, HSDPA, and femtocells that provide outstanding capabilities, making 3G the preeminent choice.

References http://azhar-paperpresentation.blogspot.com/2010/04/code-division-multiple-access.html http://harikrishnanck.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/c08-cellular.pdf

http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/cellular_concepts/tdd-fdd-time-frequency-

division-duplex.php http://www.nmscommunications.com/file/3G_Tutorial.pdf http://www.i-policy.org/2010/03/new-itu-standards-to-boost-imt-2000-3g-mobile-phone-capabilities.html