attributed to the social, cultural and economic constraints as well as responsibilities and low level of education.

However these socio-cultural are changing as more education and economic needs are increasing. women who are seeking jobs belong to such families where women have allowed to work. The major obstacles in the female supply are the literacy and school enrolment rates among women. Beside recently development programs like social Action program emphasized more female education and health are likely to change these norms. The SAP-l(1992-97), SAP-H (1997-03) plan target was to female primary school participation rate from 53.7%in 1992-93 to 81.6% by 98 and to increase female literacy from 22.3% in 1992-93and 33.5% by 1997-98. The demand side constraints to female labour force mainly due to the general structural changes in the economy from intensive technology to capital major sector in and industry. There has been a significant shift towards during the last two decades, both caused low absorptive in agricultural and most in industry [W orldBank 1989]. This shift capacity labour and it ha s affected both males and females. The manufacturing sector which plays a s important role in the economy has grown at an annual rate of around 6.0% during the 1970s, 8.7% during 1980s, 12% in 1990 and then decline after 2000. However, evidences show that female workforce has increased in temporary and in contractual works which led to low wages and exploitation of women by empoyers. Women are an important part of the contract and temporary system of work force whereby they operate either in their homes or in small workshops. Unfortunately either there exists no legal protection against such exploitation, Mechanization in the agricultural sector has also led to the displacement of the labour force. However, empirical evidence shows that the labour force share of women in the agricultural sector has increased. One of the major causes of this increasing feminization of the agricultural sector is the increasing trend of out migration of the male labour force. Though the female labour force has increased in the agricultural sector, yet they are still exploited and their contribution toward GDP and economic development has gone unnoticed and undocumented. Even in agricultural, females are exploited as casual and part time workers. They hardly ever earn on a consistent and regular basis and they are also victims of low and delayed wage payments. 5.8.4 Discrimination for Women in the Labour Market ) Discriminationin the labour market occurs when market allocation is determined and affected by non-productivity and non-pecuniary factors such as sex and color etc. there are two most common features of labour market discrimination,first wage discrimination. The second is occupational discrimination, where women are segregated into low paying occupations. Another type of exploitation which is usually practiced in Pakistan, as developing world countries are the myths well as, in the

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surrounding commonly held perceptions regarding the natures of womens participation in the labour force. The myth within Pakistan about women is that they do not work. Therefore, they are not selected for important jobs. However, the reality is that the labour force participation rate of women, measured in the terms of either percentage of adult women who work, and the hours of work spent by women in the labour market are high; a phenomenon is prominent in the agricultural sector. They also play a significant role in economic development. Thus, they are in the mainstream of economic activities in reality, but on the periphery in the perception of planners and employees since their work is not fully recognized. therefore they are discriminated. In Pakistan, women are extensively engaged in the rural sector, in But unfortunately their the urban formal and informal sector. economic activity is partially unrewarded. women work inefficiently. The physical are several reasons for the myth that invisibility of women outside the home, the middle class ideal of a non-working women, the perception of work only as paid labour. The practice of Purdah (Jeil) is an other major cause of this myth In Pakistan cities and towns outdoor activities are mainly performed by male workers that is why calls them male towns, while most of the indoor activities performedby women. The low skilled and poor women usually become domestic servants. With the deterioration and other influential group assist their female relatives in securing good jobs with the results that such women have low productivity However they get levels. (iv)

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handsome salaries. Women in many occupations especially in agricultural and production activities,help their husbands, mostly as unpaid family helpers.

Most of the raw materials for several production activities like garments and for small workshops are provided by women who remain in their homes. These inputs are collected by agents and they pay very low wages to women. Domestic service has emerged as a major source of employment for poor and non-skilled women who are usually called masses. They charges 300 to 500 rUpees

Problems of Women/Neglectof women (I) As discussed earlier that women are facing various

and deprivation. It is reported that as 100 millions women missing worldwide primarily; due to higher death rates for Y O u n girls than boys. This high death rate is due to more g deprivationand less attention to females in most of the developing countries. The female share of population is low in developing countries as compared to developed economics. There are several causes o such large differences in the sex ratio. However, one of the major causes is the difference in the females Survival rate across countries.Various studies have indicated that additional attention differentials feeding,girls than work burden inside and outside home, and less girls and during illness for boys have caused highly mortality rate among women.

the girl child. Lack of education, poor health and low levels of skills for women fulfill the expectation of keeping them in control and thus trapping women in a continuous circle of neglect This vicious cycle of deprivation of female is explained by the figure 5.9, given below. Because of the dual burden and responsibilitiesa lot of women also suffer from mental exhaustion ill health ) Traditional thinking and customs like Karo-Kari, Wani and sexual harassment have disappointed the women, when consent is not got from the women about their future life

Another major problem of women is the vicious cycle of neglectand deprivation. The expectation that girls will grow to do little other than serve their husbands reduces incentives to invest in

Suggestions for Women development

(i) From the discussion on the topic it seems clear that women are a vulnerable and neglected group of human resources especially in developing countries and in Pakistan also. It is necessary that due attention may be paid to women as it will guarantee the development of the future generation, human resources. No doubt education is by far the most influential factor which will solve the problem, to a large extent faced by women today, and alter traditional
perception as to their role in the economy. Increasing educational opportunities for girls offer the best prospect for cutting into this vicious cycle of poverty, ignorance and deprivation to virtuous circle. The overall impact is that not only quality of human resource is developed but it also leads to rapid economic development. The vicious cycle can be turned into the virtuous circle by education women. Education and skill generation lead to equitable distribution of the fruits of economic growth as it enable one to earn higher income. The government needs to undertake educational interventions women beyond the SAP, to educate for girls by providing low cost education and additional financial assistance to poor girls for higher education and skill learning. Reducing costs and by establishing schools close to homes and villages will guarantee the expansion of female school enrollments and a rise in the female literacy rate will be ensured. As a result it will guarantee a solution to most of the problem highlighted in the previous discussion. Such a goal can not be achieved by the public sector alone and there is a need for active involvement of non-government organizational and community participation in this war against illiteracy. Measure should be taken to persuade the media to project a more realistic and favorable image of women and emphasize the importance of women in the development of the family society and economy. Specific steps need to be taken to increase employment opportunities for women close to their homes. Women must be provided adequate security transport and loading facility if they choose to take jobs. Married women may be provided the facility of child care centers and their posting may be assured at the place of their husbands jobs. Such facilities are needed for the vulnerable group in the beginning until market forces are able to take over. Measures should also be taken to encourage a greater participation of women in planning and policy making and decision process. They should be provided more protection by labour laws and in the constitutions as the present govt has passed womens harassment bill in 2010. Education,training and their skills must be matched with growing job opportunities.

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To ease the females homework responsibility government should take opportunity measures to provide them with labour saving devises and economical modern home appliances women have to collect drinking water from far flung areas The banks and government should provide small loans to women for the purchase of labour saving home appliances. (ix) Employers, workers and organizations could also contribute in the development of women and they can play an active role in the alleviation of problems of womens workers and in protections of their rights. The health condition of women in Pakistan is very poor. None of the above cited objective can be achieved until good health conditions are guaranteed. A special womens health program need to be chalked out so that complementarybenefits could be realized. The separation of the myth and reality underlying all perception of womens role a growing economy can only be changed if a merit system is followed. Women have proven more successful in several professions like medicine and higher educational competitions. Thus they can complete, if justice is ensured. Such change will not only help women, but will also bring justice. Social security sachem for women, women unemployment subsistence allowance, women insurance, qarz-i-hasna scheme for women and computer technology development may be initiated. These will up grade the status of women. All the above mentioned steps will generate virtuous circle for the women

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