ILLICIT WASTE TRAFFICKING + THE ABIDJAN INCIDENT

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Crime industry diversifying

Despite international efforts to halt dumping of illegal waste outrageous incidents occur. Collating relevant data is difcult but there is no doubt about the damage. Toxic waste causes long-term poisoning of soil and water, affecting peoples health and living conditions, sometimes irreversibly. It mainly involves slow processes that must be monitored for years to be detected and proven (let alone remedied). Unscrupulous waste trade became a serious concern in the 1980s due to three converging factors: increasing amounts of hazardous waste; inadequate processing plants; and stricter regulations in the developed world with growing environmental awareness. Managing special waste streams properly became expensive, apparently too costly for some. Filthy shipments started travelling round the world.

Major merchandise ports [ and likely waste transit points ]

Bergen Vancouver Long Beach Houston New York Rotterdam Le Havre Marseille Hamburg Antwerp China : Qinhuangdao Dalian Qingdao Tianjin Shangha Guangzhou South Korea : Pusan Gwangyang Ulsan Yokahama Nagoya Ningbo Kaohsiung Hongkong

Pacific Ocean
Sa Paulo Sa Sebastiao Tubarao
Richards Bay

Pacific Ocean
Singapore Port Hedland Dampier

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Newcastle

Total traffic in thousand tonnes in 2003

The blue lines represent major trade routes and are proportionnal to the traffic.
50 to 70 70 to 100 100 to 150 150 to 250 300 to 350

Business as usual for (eco)maa

All the investigations conrm that hazardous waste trafcking is booming. It is mainly the work of existing criminal organisations, using the same networks and methods as for other goods, such as drugs, arms and people. They sometimes hide behind a legal front in the waste treatment industry. From emission to nal disposal this trade involves many other players, including shipping agents and brokers. On the way waste may pass through several countries, making it all the more difcult to pinpoint responsibilities. The prime victims are developing countries and conict zones (trafcking of all sorts thrives on social disorder). In Italy an estimated 30% of the special waste processing business is thought to be owned by ecomaa outts, winning contracts quite legally and taking care of waste by dumping it on the Campania Region farmlands or in the Mediterranean, in Italy and abroad (mainly in Africa). Legambiente, an Italian environmental NGO, estimates that eco-crime in Italy involves 202 organised groups, with 22.4 thousand million revenue in 2005. Though prot is the main incentive, the limited risks are also attractive. Environmental offences are not a priority and police pressure is consequently lower.

An international answer to global crime

Combating waste trafcking demands international cooperation and a high-level of scientic expertise (to analyse the composition of waste, for instance). This is primarily the task of customs and port authorities, but initiatives for broader cooperation are developing, such as the European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law (IMPEL), which controls shipments in major European ports. Waste being shipped is not necessarily hazardous and may consist of scrapped cars, old fridges, waste plastic (mostly going to Africa) and e-waste (mostly to Asia). Fighting against illegal waste trade also requires harmonised environmental laws and the backing of an international jurisdiction, regardless of which territories or nationalities may be involved.

Sources: Atlas du Monde Diplomatique 2006, Armand Colin; Panorama des ports de commerce mondiaux 2003, ISEMAR, January 2005; Images conomiques du monde 2002, Sedes.

IMPEL Seaport project: a European initiative to control international waste shipments

The Abidjan disaster
On 19 August 2006, highly toxic residues were dumped at over a dozen sites in and around the densely populated city of Abidjan in Cte dIvoire. At least 10 people were killed, many thousands became violently ill and half a million were forced to evacuate their homes in the following weeks. Meanwhile, the hazardous residues have been recollected and will be incinerated in France, following emergency intervention by the United Nations. Investigators in several countries pursued several lines of investigation to determine what led to the tragedy. Was this a classic case of cross-border waste smuggling to avoid the regulations and high costs of waste disposal in developed countries? Or was it caused by the inadequate treatment of the slops left over after cleaning a ships holding tanks? Understanding the causes of such calamities is important for assigning liability. But it is also essential for gaining insights into how the illegal waste trade can operate. The ship that unloaded the toxic residues visited several other ports on its voyage to Abidjan, including Amsterdam, where it aborted an effort to dispose of wastes. Several months after the original dumping, it was still unclear whether the Basel Convention on hazardous wastes had been violated, or whether the MARPOL Convention applies, which covers the treatment of post-voyage cleaning residues generated on board of ships. Slovenia Spain Sweden Malta Ireland France Belgium The Netherlands United Kingdom Germany 0 50 100 150 200
Between September 2004 and May 2006, international waste shipments have been checked in the 30 European ports, combining custom documents checks and physical inspections of containers and storage locations.

Number of illegal waste shipments Number of breaches of custom regulations (mostly incomplete data)

ON THE WEB
Basel Action Network: www.ban.org Iman Shebaro, Hazardous Waste Smuggling; A Study in Environmental Crime, TRACC: www.american.edu/traccc/resources/publications/students/shebar01.pdf

Source: IMPEL-TFS Seaport Project II, International cooperation in enforcement hitting illegal waste shipments, 2006.

Trafficking waste stories

SCRAPPED CARS

Participating ports Ireland

DUBLIN

United Kingdom North Sea

Sweden
STOCKHOLM GTHENBURG SDERTLJE RIGA

Baja California

New Jersey

From Europe
Campania Mediterranean Sea

Eastern Europe

China
Red Sea

Atlantic Ocean
[ 1 ] : The Netherlands [ 2 ] : Belgium

Mexico

Senegal Cte dIvoire

Nigeria

India
The 2004 tsunami washed quantities of CABLE WASTE toxic waste barrels on the Somalian shores. PLASTIC WASTE

Hongkong Asia Philippines Singapore

AMSTERDAM BREMEN ROTTERDAM VLISSINGEN DELFZIJL FELIXSTOWE CORK THAMESPORT 1 HAMBURG MOERDIJK SOUTHAMPTON LE HAVRE OSTEND ZEEBRUGE ANTWERP

Baltic Sea
GDYNIA SWINOUJSCIE SZCZECIN

Latvia

Poland

Somalia

Germany

Abidjan

OECD countries (main hazardous waste producers) States or regions where illegal waste dumping has been proven (not comprehensive)

SCRAPPED CARS CFC PRODUCTS REFRIGERATORS

Africa

ELECTRONIC WASTE

France
KOPER

Slovenia
0 50 km

Major current conflict zones Regions where small arms (related) traffic is particularly developed Major illegal waste shipment routes from Europe (as reported by IMPEL)

Portugal
LISBOA SETUBAL
0

Campania

Spain
300 km

BARCELONA

Sicilia

Mediterranean

Sea

Malta
VALLETTA

Sources: Iman Shebaro, Hazardous Waste Smuggling: A Study in Environmental Crime, TRACC website; IMPEL-TFS Threat assessment project: The illegal shipment of waste among IMPEL member states, 2006; Legambiente; The Guardian, 14 October 2004; Human Rights Watch 1999 Report, Human Rights, Justice and Toxic Waste in Cambodia; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2006; Small Arms Survey 2005.