Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Recovery Factor
Defined as
Volumetric sweep X Displacement efficiency Areal sweep X Vertical sweep X Displacement efficiency
Areal sweep depends on the fluid mobility ,pattern type, aeal hetegeneity & total volume of fluid injected Vertical sweep is governed by vertical heterogeneity, gravity segregation, fluid mobilities & total fluid injected Displacement efficiency is a function of injection rate, viscosity, density and IFT of displacing fluid
M = w / o = Krw / Kro X o / w e.g. 100 / 0.5 = 200, water is 200 times more mobile compared to oil To control the mobility ratio, increase the viscosity of water or reduce the viscosity of oil This can be achieved by thickening water by polymer or heat application
Capillary number Capillary number = v / = viscosity in cp v = darcy velocity of displacing fluid = IFT interfaced between displaced fluid and brine If can be reduced by the order of 1000 ROS can be reduced to 10-15 %
Contd
In surfactant assisted chemical EOR it is mainly IFT reduction, wettability change and solubilization In polymer assisted chemical EOR it is mobility control and improving sweep efficiency
Selection of chemical EOR processes Type of reservoir Rock mineralogy, clay, heterogeneity Reservoir pay thickness, K, Reservoir temperature Reservoir oil properties ROS Salinity of formation water and presence of bivalent cations
Reservoir Oil saturation, %PV Formation water salinity Type of Formation Average permeability, > 35 >50
Chloride < 20000 ppm, Ca + Mg < 500 ppm Sandstone preferred >50 md
Polymer process
The process improve recovery by reducing the mobility contrast between oil and water and improving the overall sweep efficiency The polymer process can be applied in secondary mode to improve the efficiency of water flood It can also be applied in combination with other chemical EOR such as alkali, surfactant and ASP processes to improve the mobility of the respective processes This process does not reduce ROS
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding
The process is normally applied in tertiary mode to reduce ROS Addition of alkali and low slug volume make the process cost effective Recovery in range of 15-25 % is observed
Alkaline-Surfactant Flooding
This process is applied in light oil reservoirs where polymer is not required This can be applied in both carbonate as well as sandstone formations However in the absence of mobility control displacement efficiency are low Large slug volume is required It can be combined with other EOR processes like gas injection to improve performance
Addition of alkali
Advantages of adding alkali with surfactants
improves the wetting characteristics of the rock reduces the adsorption of surfactants produces natural surfactant if crude is acidic
Selection of surfactant is based on Ability to reduce IFT between crude and brine Thermal stability Tolerance to salinity and hardness of brine Solubility in brine Phase behaviour parameters Adsorption test under static and dynamic conditions Displacement studies under reservoir conditions Selection of alkali is guided by Type of formation, clay type & bivalent cations In carbonate reservoirs Na metaborate is used in place of other alkali If reservoir contains clays NaHCO3 is preferred Na2CO3 is the most commonly used alkali. It is cheap and transports better in porous media
Thermal stability of the surfactants are in the following order AAS > IOS > AOS > PS > Ethoxylated alcohol
Because of mobility contrast and low primary recovery, it was decided to go for polymer flooding
Scheme, 1999
500
Oil Rate
100
w/c
Oil, m3/d
100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 0 ASP Jul-02 Oct-02 Jan-03 Apr-03 Jul-03 PB-1 Oct-03 Jan-04 PB-2 Apr-04 Jul-04 Oct-04 PB-3 Jan-05 Apr-05 Jul-05 C/W Oct-05 stop Jan-06 Apr-06 C/W Jul-06 Oct-06 Jan-07
Base oilrate
Oil rate
Apr-07 Jul-07
W/C
10
20
30
40
W/C, %
50
60
70
80
90
100
Observations
Pilot was successful with increase in production Preferential movement of chemical Water cut increase at start of buffer and chase water injection Simulation studies indicate slug size and polymer concentration on low side Lesson learned from this pilot are being taken care in other upcoming pilots
Gas Flooding
This process is mostly applied in light and tight reservoir because of its high microscopic displacement efficiency This process can be combined with other recovery processes such as water or surfactant system. It can be applied in both miscible and immiscible ways The efficiency of miscible process is high compared to immiscible process
At < 1800 ft, all reservoirs fail screening for either miscible or immiscible flooding with supercritical CO2
Sandstone or Carbonates with minimum of fractures and high permeability streaks Relatively thin unless formation is dipping Not critical if uniform 4040 to 15900
Temperatures can have significant effect on the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP); it normally raises the pressure required. However, this is accounted for in the deeper reservoirs that are needed to contain the high pressures for the lean gas drives.
Contd
CO2 Flooding Sources of CO2 act as limitations for process to be applied CO2 gets dissolved into formation water making it acidic, causing corrosion of tubulars
Case history
Contd Waterflood Recovery HC Miscible Gas Inj. Recovery Gas Injectors Avg Res Pressure Oil rate / water cut
1250
1000
240
750
180
500
120
250
60
Gas Inj
1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Pressure(kg/cm2)
Thermal EOR
Thermal methods normally are used: To recover viscous and thick oil 41% EOR oil of all EOR process produced by thermal process. Physical and chemical changes occur because heat supplied. Changes occur in form of reduction in: Viscosity Specific gravity IFT The principle of all the thermal processes are same i.e. reduction of viscosity. Only pathways are different. Chemical changes involve different reaction such as cracking and dehydrogenation to produce low molecular wt compound
Contd..
The products of oxidation and combustion such as flue gases, hot water steam or vapourised lighter fraction in different thermal processes, also help in reducing the viscosity and act as artificial driving forces to mobilize oil towards producers Only in low temperature oxidation (HPAI) in light oil reservoir, viscosity reduction is less dominant compared to role of intermediate products which acts as artificial driving force increasing microscopic displacement efficiency
Sandstone with high porosity and permeability >10 ft 63-10000 md 150-4500 60-2800C
Limitations
Process will not sustain if sufficient coke is not formed. Hence not suitable for paraffinic crude Excessive deposition of coke also leads to slow advance of combustion front Oil saturation and porosity should be high to minimise the heat loss The process trends to sweep upper part of reservoir, therefore sweep efficiency in thick reservoir is less
Case History
In-situ Combustion, Balol
Depth Type Area Porosity Permeability Dip Oil saturation Pressure Drive Oil viscosity API Envisaged Res. Temp. 1000 m Unconsolidated sand stone 17 sq km 6m 25-30% 1-5 d 5 70 hydrostatic Active aquifer 150-1500 cp 15 12 70C
Balol pilot started : March, 1990 Pilot area: 5.5 acres Sustained combustion and productions from producers lead to conceptluation and commercial in entire Balol Considering similar characteristics, it was decided to implement in Santhal field Commercial scheme started : 1997, Balol & Santhal 64 well have been ignited in both fields A commercial scheme to be implemented to Lanwa field
Performance - Balol
No. of Flowing wells Air Injectors on stream Air Injection rate, MMNm3/d (MMSCFD) Oil rate, tpd (bopd) Water Cut, %
1000 Water Cut 800 Oil Rate, tpd Oil Rate 80
: : : : :
Commercialisation 400 40
200
20
W/C, %
600
60
Emerging technologies in EOR Low tension water flooding Low salinity water flooding AS alternate gas flooding Microbial flooding
High pressure air injection Gas injection Surfactant assisted gas flooding Surfactant assisted water flooding N2/Flue gas in deep light reservoir
Medium viscosity oil reservoirs Polymer flooding ASP flooding/SP Flooding Carbonate reservoir Surfactant flooding Surfactant alternate alkali flooding WAG/SWAG Waxy crude reservoir Alkali surfactant followed by Polymer Alkali surfactant followed by Gas
Conclusions
Right selection of EOR process and accurate knowledge about the reservoir holds key to success of EOR process Chemical EOR, gas injection and their combination appears promising EOR process for Indian reservoir MDT approach including geologist, geophysicist, reservoir engineer, chemist, production and drilling engineers is needed for laboratory investigations, designing, implementation and monitoring of an EOR process Advances and better understanding in the area of various EOR techniques
Contd.. Challenges are more but with sustained efforts right solutions can be arrived Meticulous monitoring of pilots and remedial measures are needed before implementation on filed scale In-house manufacture should be encouraged to develop and manufacture high performance EOR chemicals such as polymers and surfactants Expertise of domain expert help while designing and evaluation of EOR process
Because of mobility contrast and low primary recovery, it was decided to go for polymer flooding
Contd..
Based upon laboratory investigations pilot started in 1985 inverted five spot Extended pilot in 1993 4 injectors and 9 producers After successful pilot test polymer flood on entire field was commercialized in 1996 Project performance was reviewed in 2005 Redistribution of polymer injectors and adding more under polymer flood
Observations
Frequent injectivity decline observed in polymer/chase water injectors Preferential movement is part of reservoir Bacterial activity Remedial measures are taken to minimize above problems
Viraj
Formation Sandstone Thickness 16 mts Porosity 25-30 % Permeability 4 to 9 Darcy Oil saturation Temperature 810C Pressure - 135 kg/cm2 Oil viscosity 35-50cp Salinity 10000 ppm Acid number 1.625 Drive mechanism active edge water drive Average water cut 85%
Contd..
Based on laboratory studies ASP pilot was designed Pilot started in 2002 (inverted five spot with 4 injectors and 9 producers) Polymer slug completed in March 2005 and chase water was started and is continuing
API 43 20
Cressford
Alberta
1987
$2.25
36 36 26 36
3 3 11.5 3 3
1995
36
1997
NA
NA
Tertiary
54.80%
22.32%
$8.01
Reported to be Shut In Due to QC Problems with Surfactant 1985 1998 2001 23 Tertiary $0.80
Acrylamid converted to acrylate - water cut lowered 24 43 Secondar y In progress $2.49 Na2CO3
Curren t
Contd..
Oil Field Gudong Region China Start 1992 API 17.4 OilViscosity cp 41.3 Type Tertiary Pore Volume Chemical s 55.00% recove red % OOIP 26.51% Chemicals US Cost/ bbl $3.92 Alkali and Poly mer Only Chemical syste m
Micellar Polymer Failed when salinity of slug decreased Lignin II Surfactant - In progress - Information not released Low Acid Numb er Visco us
26.4
41.3
Tertiary
60.00%
16.22%
$6.40
Surfactant Injectivity Test 2000 1987 21 24 11 17 Secondary Secondary In progress 26.50% 20.68% $2.82 $2.13 Alkali and Poly mer Only No Poly mer NaOH
West Moorcroft
Wyoming
1991
22.3
20
Secondary
20.00%
15.00%
$1.46
White Castle
Louisiana
1987
29
2.8
Tertiary
26.90%
10.10%
$8.18
WAG Process
Combines benefits of higher microscopic displacement efficiency of gas and high macroscopic displacement efficiency of water leading to lower ROS Contact of unswept zone by segregation of gas to top and water to bottom Good in reservoir with fining upward sand Lower ROS in three phase zone due to gas trapping mechanism Reduced mobility to both water and gas in three phase zone condition due to relative permeability hysteresis Vaporization of oil due to mass transfer Water reduces the mobility of gas and gas gets higher contact time with oil WAG ratio 1:1 which can be tapered later on Process does not allow uniform distribution of water and gas, particularly due to difference in viscosity of water and gas, gravity separation of the component can occur, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the process WAG is technoeconomially heavy
Performance - Santhal
No. of Flowing wells Air Injectors on stream Air Injection rate, MMNm3/d (MMSCFD) Oil rate, tpd (bopd) Water Cut, %
2000 1600 Qo, tpd 1200 800 400 0
: : : : :
Selection of Microbes
Type of reservoir and petro-physical properties Temperature and pressure Property of crude oil and formation water Purpose for which microbes are being used
Micro- photograph
Recommended Range
Sand stone (preferably) < 90C < 300 Kg/cm2 >50 md > 20 < 20 cp (under reservoir conditions) 30-90 % 4-9 (preferably 6-8) > 25 % <5 %
Field Response
Applied in 43 wells of 4 different fields of ONGC & 8 wells of OIL, Duliajan. Total Oil gain around 43,000 m3. Gain around 1000 m3 per well per job. Average life cycle 6-8 months. Success ratio 70%.
40 35
10 0 90
Pre job:
Ql: 14.3 W/C: 78% Q0: 3.1 Incremental oil gain, m3
Post job
Oil Rate (m3/d)
25 20 15 10 5 0
Water Cut
60 50 40 30
MEOR job
Oil Rate
20 10 0
Date
30
Well closed
80 70
Chemical EOR
Commercial Sanand polymer flood Ongoing ASP pilot Viraj ASP pilot Jhalora ASP pilot To be commenced Kalol ASP pilot
Selection Of Consortia
Based on surface tension reduction, yield stability and core flooding experiment, two consortia selected: HS4-2 & R-2 Results: Surface tension : 35 dynes Surfactant product : 1 gm/litre CMD : 80 Additional oil recovery over OIIP(%) : 19 for HS4-2 08 for R-2 IFT reduction : 0.064 dynes/m for HS4-2 0.535 dynes/m for R-2
Future Activities
Isolation of thermophilic bacteria for profile modification. Isolation and identification of bacteria for enhancing oil recovery in water flood mode. Development of suitable bacteria for heavy crude.