{\rtf1{\fonttbl {\f2 Times New Roman Bold;} {\f3 Times New Roman;} {\f4 Symbol;} {\f5 Times New

Roman Bold;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt n\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard \ql \li3808\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3808\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3808\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3808\sb71\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs32 EE1252 Transmission and Distributio n \par\pard\ql \li6073\sb252\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Unit1 \ par\pard\ql \li2161\sb68\sl-276\slmult0\tx2581 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul 0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 1. \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Why all transmiss ion and distribution systems are 3 phase systems? \par\pard\ql \li2521\ri1608\sb 4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 A 3 phase a.c circuit using t he same size conductors as the single phase circuit can \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ch arscalex100 carry three times the power which can be carried by a 1 phase circui t and uses 3 \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 conductors for the 2 phases and one conductor for the neutral. Thus a 3 phase \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 circuit is more economical than a 1 phase circuit in terms of initial cost as well as \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the losses. Therefore all transmiss ion and distribution systems are 3 phase \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sys tems. \par\pard\li2161\sb6\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2581 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Why the transmission systems are mostly overhead systems?\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi359 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars calex100 Because of the cost consideration, the transmission systems are mostly overhead\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi359 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 systems.\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Why all overhead lines use ACSR conduc tors?\par\pard\ql \li2161\ri1610\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi360\tx2521\tx2521\tx2521\t x2521 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ACSR conductors comprises of hard drawn alum inium wires stranded around a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 core of si ngle or multiple strand galvanized steel wire. They provides the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 necessary conductivity while the steel provides the ne cessary mechanical strength. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Has less co rona loss. The breaking load is high and has less weight. \line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 4. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Why transmission lines are 3 pha se 3 wire circuits while distribution lines are 3 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 phase 4 wire circuits? \par\pard\ql \li2521\sb0\sl-274\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-2\charscalex100 A Balanced 3 phase circuit does not require the neutral c onductor, as the \par\pard\ql \li2521\ri1635\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndt w-4\charscalex100 instantaneous sum of the 3 line currents are zero. Therefore t he transmission lines \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 and feeders are 3 phase 3 wi re circuits. The distributors are 3 phase 4 wire circuits \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc alex100 because a neutral wire is necessary to supply the 1 phase loads of domes tic and \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 commercial consumers. \par\pard\ql \li2161 \sb1\sl-258\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 5. \tab \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 Why overhead line conductors are invariably stranded? \par\pard\q l \li2521\sb4\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 They are stranded to make them flexible during erection and while in service. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb 0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb0\ sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb24\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 6. Stat the advantages of intercon nected systems. \par\pard\ql \li2521\ri1637\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw

-2\charscalex100 Any area fed from one generating station during overload hours can be fed from \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 another power station and thus res erved capacity required is reduced, reliability of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 supply is increased and efficiency is increased. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb99\sl-2 76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7. What is a ring distributor? \par\p ard\qj \li2521\ri1720\sb26\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 A ri ng distributor is a distributor which is arranged to form a closed circuit and i s \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 fed at one or more than one point. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 8. State any two adv antages of ring main system. \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1763\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Less voltage fluctuations at consumer\u8217?s termina ls.Less copper is required \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 as each part of the rin g carries less current than in radial system. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12 240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql \li216 1\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\ sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2161\sb 67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 9. Mention the disadvantages of a 3 wire system \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1650\sb26\sl -420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 In 3 wire system a third wire is required .The safety is partially reduced .A \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 balan cer is required and therefore cost is increased. \par\pard\qj \li2161\ri2296\sb0 \sl-420\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 10. What are the advantages of a 3 wire dc distribution system over a 2 wire dc \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 distribution system? \par\pard\ql \li3961\ri1626\sb0\sl-413\slmult0 \fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 If 3 wire system is used to transmit the same amount of power over \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the same distance with same efficiency with same consumer \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 voltage we require 0.3125 times copper as required in 2 wire \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 system. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb107\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars calex100 11. Mention the differences between 3 wire and 3 phase 4 wire distribut ion system? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1623\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 i)3 phase 3 wire is employed for balanced loads, but 3 phase 4 wire \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 is employed for unbalanced loads. \par\pard\qj \li396 1\ri1609\sb17\sl-400\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ii)3 phase 3 wire is used for transmission but 3 phase 4 wire is used \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 for distribution of power to consumers. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb123\sl-276\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12. State kelvin\u8217?s law. \par\pard\ql \l i3961\ri1809\sb34\sl-410\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 The annual expend iture on the variable part of the transmission \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sys tem should be equal to the annual cost of energy wasted in the \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 conductor used in that system. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb121\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 13. State any two limitations of kelvin\u821 7?s law. \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1629\sb42\sl-400\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 It is difficult to estimate accurately the annual charge on the capit al \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 outlay. It does not give the exact econom ical size of the conductor. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-5\charscalex100 14. Define resistance of the transmission line. \par\pard\qj \li2521\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2521\ri2129\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It is defined as the loop resistance per unit length of the line in a single phase \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 system. In 3 phase system it is defined as the resistance per phase. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb119\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 15.Mention the demerits of HVDC transm ission. \par\pard\ql \li3654\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 i. Electric power cannot be generated at high dc voltages. \par\pard\ql \li3587 \ri1723\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\tx3961 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ii. The dc volt ages cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4 \charscalex100 high voltages. \par\pard\ql \li3522\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 iii. The dc switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale x100 16. What are the advantages of high voltage ac transmission. \par\pard\sect

\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3 }\par\pard\ql \li3961\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3961\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3961\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3961\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li3961\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper sub\cf2\f3\fs24 The power can be generated at high voltages. \par\pard\ql \li396 1\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The maintenance of ac subst ation is easy and cheaper. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 17. Mention the disadvantages of high voltage ac transmission . \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 An ac line requires more copper than a dc line. \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri2296\sb26\sl-42 0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The construction of an ac line is more c omplicated than a dc \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 transmission line. \par\pard\ qj \li3241\ri2022\sb17\sl-400\slmult0\fi599 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Due to skin effect in the ac system the effective resistance of the \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 line is increased. \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri3602\sb4\sl-420\slmult0\tx 3961 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 18 Mention the limitations of using very high transmission voltage. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The increased cos t of insulating the conductor. \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1636\sb0\sl-420\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The increased cost of transformers ,switch gears and other terminal \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 apparatus. \par\pard\ql \li180 1\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 19.Mention the terminal equi pments necessary in HVDC system. \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Converters, mercury arc valves and thyristors. \par\par d\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard \ql\li1801\ri3466\sb141\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 20.W hy HVDC line do not require any reactive power compensation ? \line\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 Due to absence of charging currents . \par\pard\ql \li1801 \ri2103\sb260\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 21.Mention the equipments that supply reactive power in HVDC converter stations ? \line\tab \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 AC filters \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri6252\sb9\sl-270\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Static shunt capacitors \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Synchronous condensers \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Stati cVAR compensators . \par\pard\qj \li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1801\ ri2183\sb2\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 22.Why dc transmissi on is economical and preferable over ac transmission for large \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 distances only ? \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri1941\sb17\sl-260\slmult0\fi 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Because with larger distances ,the saving in cos t of dc overhead lines \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 become greater than t he additional expenditure on terminal equipment . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-28 0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\ri4095\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 23.Why is voltage regulation better in case of dc transmission ? \l ine\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Because of absence of inductance in dc sys tems . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 4.What are the advantages of adopting EHV/UHV for transmission of ac electric po wer? \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Redu ced line losses \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 -High transmission efficency \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 -Improved voltage regulation \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Reduced conductor material requirem ent \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Flexi bility for future system growth \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1584 0\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li3241\sb0\sl-276\s lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb67\sl-276\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 -increase in trans mission capacity of the line \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 -increase of SIL . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 25.Mention th e problems associated with an EHV transmission ? \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri1660\sb 9\sl-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The problems associated with EHV

transmission are corona loss and radio \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 interferenc e , requirements of heavy supporting structures erection \line \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 difficulties and insulation requirements . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0 \sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb10\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 26.What for series and shunt compensation provided in EHV lines ? \par\par d\ql \li3241\ri1730\sb7\sl-273\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Series compensation is provided to reduce the series reactance of the line \up0 \expnd tw-2\charscalex100 so as to improve stability, voltage regulation and transmissi on efficiency. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Shunt compensation is provided to r educe the line susceptance so as to \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 improve the vo ltage regulation under light load condition . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-260\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\ri3423\sb38\sl-260\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 27.What is the voltage that has been selected for HVDC transmission ? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 500 KV . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276 \slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb11\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2 8.Define an electric power supply system? \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri1685\sb1\sl-280 \slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The system of generation, transmissio n and distribution of electrical power is \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 called the electrical power system . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 29.What are service mains? \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1836\sb5\s l-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Service mains are conductors wh ich connect the consumers terminals to \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the distrib utor. \par\pard\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 30.What is the usable voltage for secondary distr ibution ?\par\pard\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi1439\tx3961 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 415\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 40 V (415 volts for 3-phase load s and 240 volts for 1-phase loads)\par\pard\qj \li1801\ri1627\sb265\sl-280\slmul t0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 31.Why galvanized steel wire is not suitabl e for EHT lines for the purpose of transmitting \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 la rge amounts of power over long distance? \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 --because of Poor conductivity \par\pard\ql \li32 41\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 --High internal reactance & eddy current & hysterisis \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i1801\ri4469\sb5\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 31.Mention the transmission voltages that are used in India? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 33/66/110/132/220/400/765 KV. \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 765KV is EHV. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 32.On what basis the conductor size is deter mined for transmission lines upto 220 KV? \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb0\sl-276\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li3961\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 --is dete rmined on the basis of its current carrying capacity. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 33.On what basis the conductor siz e of EHV line is determined? \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 --is decided on the basis of corona \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri2 335\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx3301 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 34.Mention the sourc es of audible noise generation in EHV transmission systems? \line\tab \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 Corona \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri6300\sb17\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Humming of transformers \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 C ooking Systems \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240 {\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Mechanical and Electrical auxillari es \par\pard\ql \li1981\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1981\ri2539\sb1\sl-280 \slmult0\tx3961 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 35.Mention the material universall y employed for overhead transmission line? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 ASCR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced ) \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri3429\sb26 0\sl-280\slmult0\tx3961 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 36.What is the economical value of span for 400kv transmission line ? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 350-400m. \par\pard\ql \li6073\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6073\sb0\s

l-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6073\sb212\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs32 Unit2 \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb68\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 37.Define inductance of a line. \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1886\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 It is defined as the loop inductance per unit length of the line .Its \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 unit is henrys per meter. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb123\ sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 38.Define capacitance of a line. \p ar\pard\qj \li3961\ri1910\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It i s defined as shunt capacitance between the two wires per unit \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 line length. Its unit is farads per meter. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1 23\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 39.What is skin effect? \par\par d\ql \li3961\ri1743\sb31\sl-413\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The st eady current when flowing through the conductor ,does not \line \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 distribute uniformly, rather it has the tendency to concentrate ne ar \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the surface of the conductor. This phenom enon is called skin \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 effect. \par\pard\ql \li 1801\sb101\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 40.Why skin effect is ab sent in dc system? \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 The steady current when flowing through a conductor distributes \par\ pard\qj \li3961\ri1616\sb26\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 its elf uniformly over the whole cross section of the conductor .That \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 is why skin effect is absent in dc system. \par\pard\ql \li1801\ sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 41.What is the effect of skin effect on the resistance of the line? \par\pard\ql \li3961\ri2243\sb34\sl-410\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Due to skin effect the effective area of cro ss section of the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 conductor through which cu rrent flow is reduced. Hence the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 resistance of the line is increased when ac current is flowing. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb121\ sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 42.On what factors the skin effect depend? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri2203\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 Nature of the material, Diameter of the wire , Frequency and \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 shape of the wire. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 43.Define symmetrical spacing. \par\pard\sect\sectd \fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\ pard\qj \li3961\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3961\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li3961\ri1914\sb213\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nos upersub\cf2\f3\fs24 In 3 phase system when the line conductors are equidistant f rom \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 each other then it is called symmetrical spaci ng. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 44.W hat is the necessity for a double circuit line? \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb124\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 To reduce the inductance per phase and t o increase the efficiency. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 45.Mention the factors governing the inductance of a line. \p ar\pard\ql \li3961\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Radius of the conductor and the spacing between the conductors. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 46.Define a neutral plane. \par\pa rd\ql \li3961\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is a plane w here electric field intensity and potential is zero. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\ sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 47.Define proximity effect. \par\pa rd\ql \li2341\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current flowing in a \par\pard\qj \l i2341\ri1714\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 neighbouring c onductor gives rise to a circulating current which cause an apparent \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 increase in the resistance of the conductor .This pheno menon is called as proximity \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 effect. \par\pa rd\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 48.What is the e ffect of proximity effect? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri2081\sb26\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It results in the non uniform distribution of curre nt in the cross \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 section, and the increase of resis tance. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4

9.What is a composite conductor? \par\pard\ql \li3961\ri1668\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A conductor which operates at high voltages and co mposed of 2 or \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 more subconductors and run electric ally in parallel are called \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 composite conduc tors. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 50. What is a bundle conductor? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1766\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is a conductor made up of 2 or more sub conductors and is used \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 as one phase conductors. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 51.Mention the advanta ges of using bundled conductors. \par\pard\li1801\sb159\sl-276\slmult0\fi1259 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Reduced reactance, reduced voltage gradient , reduce d corona loss .reduced\par\pard\li1801\sb136\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 interference\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i1801\sb121\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 52.What is meant by tra nsposition of line conductors? \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri1667\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Transposition means changing the positions of the th ree phases on the line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 supports twice over the tot al length of the line .the line conductors in \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 practice ,are so transposed that each of the three possible arrangements of \u p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 conductors exit for one-third of the total length of the line . \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b kmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 53.Define bundled conductors? \par\par d\qj \li3241\ri2683\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The use of more than one conductor per phase is called bundled \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 conductors. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl -276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 54.What is skin effect? \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1758\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The phenomenon o f concentration of an ac current near the surface of the \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 conductor is known as skin effect. \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri5542\sb261\sl-2 80\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 55.On what factors does the skin effect depends? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The skin effect depends upon the \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1, type of the material \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 2, frequency of the current \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3, diameter of conductor& shape of conductor. \p ar\pard\qj \li3241\ri2023\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I t increases with the increase of cross-section, permeability and supply \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 frequency. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 56.Define voltage regulation. \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri17 70\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Voltage regulation is de fined as the change in voltage at the receiving (or \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 load) end when the full-load is thrown off, the sending-end (or supply) \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 voltage and supply frequency remaining unchanged \par\pa rd\ql \li1801\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ..% voltage regul ation= ((Vs-Vr)/Vr)*100 \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1 801\sb12\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 57.where Vs is the voltag e at the sending end \par\pard\ql \li3541\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 Vr is the receiving end voltage. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 58.Define transmission efficiency. \par\pard \qj \li3241\ri1849\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Efficiency d efined as the ratio of power delivered at the receiving end to \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 the power sent from the sending end . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-2 76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 59.Define Ferranti effect . \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri2370\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The phenomenon of rise in voltage at the receiving end of the open \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 circuited or lightly loaded line is ca lled the Ferranti effect . \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri2655\sb261\sl-280\slmult0\tx32

41 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 60.What are the units of ABCD (generalised) con stants of a transmission line ? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 A and D are dimensionless \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 B is in ohms and \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 C is in Siemens (mhos) \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li1801\ri3936\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 61.Mention the range of surge impedance in underground cables . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 40-60 ohms \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri3156\sb260\sl-280\slm ult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 62.Mention the range of surge impedanc e in overhead transmission lines . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 400-6 00 ohms \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmks tart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\ql \li6073\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li60 73\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6073\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6073 \sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6073\sb343\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char scalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs32 Unit3 \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb68\sl-276\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 63.What is corona ? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1875\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 ozone gas in an overhead line is called corona. \par\pard\ql \li198 1\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 64.Mention the factors affe cting corona. \par\pard\qj \li3961\ri1746\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch arscalex100 Atmosphere, conductor size, spacing between conductors and line \lin e \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 voltage. \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb99\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 62.Define critical disruptive voltage. \par\pard \ql \li3961\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is defined as the minimum phase voltage at which corona occurs. \par\pard\ql \li1981\sb144\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 65.Define visual critical voltage. \pa r\pard\qj \li3961\ri1721\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is the minimum phase voltage at which corona appears all along \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 the line conductors. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 66.State any two merits of corona. \par\pard\qj \li39 61\ri2229\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Reduces the effects o f transients produced by surges .System \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 performanc e is improved. \par\pard\ql \li1981\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca lex100 67.Give the two demerits of corona. \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb144\sl-276\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The transmission efficiency is affected. Corr osion occurs. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 68.Mention the methods of reducing corona effect. \par\pard\ql \li4681\sb 144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 By increasing the conductor siz e and conductor spacing. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 69.Why ACSR conductors are used in lines? \par\pard\qj \li3961\ ri1677\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 If the size of the condu ctor is larger corona effects are reduced and \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 redu ces the proximity effect .Hence they are used in lines. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1 19\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 70.Define medium lines. \par\par d\qj \li3241\ri1703\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lines h aving length between 60 and 150 km and line voltages between 20 \up0 \expndtw-5\ charscalex100 and 100kv are called medium lines. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb119\sl-2 76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 71.Define short lines. \par\pard\qj \li 3241\ri2116\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lines having lengt hs below 60km and voltages below 20kv are called \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 s hort lines. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex 100 72.Mention the limitations of end condenser method. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2 4\paperw12240\paperh15840{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4400\shptop10920\shpright4560\shpbottom11060\shpwr3\shpfblwtx t0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpz2872\shplid8 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}} {\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn pib}{\sv {\pict\jpegblip ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101

01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0 0011080009000a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001 02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221 31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829 2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a 838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6 c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaf1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffc4001f010003 0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407 05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015 6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859 5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6 a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9ea f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffda000c03010002110311003f00feb07f696f117eda3a2fc4cf88b7ff0008 bf685f84de08f871e17f03378b2cbc15e28fd9eae3c7bafa2e99a7f83ecf5289bc631fc58f09209e fb55d6b51d4ed269b40bbb5b385acec66b5b88edae6e24d3f05785bf6fff0017f837c25e2d6fdb1f e08e9cde28f0ce83e226d3d3f6446b84b16d6f4ab4d4cd9adc49fb454124eb6c6ebc859a48217942 0778a36628bbdfb46ffc86be3aff00d90bf10ffe97fc2cafa7fe037fc90df833ff0064a3e1dffea2 1a3d525ccdadac97e2bfaddb348414db57b72a4feffbbf16fcb4dbffd9}}}}} {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3560\shptop10920\shpright3720\shpbottom11060\shpwr3\shpfblwtx t0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpz2850\shplid8 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}} {\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn pib}{\sv {\pict\jpegblip ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0 0011080009000a03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001 02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221 31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829 2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a 838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6 c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaf1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffc4001f010003 0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407 05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015 6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859 5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6 a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9ea f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffda000c03010002110311003f00fea07e30f8bff6f8f0878b7c6bad786bf6 9bf8276be0597e3d5afc3cf09783f55fd98af756d73c3fa1f896fadf53d0e2d4fc5907c67d262f10 7f62e8fac69da3ea722f87b4abdd5a7b19afed6e2c1ef2de393e90d375bfda674cd3ac34dd67e307 8075dd5f4fb2b5b1d575c87e0fbe930eb3a95a411c17daac5a543e3fbd874c8f51ba8e5bc4d3e2bc bb8ec96616c9733ac6257f20fda1bfe419e21ffb3caf873ffa6bf0ed7b56b9ff0021ad63fec29a87 fe95cd59ce6e293b5eeed6ba56d1bdecefb76fbcce73714a5ba72b25a69a37bd9df6ecb4deecffd9 }}}}} \pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\qj \li5401\sb0\sl-420\sl mult0 \par\pard\qj\li5401\sb0\sl-420\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li5401\ri1870\sb213\sl -420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 This over estimates the effects of line capacitance \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 .It is assumed to be lumped or concentrated. \par\pard\ql \li1981\sb119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 73.Explain the term voltage stability. \par\pard\q j \li3241\ri2666\sb18\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The ability o f the system to maintain the voltage level within its \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 acceptable limits is called as voltage stability. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\s l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\ri3856\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 74.Differentiate between voltage stability and rotor angle stab ility. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Voltage stability: \par\pard\ql \

li4681\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It means load stability . \par\pard\ql \li4681\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It is m ainly related to reactive power transfer. \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri2533\sb5\sl-280 \slmult0\fi1439 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Here problems arise mainly in the event of faults. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Rotor angle stability: \par\pard \ql \li4681\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It means basically generator stability. \par\pard\ql \li4681\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 -It is mainly interlinked to real power transfer. \par\pard\ql \li46 81\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Here problems arise during and after faults. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb 12\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 75.Define surge impedance. \par\ pard\qj \li3241\ri2663\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The char acteristic impedance of a lossless line is called as surge \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 impedance. \par\pard\li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4247 \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex105 Zc=] \\\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 / & RKP\par\pard\ql \li18 01\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 76.What is surge impedance loading? \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri1665\sb7\sl-273\slmult0\fi0\tx3781 \up0 \expndt w-2\charscalex100 A line is said to be operating at surge impedance load (natura l load) when \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 it is terminated by a resistance equa l to characteristic impedance. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Receiving end current under the condition of surge impedance loading is \line\tab \up0 \expnd tw-11\charscalex75 Ir=Vr/( =F ZKHUH 9U LV WKH UHFHLYLQJ HQG OLQH YROWDJH \par\pa rd\ql \li3961\sb5\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 And Zc=/ & \par\pa rd\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 77.Mention the si gnificance of Surge impedance loading. \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1690\sb18\sl-260 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 --The voltage and current are equal and a re in phase at all points along the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 line. \p ar\pard\ql \li3241\sb7\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 --No reactiv e power is generated or absorbed at the line ends. \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1675\s b1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 --The total reactive power a bsorbed by line inductance is equal to the total \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 r eactive power generated by line capacitance. \par\pard\li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \fi0\tx3712 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ,A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 / 9 A &\par\pard\ql \li3961\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Z=V/I=/ & \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb12\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 78.What is shunt compensation ? \par\pard\qj \ li3241\ri1649\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Shunt compensatio n is the use of shunt capacitors and shunt reactors is the \up0 \expndtw-3\chars calex100 line to avoid voltage instability. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 79.Define a synchronous compensator (condens er)? \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1921\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal ex100 Synchronous compensator is a synchronous motor with no mechanical \line \u p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 output .When it is under exited it operates at lagg ing p.f (ie it delivers \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 vars ) .Thus it oper ates both as a shunt capacitor and as a shunt reactor . \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2 4\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pa rd\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\par d\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb71\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 80.Mention any two advantages of series compensation \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 -improves system stability . \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -are generally self regulatory and requires little or no control equipment \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 81.Mention any two advantages of SVS .(Static Var System ) \par\ pard\qj \li3241\ri3879\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Provides fast control over temporary over voltages. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Provid es a better control of voltage profile . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 82.State a ny two comparisons between series compensation and shunt compensation. \par\pard

\ql \li3241\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Series compensatio n is cheaper than SVS . \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 -Losses are lower than in SVS . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 83.Wh y series compensation is used in long series ? \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -to increase transmission capacity \par\par d\ql \li3241\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -to improve system stability . \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 -to obtain correct load division between parallel circuits . \par\pard\ql \li 1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\ri4648\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx3241 \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 84.Mention the components used in series compensation ? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Series capacitors \par\pard\ql \li324 1\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Spark gap protection \par\par d\qj \li3241\ri5295\sb5\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Metal oxide resistor (for protection ) \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Current limiting react or \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Bypass switch \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Con trol & protection equipment . \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri4473\sb261\sl-280\slmult0\t x3241 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 85.Mention the components used in static var compensator . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Saturated reactor \par\pa rd\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Thyristor control led reactor -fired capacitor (TCR -FC ) \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1881\sb18\sl-260\ slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Thyristor switched capacitor - thyrist or controlled reactor (TSC -TCR ) \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Harmonic filters . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb11\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 86.Give any two reasons to minimize the reactive power transfer in lines . \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 -leads to voltage stability. \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb4\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -results in greater real and reactive losses . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 87.Li st the four parameters by which the performance of transmission lines are govern ed \par\pard\ql \li3241\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3241\sb8\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Series resistance \par\pard\ql \li3241\ri6902\sb 9\sl-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Series inductance \line \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 Series capacitance \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Seri es conductance. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb10 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 88.Define Ferranti effect . \par\p ard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Under no load or lightly loaded conditions ,the capacitance associated with the line \par\pard\q l \li1801\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 generates more reacti ve power than the reactive power which is absorbed & hence the \par\pard\sect\se ctd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11} \par\pard\qj \li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \ par\pard\qj\li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \pa r\pard\qj\li1801\ri1764\sb48\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 voltage at the receiving end is found to be greater th an at the sending end . This is called \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 as Ferranti effect .ie Vr>Vs . \par\pard\ql \li6073\sb248\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha rscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs32 Unit4 \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb68\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 89.Why cables ar e not used for long distance transmission? \par\pard\qj \li2521\ri1963\sb1\sl-28 0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Cables are not used for long distan ce transmissions due to their large charging \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 curre nts. \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri6249\sb17\sl-260\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 90.Mention the 3 main parts of the cable? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 Conductor ,dielectric ,sheath \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb7\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 91.What is the function of conductor? \par\pard\ ql \li2521\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Conductor provides t he conducting path for the current. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 92.What is the purpose of insulation in a cable? \par\

pard\qj \li2521\ri2450\sb18\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The ins ulation or dielectric withstands the service voltage and isolates the \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 conductor with other objects. \par\pard\ql \li2041\sb7\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 93.What is the function of sheath in a c ables? \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri1951\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 The sheath does not allow the moisture to enter and protects the cable \ line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 from all external influences like chemical or electrochemical attack fire \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 etc. \par\pard\ ql \li2041\ri5569\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\tx3001 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 94.Men tion the conductor materials in cables? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Copper , Aluminium \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars calex100 95.What is the purpose of stranding of conductors? \par\pard\ql \li2161 \sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Stranding increases the resist ance of the cable .It has flexibility. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 96.Define the segmental conductors. \par\pard\qj \l i2521\ri1614\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The stranded wires which are compacted by the rollers to minimize the air spaces \up0 \expndtw-4\c harscalex100 between the individual wires are called segmented conductors .Here the conductor \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 size is reduced for a given conducta nce. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 97.St ate the properties of insulating materials. \par\pard\ql \li2521\sb8\sl-276\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It should have high insulation resistance ,hig h dielectric strength ,good \par\pard\qj \li2521\ri2370\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mechanical properties ,non-hygroscopic, capable of bein g operated at high \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 temperatures ,low thermal resis tance and low power factor. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 98.Mention the commonly used power cables. \par\pard\ql \li252 1\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Impregnated paper, Polyvinyl chloride, polyethene \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 99.Mention the advantages of pvc over paper insulated cables. \par\pa rd\qj \li2521\ri2122\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Reduce d cost and weight, Insulation is resistant to water, Simplified jointing, \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 Increased flexibility No plumbing required. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 100.State the merits o f paper insulated cables. \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri3537\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\fi719 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 High current carrying capacity ,long life and great er reliability \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 101.Where polythene cables are used ? \par\pard\ql \li2521\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 -being n on-hygroscopic used in cables for submarines and damp soil. \par\pard\ql \li5941 \sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 - being lighter used as aerial cables for \par\pard\ql \li6301\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 vertical installations. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 102.State the advantages of polythene insulators. \par\pard\qj \ li2521\ri1663\sb18\sl-260\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 They are non -hygroscopic, light in weight, low dielectric constant, low loss factor \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 and low thermal resistance. \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri5649\sb 4\sl-280\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 103..By what materials cab le sheaths are made? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Lead sheaths and Al uminium sheaths. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5060\shptop12300\shpright5300\shpbottom12440\shpwr3\shpfblwtx t0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpz4344\shplid11 {\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 75}} {\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}} {\sp{\sn pib}{\sv {\pict\jpegblip ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0 0011080009000f03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001 02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221

31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829 2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a 838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6 c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaf1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffc4001f010003 0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407 05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015 6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859 5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6 a7a8a9aab2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9bac2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cad2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dae2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9ea f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9faffda000c03010002110311003f00fe937e25fc73fdacf5dff828ff00c56fd9 a3c0ff00b435afc37f859e1ef831a17c54d06c2cbe0bf807c5bace9977ff0008844da96932eb7e23 91e7d42d2fb5bb1bad6c5c5c462e6dd7516d260892dad2dae27f66f1a786bfe0a11ab78a7c41a37c 32fdb03e15787744d12e3e1bf83ac6ff00c6dfb3b69bafeb779e22b3f837e1bf1178d7c49ac41a26 b3a569460f19ebb36abaec1a4e99258c3e1eb8d42d74db191749d3a3b6d5be48d73fe5371f1bbfec cd74dffd44758afd5dd33fe473f1c7fd957f0aff00eb3b68d4d24f4daeeda79f55fd6faaec545295 96d7928b6bcd5eebd2ff007eabb1ffd9}}}}} \pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\sl mult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb67\sl-276\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 104.In what way A l sheaths are superior to lead sheaths? \par\pard\qj \li2521\ri1620\sb1\sl-280\s lmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Al sheaths are smaller in weight, high mechanical strength , greater conducyivity, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cheap, easy to manufacture and install, withstand the required gas pressure without \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 reinforcement. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 105.Where CSA sheath is used in cables ? \par\pa rd\qj \li2521\ri1999\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Corrug ated seamless aluminium sheath is used in high voltage oil filled cables \up0 \e xpndtw-3\charscalex100 and telephone lines. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-257\slmu lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 106.Why it is used? \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri187 0\sb13\sl-270\slmult0\fi719\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It is used beca use it is very flexible and easily by repeated bending the sheath is \line\tab \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 not distorted and it is not damaged. It has lesser weight and reduced thickness. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 107.Why protective covering is done in cables? \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri1757\sb2\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \tx2521 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 To protect the cables from mechanical dama ge , corrosion and electrolytic action \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 w hen laid direct in the ground the protective covering is made. \line \up0 \expn dtw-3\charscalex100 108.By what material protective covering is made? \par\pard\ qj \li1801\ri2101\sb17\sl-260\slmult0\fi1440 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Bitum en &Bituminized materials, pvc and layers of fibrous materials. \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 109.What is meant by serving of a cable? \par\pard\qj \li3241\ri16 41\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Layers of fibrous materi al permitted with waterproof compound applied to \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t he exterior of the cable is called serving of a cable. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\ sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 110.Why armouring is done in the ca bles ? \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri4243\sb18\sl-260\slmult0\fi1439 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 To protect the sheath from mechanical damage. \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 111.Why armouring is not done in single core cables? \par\pard\ql \li252 1\ri1850\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The presence of ma gnetic material within the alternating magnetic field of a \line \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 single core cable produces excessive losses. Hence single core ca bles are left \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 unarmoured with non-magnetic m aterials like tin-bronze or silicon-bronze tapes \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 or wires. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 112.Why Al is used as an armour material? \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri2341\sb5\s l-280\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It has non-magnetic properties , high conductivity and mechanical strength. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 113.W hat is meant by grading of cables? \par\pard\qj \li2521\ri2170\sb0\sl-280\slmult 0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The method of equalizing the stress in the d

ielectric of the cable is called the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 grading of ca bles. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 114. Mention the methods of cables. \par\pard\ql \li2521\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 Capacitance grading and inter sheath grading. \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri1896\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 115.Why the capacitance of the cable is very high than the capacitance of the overhead \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lines? \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri1776\sb6\sl-273\slm ult0\fi1439\tx3241\tx3241 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The distance between the conductors are small. The distance between the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc alex100 cores and the earthed sheath is also small. The permittivity of the cabl e \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 insulation is 3 to 5 times greater tha n that of air insulation. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 116.Write the exp ression of the capacitance of a single core cable. \par\pard\ql \li3961\sb0\sl-2 76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3961\sb9\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 & T Y \par\pard\li4321\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4681 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ----------- F/m\par\pard\ql \li4321\sb2 68\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 3. ln(R/r) \par\pard\ql \li1801\ sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 117.What is meant by charging current of a cable? \par\pard\sect\sectd \fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\pa r\pard\qj \li2521\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2521\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par \pard\qj\li2521\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2521\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\p ard\qj\li2521\ri1745\sb48\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 The capacitance of a cable determines the charging curren t. The charging current \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 restricts the use of cable s on EHV lines. The current carrying capacity of an a.c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 cable is also reduced by the charging current. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl -276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 118.Why power loss occurs in the dielectric of a cable? \par\pard\ql \li2881\s b1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -due to conductivity of insulati on \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Dielec tric hysteresis or dielectric absorption. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Ionization or corona \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb4\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 119. Mention the methods of laying t he cables. \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Direct laying , draw in system and solid system \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb124\sl-2 76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 120. Mention the advantages of direct l aying of cables. \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri2173\sb26\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 It is simple and cheaper method. It gives the best conditions for \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 dissipating the heat generated in the cables. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 121.Stat e any 2 disadvantages of direct laying method. \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1636\sb26\ sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Localisation of fault is difficult . It cannot be used in congested areas \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 where excav ation is inconvenient. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 122. Mention the disadvantages of pressure cables. \par\pard\ql \l i3781\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The cost of the pressur e tube is high. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 123. Mention the types of gas pressure cables/ \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb14 4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 External and internal pressure ca bles. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12 4. What are the types of oil filled cables? \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1810\sb26\sl420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Single core conductor channel cables , Sheath channel cables and 3 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 core filler space cha nnel. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 125 . What are the types of pressure cables? \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb144\sl-276\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Oil filled cables and gas pressure cables. \par \pard\ql \li1801\ri5229\sb42\sl-400\slmult0\tx3781 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 126. What is the operating range of pressure cables? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ charscalex100 It is greater than 66 kv. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb123\sl-276\slmult

0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 127. What are the advantages of SL cables over H - type cables? \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1617\sb26\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 The possibility of core to core breakdown decreases to a large extent. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Bending of cables becomes easy owing to no overall lead sheath. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd tw-3\charscalex100 128. Mention the disadvantages of oil filled cables. \par\par d\ql \li3781\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Expensive , layi ng and maintenance of cables is quite complicated. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb144\sl -276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 129. What are the types of screened c ables? \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb124\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 H type and SL type cables. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard \sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 130. Why the working v oltage level of belted cables is limited to 22 kv? \par\pard\ql \li3781\ri1800\s b31\sl-413\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is limited because beyond 22 kv tangential stresses acting along \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the lay ers of paper insulation set up large current. This current \line \up0 \expndtw-3 \charscalex100 causes local heating resulting in the risk of breakdown insulatio n at \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 any moment. \par\pard\li1801\sb128\sl-2 76\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 131. Up to what voltage range are b elted cables used?\par\pard\li1801\sb140\sl-276\slmult0\fi1979 \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 Up to 11 kv. In some extra ordinary cases they are used upto even 2 2\par\pard\li1801\sb136\sl-276\slmult0\fi1979 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kv.\ par\pard\ql \li1801\ri1911\sb11\sl-420\slmult0\tx3781 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 132. What are the different types of cables that are generally used for 3 p hase service? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Belted cable , Screened ca bles and pressure cables. \par\pard\ql \li6253\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i6253\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6253\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6 253\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6253\sb131\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c harscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs32 Unit5 \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb68\sl-276\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 133. Define sa g of a line. \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1649\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha rscalex100 The difference in level between the points of supports and the lowest \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 point of the conductor is called as sag. \par\par d\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 134.Mention the f actors that affect sag in the transmission line. \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri2429\sb2 6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Weight of the conductor, length o f the span , working tensile \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 strength and the temp erature. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 135. What is the reason for the sag in the transmission line? \par\pard\ql \li37 81\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 While erecting the line , if the conductors are stretched too much \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1667\sb34\sl-410 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 between supports then there prevails an e xcessive tension on the line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 which may break the c onductor. In order to have safe tension in the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 con ductor a sag in the line is allowed. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb121\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 136. How the capacitance effect is taken into accou nt in a long line? \par\pard\ql \li3781\ri1691\sb31\sl-413\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \exp ndtw-3\charscalex100 They have sufficient length and operate at voltage higher t han 100 \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kv the effects of capacitance cannot be neglected. Therefore in order \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to obtain reasonable accuracy in long lines , the capacitance effects \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 are taken. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\par d\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult 0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 137. Mention the limi tations of nominal T and pi methods in the line problems. \par\pard\ql \li3781\s

b144\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Generally the capacitance is u niformly distributed over the entire \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb144\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 length of the line. But for easy calculations the c apacitance is \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1637\sb6\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 concentrated at one or two points .Due to these effects there are error \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 in the calculations. \par\pard\ql \li1801\s b119\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 138. What are limitations of e nd condenser method. \par\pard\ql \li3781\ri1975\sb34\sl-410\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \e xpndtw-3\charscalex100 There is considerable error in calculations because the d istributed \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 capacitance has been assumed to b e lumped or concentrated. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 This method over e stimates the effects of the line capacitance. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb121\sl-276\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 145. What is end condenser method? \par\pa rd\ql \li3781\ri2055\sb6\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is a me thod used for obtaining the performance calculations of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal ex100 medium lines. Here the capacitance of the line is lumped or \line \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 concentrated at the receiving end. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb 99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 139. What is power circle diagra m? \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1850\sb26\sl-420\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is a diagram drawm for the transmission lines network involving \line \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 the generalized circuit constants and the sending end an d receiving \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 end voltage. \par\pard\ql \li180 1\sb99\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 140. What are the voltage re gulating equipments used in transmission system? \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb144\sl-2 76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Synchronous motors, tap changing transf ormers , series and shunt \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri1629\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 capacitors booster transformers , compound generators a nd induction \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 regulator. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb123 \sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 141.Mention the methods used for v oltage control of lines \par\pard\qj \li3781\ri2087\sb42\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-3\charscalex100 Tap changing auto- transformer, booster transformer , exci tation \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 control and induction regulator. \par\pard\ ql \li1801\sb123\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 142.What is sendin g end power circle diagram? \par\pard\ql \li1801\ri1876\sb34\sl-410\slmult0\fi10 79\tx2881 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The circle drawn with sending end true a nd reactive power as the horizontal \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and vertical co-ordinates are called sending end power circle diagram. \line \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 143.What is receiving end power circle diagram? \par\par d\qj \li2881\ri2018\sb2\sl-420\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The cir cle drawn with receiving end values are called receiving end power \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 circle diagram. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh158 40\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-27 6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb67\sl-276\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 144.Mention 2 s ignificance of neutral grounding \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-2\charscalex100 *the system voltage during the earth fault depends on neu tral earthing. \par\pard\qj \li2161\ri2115\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch arscalex100 *is provided for the protection against arcing grounds , unbalanced voltages with \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 respect to earth, protection from li ghtning. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 145. what is neutral grounding. \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri2097\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Connecting the neutral or star point of any electr ical equipment(generator \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ,transformer etc) to eart h. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb8\sl-276\slmult 0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 146. define coefficient of earthing. \par\pard\q l \li2881\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 =(highest rms voltage of healthy line to earth)/(line to line rms voltage) *100 \par\pard\ql \li1801 \sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb12\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 147. define resonant frequency \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri1667\sb1\sl-280\

slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -is a reactance earthing with selected val ue of reactance to match with the line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to ground c apacitance. \par\pard\ql \li2881\ri1797\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c harscalex100 -is earthing through a reactance of such a value that power frequen cy current \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in neutral to ground connection is almo st opposite to the power frequency \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 capacitive curr ent between un faulted line to earth. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 148. mention 2 disadvantages of ungrounded neutral \par\pard\qj \li5941\ri1729\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 occurance of insulation breakdown leading to \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1 00 the heavy phase to phase fault condition. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb0\sl-257\slm ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -system cannot be protected from earth fault. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -voltages due to lightning surges do not find path to earth. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\s l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 149. mention two advantages of neutr al grounding. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex 100 -arcing grounds are eliminated. \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri2137\sb1\sl-280\slmul t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -voltages of healthy phases with respect to ear th do not increase to 3^0.5 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 times with normal val ues. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 150 . name the various types of grounding. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -solid grounding \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -resistance grounding \par\pard\ql \li2881\s b4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -reactance grounding \par\pard\q l \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -resonant grounding \ par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 151. give the response of resistance for earth driven rods. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb0\sl-2 76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2881\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 R=\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 \u-3982?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 /2\ul0\nosuper sub\cf3\f4\fs24 \u-4016?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 l *ln(4l/d) \par\pard\li3781 \sb21\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx5500 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Where\tab \up0 \ex pndtw-4\charscalex100 l length of the rod\par\pard\ql \li5041\sb1\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d diameter of the rod \par\pard\ql \li5941\sb7\sl -276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 resistivity of the rod \par\pard\ql \ li1801\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\ri2130\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx2881 \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 152. for the uniformly current carrying ground driv en rod , give the resistance value. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 R=\u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 \u-3982?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 /(2\ul0\nosupersub \cf3\f4\fs24 \u-4016?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 l) *(ln(8l/d)-1) \par\pard\sec t\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend P g17}\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\p ard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2161 \sb90\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3340 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf 2\f3\fs24 Where\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 \u -3982?\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 - resistivity\par\pard\ql \li3781\sb1\sl-276\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l length \par\pard\ql \li3781\sb4\sl-276\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d diameter \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-27 6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 153. define screening coefficient. \par\ pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Screening coeff icient for \u8216?n' electrodes in parallel is \par\pard\ql \li7201\sb4\sl-276\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 = (resistance of one \par\pard\qj \li7201\ ri2286\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 electrode)/(resistance o f n \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 electrodes in parallel \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 * n) \par\pard\ql \li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\s b0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0 \sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\s l-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-27 6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\ slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\sl

mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb0\sl-276\slmu lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5941\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 substation \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 161.what is a substation. \p ar\pard\qj \li2161\ri1850\sb18\sl-260\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic ( eg: voltage , A.C to \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 D.C frequency power factor etc) of electric su pply is called a substation. \par\pard\ql \li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li2161\sb11\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 162.mention any two l ayouts of laying out a substation. \par\pard\ql \li4321\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 location should be at the center of the loa \par\pard\q l \li4321\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 should provide safe a nd reliable arrangement . \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-3\charscalex100 163.how substations are classified . \par\pard\ql \li2881\ri55 82\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\tx4321 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -according to 1. ser vice requirement \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 constructional feature. \par\pard\ql \li1801\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 164.sta te the various types of substation according to its service requirements. \par\p ard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -transformer sub station \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -s witching substation \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\char scalex100 -power factor correction substation \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -frequency changer substation \par\pard\ql \ li2881\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -converting substation \ par\pard\ql \li2881\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 -industrial substation \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b kmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q l\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\ li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li 1801\sb71\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs 24 165.list the types of substations classified according to its construction. \ par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -indoor sub station \par\pard\li2161\sb8\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -o utdoor substation\par\pard\li2161\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\fi3779 \up0 \expndtw-3\char scalex100 pole mounted substation\par\pard\qj \li1801\ri2993\sb261\sl-280\slmult 0\tx2161 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 166.mention any two comparisons between i ndoor and outdoor substations. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 INDOOR: \ par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -space requ ired and clearances between the conductors are less. \par\pard\qj \li2161\ri3341 \sb18\sl-260\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -time required for erec tion and possibility of faults are more. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 OUTDOOR: \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb7\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -space req uired and clearances between conductors are more. \par\pard\qj \li1801\ri3476\s b1\sl-280\slmult0\fi1079 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -time required for erecti on and possibility of faults are less. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 167.list th e various substation equipments. \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri2502\sb17\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Transformer , busbars , insulators , isolators , circuit breaker , relays , \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lightening arresters. \ par\pard\ql \li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1801\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p ar\pard\ql\li1801\sb15\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 168.define s tep potential. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale x100 It is the voltage between the feet of a person standing on the floor of the \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri1827\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 substation with 0.5m spacing between two feet during the flow of earth fault \ up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 current through the earthing system. \par\pard\ql \ li1801\sb265\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 169.define touch poten tial. \par\pard\ql \li2881\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It i s the voltage between the fingers of raised hand touching the faulted \par\pard\ ql \li2881\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 structure and the fe et of the person standing on the substation floor. the \par\pard\qj \li2881\ri1

943\sb5\sl-280\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 person should not get s hocked even if the earth structure is carrying faulted \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 current .i.e touch potential should be very very low. \par\pard\sect\sectd \fs24}