ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF URINE Properties Normal state Volume - 1 -1.

5 liters/day - depends on : Water intake External temperature Diet Mental state Physical state Condition Physiological Pathological (polyuria) Physiological Pathological (oligouria) Anuria Level - winter, after excessive fluid intake - nervousness, excitement - diabetes mellitus (up to 5L/day) > 3L/day - diabetes insipidus (10-15L/day) - hyperparathyroidism - summer (dt sweating) - fasting / restricted fluis in diet - acute nephritis, HF, shock, burns, after <200ml/day hemorrhage -during & after vomiting & diarrhoea - late stages of renal & heart failure No urine > 2 L/day
acute RF can fall to zero moderate RF may (dt overfunction of normal nephrons) chronic RF - diminished

Colour

- amber yellow - dt the presence of urobilin / uribilinogen /other peptides

Odour

- uriniferous odour (normal aromatic odour) - acidic (pH 6) - depends on ratio of acid phosphate & alkaline phosphate - kidney mainly excretes acid to preserve the alkali clear (transparent)

Reaction

diabetes insipidus colourless/ pale yellow fever deep orange obstructive jaundice greenish (dt presence of cholebolirubin) hemorrhage in UT reddish brown alkaptonuria black (dt presence of oxidized homogenistic acid) ingestion of food containing dyes or coloured drug 1. different types of food : cabbage, onion, garlic 2. severe uncontrolled DM fruity odour (dt presence of acetone / acetoacetic acid) 3. putrefaction (dt bacterial growth in case of UTI) acidic dt excretion of excess phosphate & high protein diet (Lion urine) sulphate vegetable & alkaline dt Na & K content with excretion of fruit (horse urine) Na & K bicarbonate in urine an hour after meal on standing alkaline (alkaline tide) dt precipitation of muco- & nucleoproteins & epithelial cells turbid, opaque dt presence of albumin good medium for bacterial growth as its pH becomes alkaline precipitation of phosphate urates, oxalates, triple phosphate albuminoid substance released from epithelial/white cells in case of glomerulo-nephritits cloudy

Aspect

exposed urine Deposits devoid of deposits! *centrifugation

Specific gravity

- 1.015 1.025 - depends on water balance of the body & electrolyte balance -varies inversely with urine volume

crystals casts cells parasitic ova pus cells / RBCs diabetes insipidus (low) fever (high) diabetes mellitus haemodilution dehydration diseased kidney

1.004 > 1.030 (dt small volume of urine) 1.40 (dt presence of glucose) 1.002-1.003 1.025 / more lose power to concentrate/dilute urine

Test for specific gravity WATER DIURESIS TEST (Dilution test) 1. subject evacuates his bladder 2. drinks 1.5 liter of water 3. urine is collected every 1 hour for 5 hours 4. volume and specific gravity of each sample is determined - normally, urine volume after 5 hours must be >800 ml & specific gravity is <1010 - if the function of distal tubules is impared diuresis does not occur & specific gravity does not drop below 1010. WATER CONCENTRATION TEST 1. subject evacuates his bladder 2. prevented from taking fluids for 10-12 hours to produce dehydration 3. at the end of 12 hours, urine sample is taken & specific gravity is measured -normally, specific gravity should rise to 1025 - if with dehydration, the specific gravity remains below 1020 it indicates impairment in the function of loop of Henle & distal tubule