Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 01/2012

A bi-weekly newsletter supported by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

02 January 2012
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Table of Contents: BOOKS ................................................................................ 4

Ecohealth Research in Practice: Innovative Applications of an Ecosystem Approach to Health ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Health Care Systems: A Global Survey .................................................................................. 4

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS .................................................... 4

Global Health................................................................................................................ 4
10 Global Health Achievements in 2011 ................................................................................. 4 AIDS: Five Neglected Questions for Global Health Strategies ............................................... 5 The critical decade: climate change and health ...................................................................... 5 Mapping Population and Climate Change............................................................................... 5

HIV - AIDS - STI ........................................................................................................... 6

HIV in the WHO African Region - 2011 Update ...................................................................... 6 UNAIDS Terminology Guidelines............................................................................................ 6 Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms..................................................................................... 6 Sexual networks and multiple concurrent sexual partnerships ............................................... 7 An inquiry into the uneven distribution of womens HIV infection in rural Malawi ................... 7 Guideline on HIV disclosure counselling for children up to 12 years of age........................... 7

Sexual & Reproductive Health ..................................................................................... 8

Reproductive rights approach to reproductive health in developing countries ....................... 8

Maternal & Child Health ............................................................................................... 8

Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries............................................................ 8 Underdiagnosis of Malnutrition in Infants and Young Children in Rwanda: Implications for Attainment of the Millennium Development Goal to End Poverty and Hunger ....................... 8

Malaria.......................................................................................................................... 9
Estimating the Burden of Malaria: The Need for Improved Surveillance ................................ 9 Worldwide Incidence of Malaria in 2009: Estimates, Time Trends, & a Critique of Methods . 9 A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010 ................................. 9 Rapid assessment of the performance of malaria control strategies implemented by countries in the Amazon subregion using adequacy criteria: case study ............................... 9 Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region .................................................................... 10 Cost-effectiveness of malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests versus presumptive diagnosis: implications for malaria control in Uganda........................................................... 10 Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality ......................... 11 Composition of Human Skin Microbiota Affects Attractiveness to Malaria Mosquitoes........ 11

Tuberculosis ............................................................................................................... 11
International Roadmap for Tuberculosis Research............................................................... 11 Ambulatory Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in a Cohort of HIVInfected Patients in a Slum Setting in Mumbai, India............................................................ 12 High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009 -2010 ................... 12 Periodic Active Case Finding for TB: When to Look? ........................................................... 12

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 1

Other Infectious Diseases .......................................................................................... 13

The Emerging Story of Disability Associated with Lymphatic Filariasis: A Critical Review .. 13

Essential Medicines.................................................................................................... 13
Survey of the quality of anti-tuberculosis medicines circulating in selected newly independent states of the former Soviet Union..................................................................... 13 Survey of the quality of selected antimalarial medicines circulating in six countries of subSaharan Africa....................................................................................................................... 13 The Primacy of Public Health Considerations in Defining Poor Quality Medicines .............. 14 Ten Stories that Mattered in Access to Medicines in 2011 ................................................... 14

Social Protection ........................................................................................................ 14

Effective poverty reduction and empowering women: a win-win situation? CCTs in Latin America ................................................................................................................................. 14 Can Health Microinsurance Protect the Poor?...................................................................... 15 Estimating the depth of microfinance programme outreach: empirical findings from rural Pakistan................................................................................................................................. 15 Social Protection, Efficiency and Growth .............................................................................. 15

Human Resources...................................................................................................... 16
The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis. 16 The human resource for health situation in Zambia: deficit and maldistribution................... 16 Stemming the Brain Drain - A WHO Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel................................................................................................................... 16

Health Systems & Research ...................................................................................... 17

Building leadership capacity and future leaders in operational research in low-income countries: why and how?....................................................................................................... 17 Research to Support Strategic leadership in Global Health Diplomacy in East, Central and Southern Africa...................................................................................................................... 17 Developing Independent Investigators for Clinical Research Relevant for Africa................. 17 Methodology matters: what type of research is suitable for evaluating community treatment supporters for HIV and tuberculosis treatment? ................................................................... 18 Health Services in Angola: Availability, quality and utilization .............................................. 18 Resource flows for health care: Namibia reproductive health sub-accounts ........................ 18

Education ................................................................................................................... 19
EDUCAIDS Overviews of Practical Resources..................................................................... 19 Implementing school-based management in Indonesia........................................................ 19 The High Return to Private Schooling in a Low-Income Country.......................................... 19

Harm Reduction and Drug Use .................................................................................. 20

Assessment of risk practices and infectious disease among drug users in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania...................................................................................................... 20

Millennium Development Goals.................................................................................. 20

Millennium Development Goal 8 - The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver ............................................................................................................................................... 20 More Money or More Development: What Have the MDGs Achieved? ............................... 20

Development Assistance............................................................................................ 21
The Aid Effectiveness Agenda: The Benefits of Going Ahead.............................................. 21

Others......................................................................................................................... 21
Corruption Perceptions Index 2011....................................................................................... 21

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ............................................ 21

Mobile Application for Contraceptive Eligibility (ACE)........................................................... 21 Development Cooperation Daily ........................................................................................... 22

INTERESTING WEB SITES .............................................. 22

Local-pharma-production.net ................................................................................................ 22 Switchboard........................................................................................................................... 22 Solutions for Water................................................................................................................ 22 ACTION:SDH: New Tool on Social Determinants of Health ................................................. 23 Science Across Virtual Institutes (SAVI) ............................................................................... 23

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 2

TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES............................................ 23
E-learning course: Strengthening the Essential Public Health Functions............................. 23

CARTOON ......................................................................... 23 TIPS & TRICKS ................................................................. 24

Windows 7 Character Map .................................................................................................... 24 Google Reverse Image Search............................................................................................. 24

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HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 3

BOOKS
Ecohealth Research in Practice: Innovative Applications of an Ecosystem Approach to Health
Editor: Dominique F. Charron International Development Research Centre, January 2012 305 pp. 2.4 MB: http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/47809/1/IDL-47809.pdf Featuring case studies from around the world, Ecohealth Research in Practice demonstrates innovative practices in agriculture, natural resource management, community building, and disease prevention, reflecting the state of the art in research, application, and policymaking in the field. The book demonstrates how ecohealth research works and how it has led to lasting changes for the betterment of peoples lives and the ecosystems that support them. ***

Health Care Systems: A Global Survey

Edited by Himanshu Sekhar Rout New Century Publications, New Delhi, 644 pp. July 2011, ISBN: 978-81-7708-279-1; US$ 139.50 To order the book online go to: http://www.amazon.com/Health-Care-Systems-GlobalSurvey/dp/8177082795 Health care systems (HCSs) are vital to establish, promote, and strengthen delivery of preventive, promotive and curative health services to all sections of society in a fair and equitable manner. The book contains 27 well-researched papers on HCSs in different countries of the world: US, Australia, China, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Thailand, Turkey, Bangladesh, Ghana, and India. The contributors have direct knowledge and experience of the functioning of HCS in their respective country.

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS
Global Health 10 Global Health Achievements in 2011
by Karl Hofmann Huffington Post - December 30, 2011 Read online at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karl-hofmann/10-global-healthachievem_b_1174352.html?ref=impact&ir=Impact The year 2011 brought with it a number of milestones for the global health community. Despite real economic pressures and many competing priorities, across the world, govHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 4

ernments, private companies, foundations, doctors, and individual volunteers worked to create a world where opportunity and hope are not crippled by poor health. Here you find ten (among many) reasons to celebrate 2011. ***

AIDS: Five Neglected Questions for Global Health Strategies

by Simon Rushton, Centre on Global Health Security, November 2011 12 pp. 710 kB: http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Gl obal%20Health/bp1111_rushton.pdf The recent rise of health systems strengthening as a policy priority suggests that a move away from single-disease approaches to global health may be occurring. Global AIDS institutions have sought to respond by broadening their mandates to incorporate some wider systemic interventions into their activities. However, as the debate over addressing particular diseases or investing in health systems continues, five important underlying political and ethical questions are being neglected, including whether there is an ideal health system, the timescales involved, the definition of sustainability, governance/structural capacity and political will. ***

The critical decade: climate change and health

by Lesley Hughes and Tony McMichael Commonwealth of Australia, November 2011 48 pp. 3.8 MB: http://climatecommission.gov.au/wpcontent/uploads/111129_FINAL-FOR-WEB.pdf The report is a comprehensive and up to date synthesis of the expected impacts of climate change on the health of Australians, this includes a focus on climate change adaptation. It states that recent heat waves around Australia have caused increased hospital admissions for kidney disease, acute renal failure and heart attacks, and increased deaths. It further asserts that there is evidence that climate change has already led to a change in the frequency, duration and intensity of extreme weather events, such as temperature extremes, storms and floods. ***

Mapping Population and Climate Change

Population Action International (PAI), 2011 4 pp. 6.9 MB: http://www.populationaction.org/Publications/Policy_and_Issue_Brief/ Mapping_Population_and_Climate_Change/mapping_climate_change.pdf This updated guide to Population Action Internationals mapping website shows how climate change and population dynamics will change the world over time. High rates of population growth and climate change consequences overlap in many countries. InterHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 5

active maps illustrate how climate change impacts, demographic trends and the need for contraception are likely to affect countries abilities to adapt to climate change.

HIV - AIDS - STI HIV in the WHO African Region - 2011 Update
Progress towards achieving universal access to priority health sector interventions by Abdikamal Alisalad, Emil Asamoah-Odei, Dick Chamla et al. WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2011 85 pp. 6.7 MB:
http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=6495

This is the first report issued by the WHO Regional Office for Africa that combines an analysis of the empirical data generated by HIV surveillance systems and progress made so far in expanding access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services in the WHO African Region. It provides a regional and sub-regional perspective on progress made towards achieving universal access to priority HIV interventions in the health sector. It focuses on interventions that are especially relevant to the epidemiological situation in countries of the Region, some of which are predominantly implemented in the Region. ***

UNAIDS Terminology Guidelines

Revised Version - October 2011 40 pp. 253 kB: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/u naidspublication/2011/JC2118_terminology-guidelines_en.pdf Language shapes beliefs and may influence behaviours. Considered use of appropriate language has the power to strengthen the global response to the epidemic. UNAIDS is pleased to make these guidelines to preferred terminology freely available. It is a living, evolving document that is reviewed on a regular basis. ***

Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms

7th Edition - October 2011 U.S. Government Source for HIV/AIDS, Medical Practice Guidelines, Clinical Trials, and Other Research Information 212 pp. 651 kB: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/upload/GlossaryHIVrelatedTerms_English.pdf Window period, immunosuppression, viral loadthe vocabulary of HIV/AIDS can be daunting. Key to understanding HIV is a grasp of the terminology used to describe the virus, the infection it causes, and strategies used to diagnose, treat, and prevent HIV/AIDS. In addition, to appreciate groundbreaking HIV/AIDS studies, it is helpful to understand research-related terms. The publication provides people living with HIV, their families and their friends, health care professionals, and students a guide to understanding this complex disease. The 7th Edition of the Glossary includes concise definiHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 6

tions for over 700 terms. ***

Sexual networks and multiple concurrent sexual partnerships

by Deanne Goldberg Consultancy Africa Intelligence, November 2011 Read online at:
http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=887:sexual-networksand-multiple-concurrent-sexual-partnerships&catid=61:hiv-aids-discussion-papers&Itemid=268

Multiple concurrent partnerships (MCP) is a term used to describe any situation where an individual engages in overlapping sexual contact with more than one person. This paper reflects on the nature and impact of sexual networks and MCP in Africa. The determinants and drivers of these networks are discussed. Also, the factors that catalyse the formation of MCP, which often characterise these networks, are explored. Finally, behaviour change communication and intervention methodologies developed in response are presented. ***

An inquiry into the uneven distribution of womens HIV infection in rural Malawi
by Michelle Poulin and Adamson S. Muula Demographic Research, Vol. 25, Article 28, pp. 869-902; 21 December 2011 36 pp. 565 kB: http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol25/28/25-28.pdf Ecological comparisons in sub-Saharan Africa show that HIV prevalence is lower where men are generally circumcised than where they are not. Randomized controlled trials have found a 50-60% reduction in HIV acquisition for newly circumcised men. Yet in Malawi, HIV prevalence is highest in several districts in the Southern Region, where men are commonly circumcised. The authors draw upon a population-based sample of evermarried women to explore this unexpected finding. ***

Guideline on HIV disclosure counselling for children up to 12 years of age

by Beatrice Krauss, Susan Letteney, Anniek De Baets et al. World Health Organization, 2011 47 pp. 619 kB: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502863_eng.pdf Many health care workers around the world are uncertain how to counsel clients about the HIV disclosure process. Thus, they may often miss opportunities to assist parents in dealing with these issues and explaining to parents the need for HIV testing and counselling for all their children. The lack of disclosure ultimately adversely affects the wellbeing of the child, including access to paediatric HIV treatment and care and adherence to treatment. The availability of treatment affects messages about the future health of the child and/or the parent/caregiver since, where treatment is available, a HIV-positive diagnosis is no longer inevitably associated with poor outcomes. HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 7

Sexual & Reproductive Health Reproductive rights approach to reproductive health in developing countries
by Vijayan Kumara Pillai and Rashmi Gupta Global Health Action 2011, 4: 8423 (14 December 2011) 11 pp. 621 kB: http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/download/8423/17776 Research on reproductive health in developing countries focuses mostly on the role of economic development on various components of reproductive health. Cross-sectional and empirical research studies in particular on the effects of non-economic factors such as reproductive rights remain few and far between. The authors conclude that both economic and democratic development have significant positive effects on levels of gender equality. The level of social development plays a prominent role in promoting reproductive rights.

Maternal & Child Health Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries

by Yarlini Balarajan, Usha Ramakrishnan, Emre zaltin et al. The Lancet, Vol. 378, Issue 9809, pp. 2123-2135, 17 December 2011 13 pp. 674 kB: http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS01406736 10623045.pdf Anaemia affects a quarter of the global population, including 293 million (47%) children younger than 5 years and 468 million (30%) non-pregnant women. In this paper, the authors review the epidemiology, clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and consequences of anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Their analysis shows that anaemia is disproportionately concentrated in low socioeconomic groups, and that maternal anaemia is strongly associated with child anaemia. ***

Underdiagnosis of Malnutrition in Infants and Young Children in Rwanda: Implications for Attainment of the Millennium Development Goal to End Poverty and Hunger
by Agnes Binagwaho, Mawuena Agbonyitor, Alphonse Rukundo et al. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10:61 (29 December 2011) 17 pp. 516 kB: http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/pdf/1475-9276-10-61.pdf Given that one in ten children suffer from malnutrition worldwide, it is imperative that all countries with a burden of malnutrition adopt the most up-to-date international standards for measuring malnutrition, and that the problem is brought to the forefront of international public health initiatives. For low income countries in the process of improving economic conditions, as Rwanda is, increasing the identification and treatment of malnutriHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 8

tion can promote the advancement of MDG1 as well as physical and cognitive development in children, which is imperative for advancing future economic progress.

Malaria Estimating the Burden of Malaria: The Need for Improved Surveillance
by Ivo Mueller, Laurence Slutsker, Marcel Tanner PLoS Med 8(12): e1001144 (20 December 2011) 2 pp. 64 kB: http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F1 0.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001144&representation=PDF The authors highlight the importance of using complementary methods to estimate the burden of malaria and call for a renewed focus on efficient malaria surveillance. ***

Worldwide Incidence of Malaria in 2009: Estimates, Time Trends, & a Critique of Methods
by Richard E. Cibulskis, Maru Aregawi, Ryan Williams et al. PLoS Med 8(12): e1001142 (20 December 2011) 12 pp. 685 kB:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=2D668134B45116E50 516048588F39BA2?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001142&representation=PDF

The authors present estimates of the worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009, together with a critique of different estimation methods, including those based on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and those based on routine case reports compiled by health ministries. ***

A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010

by Peter W Gething, Anand P Patil, David L Smith et al. Malaria Journal 2011, 10:378 (20 December 2011) 48 pp. 7.8 MB:
http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-10-378.pdf

Following the first global effort to map Plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity in 2007, this paper describes the generation of a new world map for the year 2010. The maps presented here contribute to a rational basis for control and elimination decisions and can serve as a baseline assessment as the global health community looks ahead to the next series of milestones targeted at 2015. ***

Rapid assessment of the performance of malaria control strategies implemented by countries in the Amazon subregion using adequacy criteria: case study
HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 9

by Walter Flores, Jaime Chang and Edgar Barillas Malaria Journal 2011, 10:379 (20 December 2011) 16 pp. 182 kB: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-10-379.pdf The objective of this study was to implement a rapid assessment of the performance of four malaria control strategies (indoor spraying, insecticide-treated bed nets, timely diagnosis, and artemisinin-based combination therapy) using adequacy criteria. Although ACT is the strategy with the better implementation in all countries, major gaps exist in implementation of the other three malaria control strategies in terms of technical criteria, coverage and quality desired. The countries must implement action plans to close the gaps in the various criteria and thereby improve the performance of the interventions. ***

Malaria in pregnancy in the Asia-Pacific region

by Marcus J Rijken, Rose McGready, Machteld E Boel et al. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 75-88, January 2012 14 pp. 305 kB: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS14733099(11)70315-2/fulltext WHO recommendations for the control of malaria in pregnancy are largely based on the situation in Africa, but strategies in the Asia-Pacific region are complicated by heterogeneous transmission settings, coexistence of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites, and different vectors. Improved estimates of the morbidity and mortality of malaria in pregnancy are urgently needed. When malaria in pregnancy cannot be prevented, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed to avert dangerous symptomatic disease and to reduce effects on fetuses. ***

Cost-effectiveness of malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests versus presumptive diagnosis: implications for malaria control in Uganda
by Vincent Batwala, Pascal Magnussen, Kristian S Hansen et al. Malaria Journal 2011, 10:372 (19 December 2011) 36 pp. 200 kB: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-10-372.pdf Current Uganda National Malaria treatment guidelines recommend parasitological confirmation either by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) before treatment with artemether-lumefantrine (AL). However, the cost-effectiveness of these strategies has not been assessed at rural operational primary care centres. The authors conclude that RDT was cost effective in both low and high transmission settings. With a global campaign to reduce the costs of AL and RDT, the Malaria Control Programme and stakeholders need a strategy for malaria diagnosis because as the cost of AL decreases, presumptive treatment is likely to become more attractive. ***

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 10

Larval source management for malaria control in Africa: myths and reality
by Ulrike Fillinger and Steven W Lindsay Malaria Journal 2011, 10:353 (13 December 2011) 21 pp. 229 kB: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-10-353.pdf This paper challenges the notion that Larval Source Management (LSM) cannot be successfully used for malaria control in African transmission settings by highlighting historical and recent successes, discussing its potential in an integrated vector management approach working towards malaria elimination and critically reviewing the most common arguments that are used against the adoption of LSM. ***

Composition of Human Skin Microbiota Affects Attractiveness to Malaria Mosquitoes

by Niels O. Verhulst, Yu Tong Qiu, Hans Beijleveld et al. PLoS ONE 6(12): e28991 (28 December 2011) 7 pp. 406 kB:
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=B0B9BF446752AACF 98829F521FDA2797?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028991&representation=PDF

Microbial communities on the skin play key roles in the production of human body odour. The authors demonstrate that the composition of the skin microbiota affects the degree of attractiveness of human beings to Anopheles gambiae species. Bacterial genera that are correlated with the relative degree of attractiveness to mosquitoes were identified. The discovery of the connection between skin microbial populations and attractiveness to mosquitoes may lead to the development of new mosquito attractants and personalized methods for protection against vectors of malaria and other infectious diseases.

Tuberculosis International Roadmap for Tuberculosis Research

by Christian Lienhardt, Natalie Zimmermann, Mike Brennan et al. World Health Organization, Stop TB Partnership, 2011 80 pp. 1.2 MB: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/resources/publications/te chnical/tbresearchroadmap.pdf The document outlines all priority areas for investment in TB research and is intended to promote coordination and harmonization of scientific work on TB. Research priorities are identified in the areas of epidemiology; fundamental research; research and development of new diagnostics, drugs and vaccines; and operational and public health research. The ultimate objective is to reach all populations, including people with TB/HIV co-infection or MDR-TB and children, with new and better methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. ***

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 11

Ambulatory Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients in a Slum Setting in Mumbai, India
by Petros Isaakidis, Helen S. Cox, Bhanumati Varghese et al. PLoS ONE 6(12): e28066 (1 December 2011) 9 pp. 210 kB:
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=CCD8A102BC13BF94 51F61ED5CEA1BB1A?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028066&representation=PDF

Despite high fluoroquinolone resistance and extensive prior second-line treatment, encouraging results are being achieved in an ambulatory multi-drug resistant TB (MDRTB) treatment program in a slum setting in India. Rapid scale-up of both ART and second-line treatment for MDR-TB is needed to ensure survival of co-infected patients and mitigate this growing epidemic. ***

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, Swaziland, 2009 2010

by Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla, Themba Dlamini, Alexandra Ascorra et al. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2012 9 pp. 294 kB: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/1/pdfs/11-0850.pdf In Africa, although emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) represents a serious threat in countries severely affected by the HIV epidemic, most countries lack drug-resistant TB data. This finding was particularly true in the Kingdom of Swaziland, which has the world's highest HIV and TB prevalences. Therefore, the authors conducted a national survey in 2009-2010 to measure prevalence of drug-resistant TB. The findings assert the need for wide-scale intervention in resource-limited contexts such as Swaziland, where diagnostic and treatment facilities and health personnel are lacking. ***

Periodic Active Case Finding for TB: When to Look?

by Peter J. Dodd, Richard G. White, Elizabeth L. Corbett PLoS ONE 6(12): e29130 (22 December 2011) 11 pp. 736 kB:
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=85D4B6C5C1D3E256 307586E6109112D9?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029130&representation=PDF

Periodic Active Case Finding (PACF) can both improve control and save medium-term health care costs in high TB burden settings. Greater costs of highly effective PACF at frequent (e.g. yearly) intervals may be offset by higher numbers of cases averted in populations with high baseline TB incidence, higher prevalence of HIV-uninfected cases, higher costs per-case-treated, and more effective routine case-detection. Less intensive approaches may still be cost-neutral or cost-saving in populations lacking one or more of these key determinants. ***

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 12

Other Infectious Diseases The Emerging Story of Disability Associated with Lymphatic Filariasis: A Critical Review
by Lynne Michelle Zeldenryk, Marion Gray, Richard Speare et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5(12): e1366 (December 27, 2011) 8 pp. 201 kB:
http://www.plosntds.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=CC40974F18996119 AA8883C74C5C5154?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001366&representation=PDF

Globally, 40 million people live with the chronic effects of lymphatic filariasis (LF), making it the second leading cause of disability in the world. Despite this, there is limited research into the experiences of people living with the disease. This review summarises the research on the experiences of people living with LF disability. The review highlights the widespread social stigma and oppressive psychological issues that face most people living with LF-related disability.

Essential Medicines Survey of the quality of anti-tuberculosis medicines circulating in selected newly independent states of the former Soviet Union
by Jitka Sabartova, Eva Nathanson, Olexandr Polishchuk WHO Regional Office for Europe, November 2011 108 pp. 2.5 MB: http://apps.who.int/prequal/info_applicants/qclabs/monitoring_docu ments/TBQuality-Survey_Nov2011.pdf The results of a survey of anti-tuberculosis (TB) medicines carried out by WHO in cooperation with the ministries of health and national medicines regulatory authorities of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan showed a zero failure rate among WHO-prequalified samples and those supplied through the Global Drug Facility (GDF), indicating the effectiveness of WHO medicines prequalification and GDFs quality assurance policy. ***

Survey of the quality of selected antimalarial medicines circulating in six countries of sub-Saharan Africa
by Jitka Sabartova, Amor Toumi and Clive Ondari WHO Quality Assurance and Safety, January 2011 118 pp. 3.0 MB: http://apps.who.int/prequal/info_applicants/qclabs/monitoring_docu ments/WHO_QAMSA_report.pdf The survey reported here evaluated the quality of selected antimalarials in six subSaharan African countries. These countries have been supported by WHO to strengthen their regulatory control of antimalarial products. The survey focused on the quality of artemisinin-based combination therapy products and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine products. Three countries with high failure rates in the survey subsequently organized national HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 13

stakeholders consultations to review the survey findings and to address the gaps identified. ***

The Primacy of Public Health Considerations in Defining Poor Quality Medicines

by Paul N. Newton, Abdinasir A. Amin, Chris Bird et al. PLoS Med 8(12): e1001139 (6 December 2011) 5 pp. 119 kB:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=29BEAF17848570FF1 6C7E60F17BA2597?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001139&representation=PDF

The authors argue that public health, and not intellectual property or trade issues, should be the prime consideration in defining and combating counterfeit medicines, and that the World Health Organization (WHO) should take a more prominent role. ***

Ten Stories that Mattered in Access to Medicines in 2011

Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF), December 2011 13 pp. 1.9 MB: http://www.msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/MSF_assets/CAME/To pTen/Access_Report_10Stories_ENG_2011.pdf A list of Ten Stories that Mattered in Access to Medicines in 2011 was released by Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF). The list looks at developments in 2011 that had an impact - whether positive or negative - on peoples ability to access needed drugs, diagnostics and vaccines in developing countries.

Social Protection Effective poverty reduction and empowering women: a win-win situation? CCTs in Latin America
by Karolin Herzog Discussion Papers on Social Protection, Issue No.12, October 2011; Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 7 pp. 377 kB: http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/giz2011-en-women-and-ccts-in-latin-america.pdf The fact that mothers are commonly chosen as recipients of cash transfer programmes (CCTs) has often led to the claim that CCTs, in addition to reducing poverty, also empower women and promote gender equality. However, the author argues that the narrow focus on material poverty reduction that most CCTs share restricts the gendered dimensions of their programme design. The more comprehensive the concept of poverty used in research, the smaller the evidence base for positive gendered impacts of CCTs. ***

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Can Health Microinsurance Protect the Poor?

By Elizabeth McGuinness Microfinance Opportunities, October 2011 7 pp. 494 kB: http://microfinanceopportunities.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/IndiaRethinkingValueBrief.pdf Despite significant commitment of funds into microinsurance pilots in recent years, little is known about what value microinsurance products actually deliver to their low income target clientele. In fact, the conceptual parameters of client value are still very much under debate. Even for health microinsurance, the most studied of any microinsurance product, fundamental questions remain about whether it protects low-income people financially. ***

Estimating the depth of microfinance programme outreach: empirical findings from rural Pakistan
by Asad K. Ghalib Brooks World Poverty Institute, July 2011 34 pp. 295 kB: http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/WorkingPapers/bwpi-wp-15411.pdf Microfinance has emerged on the global scale as a key strategy to reduce poverty and promote development. This paper assesses which category of the poor is being served by microfinance institutions. The paper concludes with findings that the depth of poverty outreach is significantly lower than what has been hitherto proclaimed by service providers and reflects on policy implications to enhance depth (as opposed to breadth) of programme outreach to address the needs of the poorest of the poor, in order to contribute meaningfully and effectively towards combating poverty. ***

Social Protection, Efficiency and Growth

by Stefan Dercon Centre for the Studies of African Economies, Oxford University, September 2011 29 pp. 196 kB: http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/pdfs/csae-wps-2011-17.pdf Social protection can play an important role in poverty reduction and making growth inclusive of the poor. At times, it is also argued that social protection can directly contribute to growth and economic efficiency. The paper revisits the evidence on the cost of social protection to reduce poverty, and its contribution to efficiency and growth. The paper ends with three areas where there could be potentially high growth impacts. ***

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Human Resources The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis
by Edward J Mills, Steve Kanters, Amy Hagopian et al. BMJ 2011; 343, 24 November 2011 13 pp. 412 kB: http://www.bmj.com/highwire/filestream/544995/field_highwire_article_pdf/0.pdf The migration of health workers from developing countries to developed ones is a well recognised contributor to weak health systems in low income countries. This study estimated the lost investment of domestically educated doctors migrating from sub-Saharan African countries to Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It concludes that among sub-Saharan African countries most affected by HIV/AIDS, lost investment from the emigration of doctors is considerable. Destination countries should consider investing in measurable training for source countries and strengthening of their health systems. ***

The human resource for health situation in Zambia: deficit and maldistribution
by Paulo Ferrinho, Seter Siziya, Fastone Goma et al. Human Resources for Health 2011, 9:30 (19 December 2011) 29 pp. 205 kB: http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/pdf/1478-4491-9-30.pdf This case study documents how a peaceful, politically stable African country with a longstanding tradition of strategic management of the health sector and with a track record of innovative approaches dealt with its human resource for health problems, but still remains with a major absolute and relative shortage of health workers. The case of Zambia reinforces the idea that training more staff is necessary to address the human resources crisis, but it is not sufficient and has to be completed with measures to mitigate attrition and to increase productivity. ***

Stemming the Brain Drain - A WHO Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel
by Allyn L. Taylor, Lenias Hwenda, Bjrn-Inge Larsen et al. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:2348-2351; December 22, 2011 4 pp. 1.0 MB: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1108658 The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, adopted by the 193 member states of the World Health Assembly (WHA) in May 2010, is a critical multilateral framework for tackling the shortage in the global health workforce and the migration of health care workers from low- and middle-income countries. Its key principles focus on developing sustainable health systems, protecting the human rights of migrant health workers, and supporting health systems in low- and midHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 16

dle-income countries, in part by providing technical and financial assistance for personnel development.

Health Systems & Research Building leadership capacity and future leaders in operational research in low-income countries: why and how?
by R. Zachariah, T. Reid, S. Srinath et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15(11):1426-1435, November 2011 11 pp. 315 kB: http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/bitstream/10144/198810/1/Zacharia h%2c%20Leadership%20IJTLD.pdf Very limited operational research (OR) emerges from programme settings in low-income countries where the greatest burden of disease lies. The price paid for this void includes a lack of understanding of how health systems are actually functioning, not knowing what works and what does not, and an inability to propose adapted and innovative solutions to programme problems. This paper provides reasons why programmes should take the lead in coordinating and directing OR, identifies the practical challenges and enabling factors for implementing, managing and sustaining OR and proposes parameters for measuring successful leadership capacity development in OR. ***

Research to Support Strategic leadership in Global Health Diplomacy in East, Central and Southern Africa
by R. Loewenson, R. Machemedze and E. Manyau Equinet Discussion Paper 88, November 2011 19 pp. 148 kB: http://www.equinetafrica.org/bibl/docs/Diss%2088%20GHD%20Research.pdf This publication reports from stakeholders the information and knowledge gaps and research priorities on global health diplomacy (GHD) in Africa to inform regional discussion on a research agenda for GHD. The findings indicate that research on GHD should identify factors that support the effectiveness of GHD in addressing selected key challenges to health strengthening systems in Eastern and Southern Africa, in a way that strengthens the capacity of key African policy actors and stakeholders within processes of health diplomacy. ***

Developing Independent Investigators for Clinical Research Relevant for Africa

by Yukari C Manabe, Elly Katabira, Richard L Brough et al. Health Research Policy and Systems, 9:44 (29 December 2011) 15 pp. 156 kB: http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/pdf/1478-4505-9-44.pdf PhD training in Africa should provide a strong research foundation for individuals to perHESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 17

form independent, original research and to mentor others. Training the next generation of researchers within excellent indigenous academic centers of excellence with strong institutional infrastructure will empower trainees to ask regionally relevant research questions that will benefit Africans. ***

Methodology matters: what type of research is suitable for evaluating community treatment supporters for HIV and tuberculosis treatment?
by Dermot Maher, Anthony D. Harries, Jean B. Nachega et al. Tropical Medicine & International Health; Article first published online: 16 December 2011 8 pp. 71 kB:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02920.x/pdf

The choice of research method relevant to the evaluation of delivery of a health intervention is not always straightforward. The authors use the evaluation of HIV and tuberculosis community treatment supporters in promoting adherence to treatment in Africa as a case study to illustrate the pros and cons of operational research and randomised controlled trials. ***

Health Services in Angola: Availability, quality and utilization

by Mona Frystad, Ottar Mstad, Nohra Villamil Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), 2011 70 pp. 14.5 MB(!): http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/4319-health-services-in-angola.pdf This report discusses the availability and quality of health services in two provinces of Angola (Luanda and Uge) and reports how households perceive the level of quality and utilise the existing services. The authors study a sample of 40 public health facilities located in both rural and urban areas and report which services they offer as well as indicators of the quality of the services. In addition to quality indicators such as the availability of drugs, equipment and other supplies, the report explores the competence of health workers in diagnosing common illnesses. ***

Resource flows for health care: Namibia reproductive health sub-accounts

by Thomas Mbeeli, Muine Samahiya, Nirmala Ravishankar et al. International Archives of Medicine 2011, 4:41 (24 December 2011) 22 pp. 212 kB: http://www.intarchmed.com/content/pdf/1755-7682-4-41.pdf Namibia's expenditure on reproductive health is remarkable by the standards of Africa and other middle-income countries. However, an increasing maternal mortality ratio does not bode well with the level of reproductive health expenditure. It is therefore important to critically examine the state of efficiency in the allocation and use of reproductive health expenditures in order to improve health outcomes.

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Education EDUCAIDS Overviews of Practical Resources

by Rebecca Ferguson, David Sunderland, Ekua Yankah et al. EDUCAIDS - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, January 2008 77 pp. 1.6 MB: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001584/158428E.pdf The EDUCAIDS Overviews of Practical Resources provide technical staff, programme implementers and mangers in ministries of education and civil society organizations with an analysis of useful published resources on the five essential components of a comprehensive education sector response to HIV and AIDS. ***

Implementing school-based management in Indonesia

by Mark Heyward, Robert A. Cannon, and Sarjono RTI Press Publication, September 2011 18 pp. 530 kB: http://www.rti.org/pubs/op-0006-1109-heyward.pdf Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous nation, has been decentralizing its education sector for the past decade. In this context, school-based management is essential for improving the quality of education. A mixed-method, multisite assessment of a project that aimed to improve the management and governance of basic education in Indonesia documented the positive impact on school-based management in both public and private schools, including madrasah (Islamic schools). ***

The High Return to Private Schooling in a Low-Income Country

by Tessa Bold, Mwangi Kimenyi, Germano Mwabu et al. Center for Global Development - Working Paper 279, December 2011 12 pp. 372kB: http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425807_file_Sandefur_et_al_High_ret urn_FINAL.pdf Existing studies from the United States, Latin America, and Asia provide scant evidence that private schools dramatically improve academic performance relative to public schools. Using data from Kenya - a poor country with weak public institutions - the authors find a large effect of private schooling on test scores, equivalent to one full standard deviation. Furthermore, nearly two-thirds of private schools operate at lower cost than the median government school. ***

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Harm Reduction and Drug Use Assessment of risk practices and infectious disease among drug users in Temeke District, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
by Anna Bowring, Caroline van Gemert, Paul Dietze et al. Mdecins du Monde, France and Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, October 2011 140 pp. 2.4 MB: http://www.medecinsdumonde.org/content/download/43203/41046 6/file/MdM_Report_TANZANIA.pdf Recent research has documented the increasing prevalence of injecting drug use in Eastern Africa. It is estimated that at least 25,000 IDUs live Tanzania, with a high HIV prevalence among this population. The aim of this rapid assessment and response is to identify and understand the main health risk behaviours, health care needs, and HIV and hepatitis C prevalence of people who inject drugs and other drug users in Temeke District, in order to inform an adapted operational response through the Mdecins du Monde harm reduction programme.

Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goal 8 - The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver
MDG Gap Task Force Report, 2011 100 pp. 1.5 MB: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/mdg_gap/mdg_ga p2011/mdg8report2011_engw.pdf There report reveals that significant gaps remain in delivering on the commitments in the areas of aid, trade, debt relief, and access to new technologies and to affordable essential medicines. A number of crucial commitments that were supposed to have been reached by 2010, including increased aid volume, improved aid effectiveness, and the conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, have not been met. ***

More Money or More Development: What Have the MDGs Achieved?

by Charles Kenny and Andy Sumner Center for Global Development - Working Paper 278, December 2011 45 pp. 1.7 MB: http://www.cgdev.org/files/1425806_file_Kenny_Sumner_MDGs_FINAL.pdf The authors argue that the MDGs may have played a role in increasing aid and that development policies beyond aid quantity have seen some limited improvement in rich countries (the evidence on policy change in poor countries is weaker). The paper reflects on what the global goal setting experience of the MDGs has taught us and how things might be done differently if there is a new round of MDGs after 2015. The authors conclude that any MDGs 2.0 need targets that are set realistically and directly link aid HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 20

flows to social policy change and to results.

Development Assistance The Aid Effectiveness Agenda: The Benefits of Going Ahead
by Arne Lennart Bigsten, Jean Philippe Platteau, Sven Tengstam European Commission, September 2011 169 pp. 1.9 MB: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/ensure-aid-effectiveness /documents/benefits_of_going_ahead-aid_effectiveness_agenda_en.pdf This study focuses on two main areas, namely aid agency effectiveness (cost effectiveness of agencies) and aid policy effectiveness (the cost of parallel development policy making). Whereas other areas of the Paris agenda are equally important (like ownership, mutual accountability, and a focus on results), this study explored the costs, and put a price-tag on not implementing the Paris agenda. The study reviewed the aid effectiveness literature to date, most of which point to benefits of coordination.

Others Corruption Perceptions Index 2011

by Transparency International, November 2011 7 pp. 2.7 MB: http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/other/corrup tion_perceptions_index_2011 The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories according to their perceived levels of public sector corruption. It is an aggregate indicator that combines different sources of information about corruption, making it possible to compare countries. The 2011 Index shows that no region or country in the world is immune to the damages of corruption, the vast majority of the 183 countries and territories assessed score below five on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (very clean.) New Zealand, Denmark and Finland top the list, while North Korea and Somalia are at the bottom. ***

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Mobile Application for Contraceptive Eligibility (ACE)
The first release of the mobile Application for Contraceptive Eligibility (ACE) for Android 2011 has just been announced by the USAID-funded Knowledge for Health (K4Health) Project at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The ACE mobile app. gives family planning providers an easy and effective way to check whether clients are medically eligible to start using certain contraceptive methods. HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 21

Based on the popular Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers (2011 edition) ACE reflects the latest family planning guidance from the World Health Organization's Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use Anyone with a mobile phone can download the app for free at: https://market.android.com/details?id=org.k4health.Ace ***

Development Cooperation Daily

Published by Karsten Weitzenegger Development Cooperation Daily shows what comes up for international cooperation professionals. You can read online or have it mailed to you. Daily and free at: http://paper.li/kweitzenegger/development-cooperation

INTERESTING WEB SITES

Local-pharma-production.net
http://www.local-pharma-production.net/ Local-pharma-production.net is an internet platform that aims at encouraging the local production of affordable, good-quality medicines and pharmaceuticals in Africa. It is a cooperation between the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany (BMZ), the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). ***

Switchboard
http://www.switchboardhealth.org/ Switchboard is a non-profit start-up that networks doctors and nurses in the worlds most resource-limited countries, using what every health professional already has - a mobile phone. They want to create a collaborative health system - where every health professional, no matter at which level or location, can utilize another, to improve their capacity and give patients better care. ***

Solutions for Water

http://www.solutionsforwater.org/ Focusing on practical actions, the 6th World Water Forum aims to be the Forum of solutions and commitments. Thus, to collect and share concrete contributions from all horizons, an international Platform for Solutions is now open at the above URL. Open to all, this interactive tool enables everyone to propose and access feasible solutions, related to the Forum priorities and targets. *** HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 22

ACTION:SDH: New Tool on Social Determinants of Health

http://www.actionsdh.org/ This tool is a portal that is intended to provide public health practitioners with all the necessary information they need on the social determinants of health (SDH). ACTION:SDH houses knowledge on the SDH and provides a platform for discussion of action on the SDH. The World Health Organization invites everyone in the SDH community to register on ACTION:SDH. ***

Science Across Virtual Institutes (SAVI)

http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/savi/index.jsp Science Across Virtual Institutes (SAVI) is an innovative concept to foster interaction among scientists, engineers and educators around the globe. It is based on the knowledge that excellence in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) research and education exists in many parts of the world, and that scientific advances can be accelerated by scientists and engineers working together across international borders.

TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
E-learning course: Strengthening the Essential Public Health Functions
Duration and course load: 5 weeks, 8-10 hours per week Dates: February 29 - March 29, 2012 Application deadline: February 09, 2012 (applications after the deadline will not be accepted) Participants: (Health) Professionals Course fee: US$ 400 Organizers: The World Bank Institute Language: English only General course contact: Jo Hindriks at jhindriks@worldbank.org

CARTOON

HESP-News & Notes - 01/2012 - page 23

TIPS & TRICKS

Windows 7 Character Map
Have you ever needed a special text character? There is a bunch of Alt codes you can use to get results, but probably you need a more visual approach. In Windows 7 or Vista hit Start and type in Character Map in your search box. Now either hit Enter or double-click the Character Map icon that appears in the results. This window should pop up: From here, simply specify your font at the top and locate the special character you want to insert and double-click it. All of your selections will appear in the Characters to copy box, so all you have to do is hit the copy button when you are done and then paste (CTRL+V) into your chosen programme. For ease of future use you should copy the link to the character map to your desktop. ***

Google Reverse Image Search

You might have an image you grabbed off the Internet and you want to find a larger size, but you cant quite remember where you got the image in the first place? What do you do? Where do you go? There is an easy way, and you can find it at Google. It is called Reverse Image Search. Just head over to Google.com and click the Images button in the upper lefthand corner. The page should reload and you should see a little camera icon in the search box. Now, you have options here you can either browse to where your image is on your computer, paste the URL of an image from another site (right-click on the image and select Copy image URL) or even drag and drop and image from your desktop into the search bar. Whichever method you choose, after you hit the Search button Google will search the internet for like-looking images to the one you uploaded. You can also click on the link at the bottom and watch a short video that offers more explanation. Best regards, Dieter Neuvians MD

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