Em-Lab Manuals Revised

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB MANUAL - II
VOLUME 2
CONTENTS
Pg. No.
I. A. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS 2
B. GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
II INDUCTION MACHINES
2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 EXPERIMENTS ON INDUCTION MACHINES
1. No Load test and Blocked Rotor test on induction motor (Squirrel cage, slip-ring) 5
2. Direct load test on induction motor (Squirrel cage, slip-ring and 1 Induction motor) 15
3. Variation of starting torque with rotor resistance in slip-ring Induction motor 23
4. Predetermination of characteristics of pole changing motor. 26
III SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
3.1 INTRODUCTION 30
3.2 EXPERIMENTS ON SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
1. Regulation of alternator Direct loading 32
2. Regulation of alternator by EMF & MMF method 34
3. Regulation of alternator by Potier & ASA method 37
4. Slip Test on alternator 41
5. Synchronizing of alternator to mains by dark lamp and
bright lamp method and determination of V and Inverted V curves 44
IV SPECIAL MACHINES
4.1- INTRODUCTION 47
4.2- EXPERIMENTS ON SPECIAL MACHINES
1. V/f control of induction motors 48
2. Synchronous induction motor V-curves. 51
3. Test on induction generator determination of rotor hysteresis loss 52
4. Load test on squirrel cage induction motor using eddy dynamometer. 57
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MAR BASELIOS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NALANCHIRA, TVM-695015 1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
A. Procedure & Precautions to be followed
In conducting the experiments on electrical machines, certain preliminaries are to be followed.
Once the experiment and its aim are understood one has to choose the machine on which the
experiment is to be conducted. Note down the name plate details of the machine to know the rated
voltage, current, r.p.m., etc. in the form of a data sheet. Then decide upon the instruments and
accessories required for the conduct of the experiment and their ratings. Suitable types of measuring
instruments must be selected. Care should be taken to see that the ammeter and wattmeter coils are
not damaged due to excessive current. The current has to be limited to less than or equal to the
rating of the instrument.
Even though electrical machines can take short time over loads, as far as possible see that the
current through windings does not exceed the rated value. To prevent burning of windings, or
damage to insulation due to overheating the following precautions have to be taken.
1) Provide fuses of appropriate rating in the circuit depending on the rating of the
machine.
2) Never apply full rated voltage suddenly to a device unless the
experimental procedure requires it. Increase the voltage from zero gradually and bring it to the
rated value using variacs (autotransformer) or other similar devices.

B. Special Instructions
The students should come well prepared to conduct the experiment. The instructional material
should be read before coming to the class. Students should bring with them a neat connection diagram,
the ranges of meters, fuse rating, etc. shall be determined after noting down the name plate details of the
machine on which they are going to do the experiment.
The data sheet consisting of the name plate details of machines and the readings taken should be
shown to the staff-member in charge before leaving the laboratory. As far as possible the entire
calculations shall be completed in the lab and the graphs plotted.
C. Lab Record
The laboratory record submitted by the students should have the following format:
1. Experiment No. & Date
2. Title of the experiment
3. Aim of the experiment
4. Machine specifications & instruments required, their range and type.
5. Complete connection diagram with the range and type of instruments used, type of machine and its
name plate details and the specific supply voltages used.
6. Theory & Procedure :- write a brief theory & actual procedure followed with precautions taken
7. Readings observed in appropriate tabular form.
8. Sample calculations :- Analysis of data, graphs etc. as required in the instructional material
9. Results & inference
10. Questions & Answers
D. Dress Code & Safety Standards
It has to be noted that experiments in the Electrical Machine Lab are conducted on rotating
machines with exposed rotating parts. The operating voltages are also up to 415 V which is potentially
dangerous to life. In addition all the terminals of the instruments are exposed. Therefore due diligence and
care should be shown while doing experiments to avoid any accidents. For the safety of all personnel the
following dress code has to be strictly followed:
1) The students shall wear insulating foot wear which covers the whole foot and shall not have metal
nails in the sole (i.e. should wear shoes).
2) The students shall wear tight dress (pants & shirt / overcoat (for girls))
3) The students shall not wear long neck chains.
4) The students having long hair (going below the shoulders) should bundle up their hair.
The following books, ISI standards may be referred to, for further studies:
1) A. E. Fitzgerald, E. Kingsley and A. Kusko : Electric Machinery : Mc Graw Hill, Kogakusha (1971)
2) M. G. Say : The Performance and Design of A. C. Machines : ELBS and Issac Pitman, London
(1969)
3) G. S. Broson and J. T. Hayden : Advanced Electrical Power and Machines; Issac Pitman (1966)
4) A. F. Puchtein, T. C. Lloyd and A.G. Conrod: Alternating Current Machines: Asia Publishing
House (1968)
5) G. C. Jain : Theory, Performance and Design of Synchronous Machines : Asia Publishing House
(1966)
6) E. W. Kimbark : Power system stability synchronous machines : Vol 3, John Wiley (1948)
7) A. S. Langsdorf : Theory of Alternating Machinery : Mc Graw Hill, 2
nd
edition (1955)

E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES
INDUCTION MOTORS
2.1 Introduction
An induction motor consists essentially of two parts a stator and a rotor. The stator is made up
of a number of stampings which are slotted to receive the windings. The stator carries a 3-phase
winding and is fed from a three phase supply. It is wound for a definite number of poles, the exact
number of poles being determined by the requirements of speed. The stator windings when
supplied by 3 phase currents produce a magnetic flux which is of constant value but rotates at
synchronous speed. This revolving magnetic flux induces an e.m.f. in the rotor by mutual
induction.
Depending on the type of rotor used, 3 phase induction motors are classified into squirrel cage
and slip ring.
The frequency of the induced e.m.f. in the rotor is s times the supply frequency where s is
the slip. Its magnitude is proportional to the relative speed between flux and rotor conductors.
Since rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced whose direction is
given by Lenzs Law and it is such as to oppose the cause producing it and hence to reduce the
relative speed. The rotor starts running in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up
with the rotating flux.
The rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator field and so the rotor runs at a speed
which is always less than the speed of the stator field. The difference between the synchronous
speed and the actual speed of the rotor is known as slip.
An induction motor is similar in action to a polyphase transformer with a short circuited
rotating secondary. Hence induction motors if switched on to line directly, it takes 5 to 7 times
their full load current and develop only 1.5 to 2.5 times their full load torque. The initial inrush of
current can be controlled by applying a reduced voltage to the stator during starting period, full
normal voltage is applied when the motor has run up to speed. This can be done either by using an
autotransformer or star-delta starter.
There are different methods in which speed control on induction motor can be achieved. By
changing the number of poles, speed control is possible in the case of squirrel cage motors. This is
seen in pole changing motor. Speed control is also possible by operating two motors in cascade or
by injecting an e.m.f. in the rotor circuit. Modern trend is to use V/f controller for speed control of
induction machines.
E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
2.2.1.1 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on the given squirrel cage induction motor and to
draw the equivalent circuit diagram. From the circle diagram and equivalent circuit, compare efficiency, pf,
torque, slip, line current and output- corresponding to
i) Name plate speed
ii) Rated Output
2) Also from circle diagram obtain maximum torque, maximum output and maximum power factor.
Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine.
Apparatus Required: Ammeter (to read no load current), Voltmeter (to read rated applied voltage) and
Wattmeters (suitable for no load test and blocked rotor tests)
Theory: No load and Blocked rotor tests are conducted to obtain the parameters to draw the equivalent
circuit and also the circle diagram.
No load test is conducted with motor running at normal voltage. Rotor speed is very near to
synchronous speed. From the no load readings, the shunt circuit components R
o
and X
m
can be determined.
In blocked rotor test, rated current is applied to the machine with the rotor blocked and
corresponding power and voltage are noted. The machine impedance [(r
1
+ r
2
) +j(x
1
+ x
2
)] is determined.
In this case, slip is 1. This is equivalent to short circuit test on transformer.
Circle diagram is one of the best graphical methods of determining the whole characteristics of a
motor. From the circle diagram, the Stator power factor angle, Stator current/phase on load, Total input,
Constant losses, Stator copper loss, Rotor input, Rotor copper loss, Rotor output, Torque, Slip, Efficiency,
etc. can be determined.
Procedure:
No Load Test: Connections are done as shown in Fig 2.1. Start the motor and gradually increase
the voltage to rated value with the help of a dimmerstat. Note the corresponding no load current and
wattmeter readings. If one of the wattmeter reads negative, change the connections (current coil or pressure
coil).
Blocked Rotor Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.2. The rotor is blocked and
dimmerstat is adjusted to get rated current. The voltmeter reading and blocked rotor power input readings
are taken.
Stator winding resistance: To find the stator winding resistance/phase, connections are made as
shown in Fig 2.3. DC supply is given, keeping the rheostat at the maximum position. Voltmeter and
ammeter readings are recorded.
Tabular Column:
No Load Test: Blocked Rotor Test:
V
o
(V) I
o
(A) W
1
(watts)
W
2
(watts)
W
o
=W
1
+W
2
(watts)
V
sc
(V) I
sc
(A) W
sc
(watts)

Measurement of R
a
:
V (V) I (A) R
a
()

'
a a
1 a
3
R = R
2
R = 1.2 R
( Because the windings are connected in delta)
(R
1
: AC resistance)
Fig 2.1 No- Load Test on Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Fig 2.2 Blocked Rotor Test on Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Fig 2.3 Determination of stator winding resistance
Calculations:
To draw equivalent circuit:
From no load test:
cos
3
?
o
o
o o
o
W
V I
No load current/phase,
o
I
3
o
m o
I
I sin
3

o
w o
I
I cos
3

o
o
w
o
o
m
V
R =
I
V
X =
I
From Blocked rotor test:
s
o1
s
V ph
Z =
I ph
sc
o1 2
sc
ph
W
R =
3 I
2 2
o1 o1 o1
X = Z R
2 o1 1
= R R R
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Based on Equivalent circuit:
a) Corresponding to rated output

2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s

(P
out
obtained from machine details)
where
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j

1 _
+

1
, ]
, then s = ?

1 o o 2 1 1 1 o
L 1 L 1
in L L 1
I (ph) = I + I = I (lagging )
I = 3 I = I
P = 3 V I cos

out
in
P
= 100%
P

b) Corresponding to name plate speed

s
s
N N
s =
N
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V 0
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j

1 _
+

1
, ]
1 o o 2 1 1 1
I (ph) = I + I = I
in ph 1 1
P = 3V I cos
2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s

out
in
P
= 100%
P

To draw circle diagram:
-1 -1 o sc
o s
o o sc sc
W W
= cos , = cos
3V I 3V I

Assume the current scale (c:s) to draw the circle diagram
o
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
sn sc
sc
V
W =W
V
_

,
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
(scale the necessary values according to the current scale and draw the circle diagram)
Fig 2.4 Circle Diagram
The voltage phasor is taken along Y-axis, referring to Fig. 2.4, and draw OO at an angle
o
, from OV,
representing no-load line-current I
o
in magnitude and direction. Line OF is drawn perpendicular to voltage
phasor OV. Phasor OA is drawn at an angle
sc
, from phasor OV and equal to I
SN
in magnitude. Line OG
is drawn parallel to OF, OA is joined and line BC is drawn perpendicular to line OA bisecting the line
OA at point B and intersecting line OG at C. With C as centre, and OC as radius, the semi-circle OAG
is drawn, which is the locus of the stator current, I
1
. Line AE is divided by D into two segments such that
01
1
R AE Total copper loss
=
DE Stator copper loss R
. Line OD is known as the Torque line or rotor input line.

Line OA represents the output line or mechanical power developed line.
A tangent to the semi-circle is drawn parallel to NPF, and the vertical intercept PP between this tangent
and horizontal line NPF, represents the maximum power input to the motor.
The vertical line QQ drawn from the tangent at Q (parallel to torque line) till the torque line, represents
the maximum torque.
The vertical SS drawn from the tangent at S (parallel to the output line) till the output line, represents the
maximum power output.
Motor output (in scale) =
motor output
AT
power scale

. From T, line TH is drawn parallel to output line OA
cutting the circle at H. Point H is joined with origin O, and perpendicular HN is drawn, cutting the torque
line and output line at L and K.
Line current at full load = OH
Full load power factor, cos
1
=
NH
OH
Maximum power output = SS power scale = _________ watts.
Slip =
KL
LH
Efficiency =
HK
HN
100%
Result:
Equivalent circuit and circle diagram drawn. Slip, efficiency, power factor and torque values compared for
the eqvt. ckt. and circle diagram.
Questions:
1) Why is it considered preferable to calculate the power factor from wattmeter readings only?
2) Why is the magnetizing current and stray losses greater in an induction motor in comparison with a
transformer? How does it affect the p.f. of the motor?
3) What are the possible errors in the approximate equivalent circuit?
2.2.1.2 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on the given slip ring induction motor and to draw
the equivalent circuit diagram. From the circle diagram and equivalent circuit, compare efficiency, pf,
torque, slip, line current and output- corresponding to
iii) Name plate speed
iv) Rated Output
2) Also from circle diagram obtain maximum torque, maximum output and maximum power factor.
Apparatus Required: Ammeter (to read no load current), Voltmeter (to read rated applied voltage) and
Wattmeters (suitable for no load test and blocked rotor tests)
Theory: No load and Blocked rotor tests are conducted to obtain the parameters to draw equivalent circuit
and hence also the circle diagram.
No load test is conducted with motor running at normal voltage. Rotor speed is very near to
synchronous speed. From the no load readings, the shunt circuit components R
o
and X
m
can be determined.
In blocked rotor test, rated current is applied to the machine with the rotor blocked and
corresponding power and voltage are noted. The machine impedance [(r
1
+ r
2
) +j(x
1
+ x
2
)] is determined.
Rotor is blocked from moving. In this case, slip is 1. This is equivalent to short circuit test on transformer.
Procedure:
No Load Test: Connections are done as shown in Fig 2.5. Start the motor and gradually increase the
voltage to rated value with the help of a dimmerstat. Note the corresponding no load current and wattmeter
readings. If one of the wattmeter reads negative, interchange the connections of either the current coil or
pressure coil.
Blocked Rotor Test : Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.6. The rotor is blocked and dimmerstat is
adjusted to get rated current. The voltmeter reading and blocked rotor power input readings are taken.
Stator winding resistance: To find the stator winding resistance/phase, connections are made as shown in
Fig 2.7. DC supply is given, keeping the rheostat at the maximum position. Voltmeter and ammeter
readings are recorded.
Tabular Column:
V
o
(V) I
o
(A) W
1
(watts)
W
2
(watts)
W
o
=W
1
+W
2
(watts)
V
sc
(V) I
sc
(A) W
sc
(watts)

Measurement of R
a
:
V (V) I (A) R
a
()

'
a a
1 a
3
R = R
2
R = 1.2 R
Fig 2.5 No- Load Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
Fig 2.6 Blocked Rotor Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
Fig 2.7 Determination of stator winding resistance
Calculations:
To draw equivalent circuit:
From no load test:
cos , ?
3
o
o o
o o
W
V I

No load current/phase,
o
I
3
o
m o
I
I sin
3

o
w o
I
I cos
3

o
o
w
o
o
m
V
R =
I
V
X =
I
From Blocked rotor test:
s
o1
s
V ph
Z =
I ph
sc
o1 2
sc
ph
W
R =
3 I
2 2
o1 o1 o1
X = Z R
2 o1 1
= R R R
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Based on Equivalent circuit:
c) Corresponding to rated output

2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s

(P
out
obtained from machine details)
where
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j

1 _
+

1
, ]
, then s = ?

1 o o 2 1 1 1
L 1 L 1
in L L 1
I (ph) = I + I = I
I = 3I = I
P = 3V I cos

out
in
P
= 100%
P

d) Corresponding to name plate speed

s
s
N N
s =
N
( )
rated
2 2 2
2
1 1 2
V 0
I = = I
R
R + X + X
s
j

1 _
+

1
, ]
1 o o 2 1 1 1
I (ph) = I + I = I
in ph 1 1
P = 3V I cos
2
out 2 2
(1-s)
P = 3I R
s

out
in
P
= 100%
P

To draw circle diagram:
-1 -1 o sc
o s
o o sc sc
W W
= cos , = cos
3V I 3V I

o
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
sn sc
sc
V
W =W
V
_

,
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
(scale the necessary values according to the current scale and draw the circle diagram refer Fig)
Result: Equivalent circuit and circle diagram drawn. Slip, efficiency, power factor and torque values
compared for the eqvt. ckt. and circle diagram.
Questions:
1) Ammeter in the rotor circuit oscillates very slowly when the rotor is running with rated voltage
applied to the stator. Why ?
2) Are the core loss and mechanical losses constant for all operating conditions? Comment.
3) How does core loss vary with voltage and why?
4) Does the no load current steadily decrease as the supply voltage is reduced? If not, explain why?
5) The motor input under blocked rotor condition is taken approximately equal to the full load copper
loss. Substantiate.
6) Discuss Stable and unstable regions of the torque-speed characteristics.
E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- LOAD TEST

2.2.2.1 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE (CAPACITOR START) INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on single phase induction motor and to plot the
following characteristics.
(i) Efficiency vs. output
(ii) speed vs. output
(iii) pf vs. output
(iv) Line current vs. output
Apparatus Required: Tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.

Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: Constructionally a 1 induction motor is similar to a polyphase induction motor except that its stator
is provided with a single phase winding and a centrifugal switch is used in some types of motor to cut off a
winding used only for starting purpose. It has a distributed stator winding and a squirrel cage rotor. To make
the rotor self starting it is temporarily converted into a two phase motor during the starting period. For this, the
stator of a single phase motor is provided with an extra winding known as starting (auxiliary) winding in
addition to main or running winding. The necessary phase difference is provided by connecting a capacitor in
series with the starting winding as shown in figure. When the motor reaches 75% of full speed, the centrifugal
switchS opens and cutoff both the starting winding and the capacitor from the supply thus leaving only the
running winding across the lines.

Procedure: Connections are made as shown in the fig 2.8. The motor is kept at no load and given 230V
supply. When motor attains speed almost equal to rated speed, no load readings are noted. The motor is
gradually loaded up to rated current. All meter readings including the spring balance reading are tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Power
factor
Outpu
t
power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
Calculations:
Spring balance readings S
1
and S
2
in kg.
Torque can be computed using the equation, ( )
1 2
(Nm) T S S rg
, where
r
is the radius of the brake drum.
FIG 2.8 Load Test on Single Phase Capacitor-Start Induction Motor
Input power (Wattmeter reading) = P
in
(watts)
power (P
in
)=VI
cos
power factor =
cos
=
Pin
VI
Output Power =
out
2 NT
P = (watts)
60
where N is the speed in r.p.m.

T is the torque in Nm.
% Efficiency =
100%
output
input

FIG 2.9 (a) Torque Slip characteristics , (b) Performance curves
Result: Load test on 1 phase capacitor-start induction motor. Characteristics curves plotted.
Questions:
1. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a capacitor start-induction motor?
2. What are the drawbacks of a shaded-pole single phase motor?
2.2.2.2 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE (CAPACITOR START-RUN) INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on single phase induction motor and to plot the
(v) Efficiency vs. output
(vi) speed vs. output
(vii) pf vs. output
(viii) Line current vs. output
Instruments Required: Tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.

Machine Details: Note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: Constructionally a capacitor start-run 1 induction motor is similar to a polyphase induction motor
except that it is a two-phase motor that is powered by a single-phase source. Its stator is provided with a start-
winding and a run-winding displaced 90 apart. The necessary phase difference is provided by connecting a
capacitor in series with the starting winding as shown in figure. Both the windings are designed for continuous
duty. It has high power factor due to the capacitor being in the circuit continuously even while the motor is
running. No centrifugal switch is needed in as much as the capacitor stays in the circuit. It does, however, have
a low starting torque.

Procedure: Connections are made as shown in the fig 2.10. The motor is kept at no load and given 230V
supply. When motor attains speed almost equal to rated speed, no load readings are noted. The motor is
gradually loaded up to rated current. All meter readings including the spring balance reading are tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Power
factor
Outpu
t
power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
FIG 2.10 Load Test on Single Phase Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Induction Motor
Calculations:
Spring balance readings S
1
and S
2
in kg.
1 2
(Nm) T S S rg
,
where
r
is the radius of the brake drum.
Input power (Wattmeter reading) = P
in
(watts)
power (P
in
)=VI
cos
power factor =
cos
=
Pin
VI
Output Power =
out
2 NT
P = (watts)
60

% Efficiency =
100%
output
input

Result: Load test on 1 phase induction motor. Performance curves plotted (Fig 2.9).
Questions:
1) What is the purpose of capacitor in the capacitor-start motor? Explain the difference between
capacitor-start and capacitor start-run 1 induction motor?
2) How is capacitor motors advantageous over split-phase motors?
3) What type of capacitor is used in this type motor?
2.2.2.3 LOAD TEST ON SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on squirrel cage induction motor and to plot the
(ix) Efficiency vs. output
(x) Torque vs. output
(xi) pf vs. output
(xii) Line current vs. output
(xiii) Slip vs. torque
Instruments Required: 3 Autotransformer, tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter,
Wattmeter.
Machine Details: note the name plate details of the machine.
Theory: Stable operation of an induction motor lies over the linear portion of its torque-speed curve. The
slope of this straight line depends mainly on the rotor resistance. Higher the resistance, sharper the slope. The
linear relationship between torque and speed enables to establish a very simple equation between different
parameters of an induction motor. The parameters under two different load conditions are related by the
equation
2
2 2 1
2 1
1 1 2
T R V
S S
T R V
_

,
. The only restriction in applying the above equation is that the new torque
2
T

must not be greater than
2
2
1
1
V
T
V
_

,
. It yields an accuracy of better than 5% which is sufficient for all practical
purposes.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown as in Fig 2.11. Initially the dimmer stat is kept at minimum
position. Supply is switched on. The motor is started by increasing the voltage (by adjusting the
autotransformer) up to rated value.
The motor is loaded in steps, up to the rated value by means of a brake drum. For each step, line voltage,
line current, input power and balanced readings are noted and tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Output
power
(W)
Efficienc
y (%)
Sli
p
(%)
Power
factor
FIG 2.11 Load Test on Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
Calculations:
Input power =
1 2
W W +
(watts).
Torque can be computed using the equation ( )
1 2
~ T S S rg
, where
1
S
and
2
S
are the balance readings,
r
is the radius of the brake drum and
g
is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s
2
).
Output power =
2
60
NT
(watts)
% Efficiency =
100
output
input

Synchronous speed,
120
s
f
N
p
, where
f
is supply frequency and
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N

( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
power factor =
cos
Result: Load test on squirrel cage induction motor is conducted and performance characteristics plotted
(Fig 2.9).
Questions:
1. If one of the phases goes out, when and induction motor is delivering full load will the machine
continue to run? If so, what will be the effect on the motor?
2. How will you prevent the above situation?
3. Can an induction motor work as generator? Explain.
2.2.2.4 LOAD TEST ON SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To conduct a load test on 3 slip ring induction motor and to plot the
(xiv) Efficiency vs. output
(xv) pf vs. output
(xvi) Line current vs. output
(xvii) Speed vs. output
Apparatus Required: 3 Dimmerstat, tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter.
Machine Details: note the name plate details of the machine
Theory: The 3 slip ring induction motor can be started using dimmerstat or rotor resistance starter. The star-
connected rotor winding leads are coupled to the three slip rings. Three external leads brought out from the slip
rings are then connected to the Rotor resistance starter.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown as in Fig 2.12. Supply is switched on with rotor resistance starter
at start position. Initially, the motor is started at maximum resistance position ( Start position ), then as the
motor gains speed, its cut down to the minimum resistance position (Run position).
The motor is loaded in steps, up to the rated value by means of a brake drum. For each step, line voltage, line
current, input power and balanced readings are noted and tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
Input
power
(W)
S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Output
power
(W)
Efficienc
y (%)
Sli
p
(%)
Power
factor
FIG 2.12 Load Test on Slip-Ring Induction Motor
Calculations:
Input power =
1 2
W W +
(watts).
1 2
T S S rg
, where
1
S
and
2
S
are the balanced readings,
r
is
the radius of the brake drum and
g
2
).
power factor =
cos
Output power =
2
60
NT
(watts)
% Efficiency =
100
output
input

%
Synchronous speed,
120
s
f
N
p
, where
f
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N

( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
Result: Load test on slip ring induction motor conducted, and performance curves (Fig 2.9) plotted.
Questions:
1. Why resistances are included in the rotor circuit during starting?
2. What is the effect of adding external resistances to the rotor on (a) Maximum Torque and (b) Starting
Torque?
E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- VARIATION OF TS WITH ROTOR RESISTANCE
2.2.3 VARIATION OF STARTING TORQUE WITH ROTOR CIRCUIT RESISTANCE FOR A SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To determine the variation of starting torque with resistance added to the rotor
circuit and to draw the graph: starting torque Vs rotor resistance.
2) To verify the above results by means of calculations based on the circle diagram.
Instruments Required: Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters (lpf and upf)
Theory: Varying the values of resistance in the rotor circuit can affect the characteristics of the motor in 3
ways: (1) variation in the starting torque and current, (2) smooth acceleration and (3) variation in operating
speed.
The external resistances in the rotor circuit reduces the speed at which the rotor will operate with a
given load torque. If the rotor resistor is designed for continuous duty, a portion of it may be allowed to
remain in the circuit, thus obtaining reduced-speed operation. Therefore, the motor has a varying speed
characteristic; i.e., any change in load results in a considerable change in speed. However, the efficiency of
a wound-rotor motor, including the
2
I R
losses in the rotor resistance, is reduced in direct proportion to the
speed reduction obtained.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.13. The slip rings are short circuited and rated voltage
is applied through the auto transformer. All the meter readings are tabulated (Table 1.).
Then connections are made as Fig 2.14. The rotor is blocked by applying a brake-load suitably. Initially,
the rotor windings are short-circuited through the ammeters (i.e., the external resistances connected to each
rotor phase are completely cut out). Now supply to the dimmerstat is switched on and voltage gradually
increased till the current on the rotor circuit does not exceed the rated value. The brake-load is now
gradually released until the rotor tends to rotate. At this instant, the readings of the spring balances (S
1
and
S
2
), stator impressed voltage V
sc
, stator current I
s
, stator input power W
sc
, rotor current I
r
and voltage across
the external resistance connected to each rotor phase V
r
are noted (Table 3). The same procedure is
repeated with the rotor kept in different relative positions with respect to the stator and for different values
of external resistances added, keeping the rotor current always constant to some value.
Tabular Column:
Table 1:
No Load Test: Measurement of R
a
:
V
o
(V) I
o
(A) W
1
(watts)
W
2
(watts)
W
o
=W
1
+W
2
(watts)
V (V) I (A) R
a
()

'
a a
1 a
3
R = R
2
R = 1.2 R
Table 2 (Test Data) :
Sl
No.
Impressed
Voltage Vsc
(volts)
Stator
current Is
(A)
3 stator
input
power
Wsc
(watts)
Rotor
Current
Ir (A)
Voltage
across
External
Resistance
of the rotor
circuit Vr
(volts)
Brake - Load
1
S
(kg)
2
S
(kg)
1 2
~ S S
(kg)
Table 3 (Test Results) :
Sl.
No.
Starting Torque
s
T
(kg-m)
(from balanced
readings)
Starting Torque based on circle diagram External
resistance
R
R
V
r
I
()
01
R
()
'
2
R ()
SN
W
(watts)
s
T
(based
on circle
diagram)
(kg-m)
Fig 2.13 No- Load Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
Fig 2.14 Blocked Rotor Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor
Calculations:
Starting torque (with normal voltage applied V
o
) as calculated directly from the balance readings is given
by
( )
2
0
1 2
~
s
sc
V
T S S R
V
_

,
kg-m where R = effective radius of brake drum in metres.
To calculate
s
T
based on circle diagram:
01 2
3
sc
s
ph
W
R
I
()
Stator resistance per phase,
1 a
R = 1.2 R
()
Equivalent rotor resistance per phase referred to stator,
'
2 01 1
R R R
Blocked rotor power with normal voltage applied is
2
0
SN sc
sc
V
W W
V
_

,
(watts)
Starting torque based on circle diagram is,
( )
'
0 2
01
2 9.81
SN
s
s
W W R
T
N R
_
,
kg-m
Fig 2.15 Starting Torque vs Rotor resistance
Result: The starting torque computed directly from the balance readings and that based on circle diagram
are tabulated as in Table 3. From Table 3, variation of starting torque (
s
T
) vs. additional rotor resistance per
phase (r) is plotted.
Questions:
1) What do you mean by critical slip (Scr) of an induction motor? Give an expression for Scr in
terms of the machine parameters.?
2) Sketch a family of torque-slip curves with different values of resistances inserted to the rotor circuit.
E M LAB MANUAL II INDUCTION MACHINES- POLE CHANGING MOTOR
2.2.4 POLE CHANGING INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: 1) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test for the different pole (speed) configurations and to
draw the circle diagrams (on same sheet) for all the cases. From the circle diagrams, compare the following
for the different pole configurations:
(i) Maximum output, (ii) Starting torque,
(iii) Maximum torque (iv) Full load slip.
Apparatus Required: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeters (lpf and upf)
Theory: By providing an induction motor with a winding or windings developing alternative numbers of
poles, it is given a number of possible synchronous (and therefore running) speeds. Since squirrel cage
rotor can adjust itself to any number of poles, the cage rotor can be conveniently used with pole changing
method of speed control.
Procedure:
No Load Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.16. Supply is switched on and voltage gradually
increased with the help of dimmerstat to rated voltage. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are
taken for 4 pole operation. The same procedure is repeated for 8 pole configuration.
Blocked Rotor Test: Connections are made as shown in Fig 2.17 for 4 pole configuration. Supply is
switched on and voltage gradually increased with the help of dimmerstat till the current in the ammeter
reads the rated value. The ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are taken. The same procedure is
repeated for 8 pole configuration.
Stator winding resistance: To find the stator winding resistance/phase, connections are made as shown in
Fig 2.18. DC supply is given, keeping the rheostat at the maximum position. Voltmeter and ammeter
readings are recorded.
Tabular Column:
Table 1:
No. of
poles
Vo (V) Io (A) W1
(watts)
W2
(watts)
Wo=W1~W2
(watts)
No. of
poles
Vsc
(V)
Isc (A) Wsc
(watts)

Measurement of R
a
:
No. of
poles
V (V) I (A) R
a
()

a a 1 1 1
a a
1 a
R = R (in case of 4-pole, keeping U , V , W shorted)
R = 4 R (in case of 8-pole)
R = 1.2 R
Table 2:
Test Results:
No. of poles Maximum power
output (watts)
Starting torque
(N-m)
Maximum torque
(N-m)
Full load slip
(p.u.)
Fig 2.16 No- Load Test on Pole Changing Induction Motor
Fig 2.17 Blocked Rotor Test on Pole Changing Induction Motor
Fig 2.18 Circuit to determine Stator Winding Resistance
Calculations:
No-load phase angle,
-1 o
o
o o
W
= cos
3V I
Short-circuit phase angle,

-1 sc
s
sc sc
W
= cos
3V I
s
o1
s
V ph
Z =
I ph
sc
o1 2
sc
ph
W
R =
3 I
2 o1 1
= R R R
Draw circle diagram (refer fig 2.4):
rated
SN S
sc
V
I =I
V
= _____ / (c:s) = _____ cm
2
rated
SN SC
SC
V
W =W =______watts
V
_

,
Power Scale =
rated scale
3V I (W/cm)
Circle diagram is drawn for both 4-pole and 8-pole connections (on the same graph sheet).
Full load power factor, cos
1
=
NH
OH
Slip =
KL
LH
Efficiency =
HK
HN
100%
Deduction from circle diagram
Starting torque
s scale
T =ADP (syn. watts)
Maximum torque T
m
=
scale
QQ P (syn.watts)
Maximum output P
m
=
scale
SS P (syn.watts)
Result: The No- load test and Blocked Rotor test conducted, and various parameters compared for 4-pole
and 8-pole.
Questions:
1) Can slip ring induction motor be used for pole changing method of speed control? If not, why?
2) Mention the fields of application of pole changing.
3) Explain the principle adopted in the connection of the stator coils for obtaining different speeds.
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
3.1 Introduction
Synchronous machines are rotating machines which run at synchronous speed. The
synchronous speed is a function of the supply frequency and the no. of poles of the machine. There
are two types of synchronous machines based on rotor construction, namely, (i) the cylindrical
rotor machine and (ii) the salient pole machine.
The performance characteristics of interest are voltage regulation, V-curves and power angle
measurement.
The terminal voltage of the alternator varies with changes in magnitude and power-factor of
the consumer demand (i.e. load current and load power factor). Voltage regulation is defined as the
rise of voltage expressed in percent of rated voltage when the load is reduced to zero, the field
excitation and frequency remaining at their initial values. The phrase rise in voltage in the
definition presupposes an inductive or non inductive load, because if the load is sufficiently
capacitive, the magnetizing effect of leading current may cause voltage under load condition to be
higher than that at no load. In that case, effect of reducing the load to zero is to produce a fall in
voltage and the regulation must then be treated as negative instead of positive.
The factors which affect alternator regulation are armature reaction, armature leakage
impedance and the change in field leakage with change in excitation. These are fundamentally the
same as those involved in d.c. generators, the differences being due to the effect of power factor
upon armature reaction and the substitution of armature impedance in place of armature resistance
in case of dc machine.
The regulation of an alternator can be determined by actually loading it and observing the
change in terminal voltage when the load is disconnected keeping speed and excitation fixed. This
method is out of question under full load condition except in the case of small machines, because
of the cost of providing motive power and auxiliary apparatus for absorbing the output. So,
predetermination methods have to be used, such as (1) EMF Method, (2) MMF Method, (3) Zero
Power Factor (Potier) method and (4) ASA Method.
In the case of a salient pole machine, the air gap around the field is not uniform. So, the
reluctance offered to MMF wave also varies, being lowest when it is aligned with field pole axis
(d-axis) and is highest when it is aligned at 90 to field pole axis (q-axis). Thus we can say that flux
established by armature MMF wave is varying with special position of wave axis with respect to d-
axis. So to find regulation, the methods based on cylindrical rotor theory are not accurate. The
effect of saliency can be taken into account by resorting to two-reaction theory suggested by Andre
Blondel. This introduces the concept of two reactances, one along the d-axis and the other along q-
axis. To find out these quantities, slip test is conducted.
Process of connecting an incoming generator in parallel with others already in operation is
called synchronization. Before synchronization it is necessary that (1) the speed of the incoming
generator corresponds exactly to the frequency of the system to which it is to be connected, (2) its
voltage must be numerically equal to that of the system where the connection is made, and (3) its
voltage must be in phase with that of the system. This requirement means that phase sequence of
incoming machine must be same as that of the system. When the individual generators are
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
relatively small, synchronization is done manually. In this case, the exact moment of
synchronization is indicated by incandescent lamps or synchroscopes, connected properly in the
circuit. But with the growth of system capacity and rating of generating units, it becomes necessary
to resort to automatic devices.
In a synchronous machine, the real electrical power exchanged with the bus bars is
controlled by the mechanical shaft power irrespective of excitation. The excitation on the other
hand governs only the power factor of the machine without affecting the real power flow. The
operating characteristics of the machine can be studied under conditions of the variable load and
variable excitation, keeping one of these quantities constant and varying the other. The variation of
armature current with excitation at constant load gives the V-curves of the synchronous machine. It
is seen that the magnitude of armature current exhibits a minimum when its excitation is
continuously increased from an under excited state. This minimum corresponds to upf condition.
Since the synchronous motor is not self starting, the unexcited rotor is speeded up to near
synchronous speed by some method and the excited by the d.c. source. Then the rotor gets
magnetically locked with the stator field and runs at synchronous speed. The coupling between
stator and rotor is not an absolutely rigid one. As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor
progressively tends to fall back in phase by some angle but still runs at synchronous speed. The
machine meets the changing requirements of load torque by adjustment of this angle. This angle is
known as load angle or power angle or torque angle.
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY DIRECT LOADING
3.2.1 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY DIRECT LOADING
Aim: 1. To determine the regulation of the 3-phase alternator by direct loading, and
to draw the regulation vs. load curve.
Instruments Required: Ammeter, Voltmeter, tachometer
Theory: Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage expressed as a percentage of the
rated voltage, when the load at a given power factor is removed, with speed and field current remaining
unchanged.
Voltage regulation =
o
E -V
100%
V

The voltage regulation may be positive or negative depending on whether the power-factor load is lagging
(E
o
increases) or leading (E
o
decreases). The importance of computing the voltage regulation are:
(i) When load is thrown off, voltage rise must be known, since the winding insulation
should be able to withstand this increased voltage.
(ii) Voltage regulation determines the type of automatic voltage control equipment to be
used.
(iii) Steady-state short-circuit conditions and stability are affected by the voltage regulation.
(iv) Parallel operation of one alternator, with other alternators is affected considerably by its
voltage regulation.
In case of small machines, the regulation may be found by direct loading.
Procedure: Make connections as shown in Fig 3.1. Run the alternator at synchronous speed, adjust the
terminal voltage to rated value by adjusting field current using rheostat, R
h
. Note the field current and
terminal voltage. Now switch on S. Adjust the load simultaneously keeping the terminal voltage at rated
value. Open S and note the terminal voltage. This gives the induced emf corresponding to that field current,
given by the ammeter, A
2
. Repeat the procedure for different values of load currents. Tabulate the results.
Tabular Column:
A1 A2 V (on load) Vo (Off load) % Regulation
(Vo-V)/V*100
Results:
1. Regulation of alternator at various loads
2. Graph showing variation of regulation with load current
Questions:
1. Can the regulation on lagging pf loads be obtained by this method of direct loading?
2. What are the causes of changes in voltage in alternators when loaded?
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY DIRECT LOADING
3. What practical steps are adopted to ensure that the voltage at the generator terminal, under varying
load conditions, remains constant?
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
3.2.2 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
Aim: 1. To plot the open circuit and short-circuit characteristics
2. To predetermine the full load regulation of an alternator at different power factor
(upf, 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead) using (a) EMF (Synchronous Impedance) method
and (b) MMF (Ampere Turn) method.
Instrument Required: Ammeters, Voltmeters
Machine Details: Note machine specifications from machine name plate
Theory: In the case of large machines, the cost of finding the regulation by direct loading becomes
prohibitive. Hence synchronous impedance or EMF method and Ampere-turn or MMF method are two
indirect methods used to determine voltage regulation. Both the methods require (1) Armature (or stator)
resistance R
a
, (2) Open circuit / No load characteristic and (3) Short circuit characteristic.
EMF method: This procedure can be applied to cylindrical rotor synchronous machines only, because the
resultant air gap flux is not affected by the angular position of the rotor. In this method, the armature
reaction is treated as an additional voltage drop by introduction of the fictitious armature reaction reactance
X
a
. The synchronous impedance is determined by conducting OC and SC test. The value of regulation
using this value obtained from actual loading conditions. Hence this method is known as pessimistic
method.
MMF method: In this method, the leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. The
mmf required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on full load, is obtained from SC
test .The field ampere turns required to produce to produce full load current on SC balances the armature
reaction and impedance drop. The regulation calculated by this method is less than that in practice .Hence it
is known as Optimistic method.
Procedure:
Open circuit and Short circuit characteristics:
1) OC Test: Connections are made as shown in fig. 3.2. Keeping the switch open and rheostat in maximum
position alternator is driven by the prime mover at rated speed in the appropriate. The field current is
adjusted by means of rheostat for different values upto 125% of rated excitation. Each time OC voltage and
corresponding field current are noted.
2) SC Test: Here after the alternator is driven at rated speed. Switch is closed and stator current is adjusted
to its rated value by adjusting the rheostat. Corresponding field currents are noted.
To measure the stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position the supply is switched
on. The voltmeter and ammeter reading is noted.
3) Stator Resistance: To measure stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position
and supply is switched on (Fig 3.3). The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
Tabular Column:
Voltage(V) Current (I) R
a
a dc
R 1.2 r
OCC
E
o
(V) I
f
(A)
SCC
I
fsc
(A) I
L
(A)
Calculations:
Draw the graphs
1. OC phase voltage vs. field current
2. SC phase current vs. field current
EMF method (synchronous impedance method)
V Rated phase voltage on open circuit
I
sc
The short circuit current corresponding to the field current producing rated voltage
Z
s
Synchronous impedance/phase=
sc
V OC voltage
I SC current
at some excitation
R
a
The resistance per phase of the winding
Xs=
2 2
Zs Ra

At any load current, I and pf, cos
sc
s
Eo=V+I Z
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
0
cos sin
sc a sc s
E V I R V I X + + +
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
0
cos sin
sc a sc s
E V I R V I X + +
At upf
( ) ( )
2 2
0 sc a sc s
E V I R I X + +
Then calculate,
% regulation =
Eo-V
V
100 % for the three cases.
MMF Method (Ampere Turn Method)
From graph for MMF method, find the corresponding value of E
0
for the field current at 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf
lead and upf. The find the voltage regulation from following relation:
Then regulation=
Eo V
V
100 %
Results: The OCC and SCC characteristics were plotted and regulation was determined by
EMF and MMF methods.
Questions
1. Explain the shape of OCC. Why do you get a straight line for SCC?
2. What is meant by synchronous reactance?
3. What is the practical application of pre-determining the regulation of an alternator?
Fig 3.2. Regulation of Alternator by EMF and MMF Method
Fig 3.3
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
3.2.3 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
Aim:
1. To plot the ZPF characteristics, armature reaction MMF, Potier reactance of a given alternator
2. Predetermine the full load regulation at 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead and upf using Potier and ASA method.
Theory:
Potier method or ZPF method: In the Potier method, the leakage reactance drop and the mmf required for
overcoming the armature reaction can be determined. This method is more accurate than the emf and the
mmf methods.
The experimental data required for this method are
1) OCC
2) SCC
3) Armature resistance
4) Zero Power Factor characteristics
Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in terminal voltage expressed as a percentage of
rated voltage, when the load is reduced to zero the field excitation and frequency remaining constant.
Synchronous impedance Z
s
= OC and SC current for the same excitation. (OCC is a drooping curve because
of the effect of saturation. During SC condition the power factor is zero. Power factor lagging and therefore
the effect of armature reaction is demagnetizing. Thus the net flux during SC condition is small and hence
SCC is a straight line. Significance of potier method is that the effect of armature reaction and leakage
reactance are separately accounted.
Procedure:
1) OC Test: Connections are made as shown in figure 3.4. Keeping the switch open and rheostat in
maximum position alternator is driven by the prime mover at rated speed in the appropriate. The field
current is adjusted by means of rheostat for different values upto 125% of rated excitation. Each time OC
voltage and corresponding field current are noted.
2) SC Test: Here after the alternator is driven at rated speed. Switch is closed and stator current is adjusted
to its rated value by adjusting the rheostat. Corresponding field current is noted
To measure the stator resistance per phase keeping the rheostat in maximum position, fig 3.3, the supply is
switched on. The voltmeter and ammeter reading is noted.
3) Potier Method: Connections are made as shown in figure 3.5. The alternator is driven at its rated speed.
The load is connected to the alternator by means of a 3 pole switch. Now the field excitation is adjusted so
that the alternator line current is equal to its rated value. Corresponding terminal voltage and field current
are noted, ensuring armature current is maintained at its rated value and speed is also maintained at its rated
value. Terminal voltage V
ph
and I
f
are noted.
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-REGULATION BY POTIER AND ASA METHOD
Circuit Diagram:

Fig 3.4. Circuit diagram to plot OC and SC characteristics
Fig 3.5. Circuit Diagram to plot ZPF Characteristic
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-SLIP TEST ON ALTERNATOR
Tabular Column:
Stator Winding Resistance
Voltage(V) Current (I) Ra
Zero power factor
Voltage I
F
Ia Iph
SCC
I
fsc
(A) I
L
(A)
Calculations:
The OCC is reproduced from the previous experiment. The field current required to circulate full load
armature current on short circuit is also taken from previous experiment. With these datas the potier triangle
and the full load zero power factor characteristics are drawn by Fischer-hinnen construction. From the potier
triangle the full load leakage reactance drop and the field current required to overcome armature reaction are
measured. The full load regulation is calculated at the desired power factor
X
L
-- obtained from potier triangle
R
a
-- obtained from resistance measurement
( )
a l
E V I R jX + +
Potier Method:
Full Load Current, I
FL
= ?
Per phase resistance, R = ?
From Potier Triangle, IX
L
= full load leakage reactance drop
At upf
( ) ( )
2 2
L
E V IR IX + + , then
1
f
I =field current corresponding to E
,
2
f
I field current to overcome armature reaction
1 2
2 2
f f f
I = I +I
E
0
= Voltage corresponding to I
f
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + + , then
1
f
,
2
f
1 2 1 2
2 2
f f f f f
I = I +I 2I I cos(90 ) +
E
0
f
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + , then
1
f
,
2
f
1 2 1 2
2 2
f f f f f
I = I +I 2I I cos(90 )
E
0
f
% regulation =
Eo V
V
100 %, corresponding to the different values of pf.

ASA Method:
Field current corresponding to rated current in SC test,
1
f
I
= ?
n
f
(length from X-axis to airgap line at V) I
At upf
( ) ( )
2 2
L
E V IR IX + +
s1
f
I = field current from air gap line to E in OCC
1 n
2 2
f f f
I I I
+
s1
f f f
I =I I
+
Voltage in OCC corresponding to I
f
, E
0
= ?
At 0.8 pf lag
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + + +
s2
f
1 n 1 n
2 2
f f f f f
I I I 2I I cos(90 )
+ +
s2
f f f
I =I I
+
f
, E
0
= ?
At 0.8 pf lead
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin
L
E V IR V IX + +
s3
f
1 n
2 2
f f f
I I I
+
s3
f f f
I =I I
+
f
, E
0
= ?
% regulation=
Eo V
V
100 %, corresponding to the different values of pf.

Results: the experiment is conducted and the percentage regulation is found out by Potier and ASA method
Question
1. Why this method is called approximate?
2. What will be the reading of a three phase wattmeter introduced in the armature circuit?
3. What is the effect of saliency on the above result? if the ratio of direct axis to quadrature axis is
given, how is the vector diagram modified?
4. How does the over-exited synchronous motor represent the behavior of an alternator delivering
Z.P.F current?
3.2.4 SLIP TEST AND REGULATION OF SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR USING TWO-REACTION
THEORY
Aim: 1) To find X
d
and X
q
of a salient-pole synchronous alternator by slip test
2) Predetermine the full load and half load regulation at upf, 0.8 pf lag and 0.8 pf
lead.
Machine Details:
Apparatus Required: Ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer.
Theory:
The resultant armature m.m.f. of a salient pole synchronous machine is stationary with respect to field
m.m.f. Thus, to determine the effect of armature m.m.f., it is resolved into two components one along
direct axis and the other along quadrature axis. The d-axis component of armature m.m.f. can establish
more flux as this has to overcome lesser reluctance, while the magnetic circuit along q-axis path has higher
reluctance as such q-axis m.m.f will establish less flux.
By conducting slip test, we can determine the d-axis and q-axis synchronous reactances. For this, the
field is kept unexcited and rotor is driven at a speed slightly different from the synchronous speed. Since
the rotor speed is slightly above or below the speed of rotating magnetic field, a slip speed is created. As a
result, the rotor poles slip slowly through the consequent poles produced by the armature current. The sets
of poles will be alternating in line and in phase quadrature. When they are in line, the armature m.m.f. cuts
through the main magnetic circuit and at that instant the impressed voltage divided by the corresponding
current will be X
d
. When the sets of poles are in phase quadrature, ratio of armature voltage to armature
current will be X
q
.
Direct axis synchronous reactance, X
d
=
max
min
Max. value of armature voltage/phase
Min. value of armature current/phase I
V
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, X

q
=

=
min
max
I
V
Procedure:
Connections are made as shown in Fig 3.6, keeping the field windings open, and the alternator is driven
in the appropriate direction by the prime mover at a speed 1% above or below the synchronous speed. Now
a positive sequence low voltage (about 20-25% of rated value) is applied to the stator through the
dimmerstat.
[The sequence of the voltage applied should be such that the direction of the rotating magnetic field
produced by this 3 supply and the direction of actual rotor rotation should be the same. This is verified
by observing the reading of the voltmeter (V1) connected across the field winding if the phase sequence
is correct the voltmeter (V1) will give almost zero reading; otherwise a large value the phase sequence
can be corrected, if required, by interchanging any two leads of the supply.]
Min. value of armature voltage/phase
Max. value of armature current/phase
When the slip is adjusted to be very small, the pointers of the ammeter (A) and the voltmeter (V) will
swing slowly from a maximum to a minimum. The maximum and minimum readings of the ammeter and
the voltmeter (i.e. I
max
, I
min
, V
max
, V
min
) are observed and tabulated. Two or three sets of readings in the
vicinity of the rated currents can be taken by suitably adjusting the voltage and these readings are also
tabulated.
Stator resistance per phase (R
a
) is measured using d.c. measurements (Fig 3.3).
Tabular Column:
Sl. No. V
max
(volts)
V
min
(volts)
I
max
(A)
I
min
(A)
X
d
()
X
q
()
To find Stator winding resistance
V(volts
)
I (A) R

R
a
= 1.2R
Calculations:
max
min
I
d
V
X
min
max
I
q
V
X
Find mean of
d
X
and
q
X
Find
'
a
IR ,
d
IX
and
q
IX
, where I is the rated current of alternator.
ph
V V
% Regulation at upf
E= OE (obtained from phasor diagram 1.)
% Regulation = 100%
o
E V
V

% Regulation at 0.8pf lag
E= OE (obtained from phasor
diagram 2.)
% Regulation = 100%
o
E V
V
% Regulation at 0.8pf lead

E= OE (obtained from phasor diagram 3.)
% Regulation = 100%
o
E V
V
Result: Slip test conducted to find X

d
, X
q
of the alternator, full load regulation at 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead and
upf is determined.
Questions:
1) Sketch the variation of armature current and voltage as would be obtained from an oscillogram.
Why is the current minimum when voltage is maximum and vice versa?
2) What is the load angle when the machine is delivering full load at 0.8 pf lag.
Fig 3.6 Slip Test
E M LAB MANUAL II SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES-SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATOR

3.2.5 SYNCHRONIZATION OF ALTERNATORS BY BRIGHT LAMP AND DARK LAMP METHOD AND CONTROL
OF REACTIVE POWER
Aim: i) To synchronize the 3 alternator to the mains by dark lamp and bright lamp
method.
ii) Control of reactive power and determination of V and inverted V curves
Apparatus Required: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, rheostats and tachometer.
Theory: The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with common bus
bar is known as synchronizing. For proper synchronization of alternator, the following three conditions
must be satisfied. (1) The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus bar voltage,
(2) The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency equals the bus bar frequency, (3)
The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the bus bar voltage. It means that the
switch must be closed at the instant the two voltages have correct phase relationship. Condition (1) is
indicated by voltmeter, while (2) and (3) by dark lamp or bright lamp method.
If there is a mismatch in the frequency of the incoming machine with that of busbar, there will be a phase
difference between their voltages (even when they are equal in magnitude, which is determined by field
excitation). This phase difference will be continuously changing with the changes in their frequency. The
result is that their resultant voltage will undergo changes similar to the frequency changes,
Procedure: Connections are made as shown in figure 3.7 .R1 is kept in max position and R2 in minimum
position. Alternator field rheostat R3 is kept at max positioned supply on motor side is switched on.R1
is cut off gradually as the machine picks up speed.R2 is adjusted to run the machine at rated speed.
The 3 phase and DC supply on the alternator side is switched on. Excitation of alternator is varied by
R3 to attain same value as supply voltage.
Dark lamp method: if the phase sequence is correct all the lamps L1 L2 and L3go dim and bright
simultaneously. Else exchange the leads of any two lamps on supply side
Bright lamp method: here L2 and L3 are cross connected, fig 3.8. If the three lamps illuminate in
cyclic manner, the phase sequence is the same. Else interchange the two supply leads.
The flickering speed is reduces by adjusting the rheostat R2.in the case of dark lamp method, switch S is
closed at the middle of the dark period of all the three lamps. While in the case of bright lamp method,
switch S is closed at the instant when the cross connected lamp is at the middle of the dark period.
Adjust R3 to vary the excitation i.e. field current is varied and corresponding armature and watt meter
reading are noted correspondingly V curves and inverted V curves are plotted.
Tabular Column:
I
L
(A) I
F
(A) W(Watt)
Calculations:
I
min
= I
L
cos
Result:
Questions:
1) What are the conditions to b satisfied for synchronization? How are they satisfied in dark lamp method
of synchronizing?
2) What are the other methods of synchronizations?
3) What are the advantages of dark lamp method over bright lamp method?
Fig 3.7. Dark Lamp Method
Fig 3.8. Bright Lamp Method
Alternator field
220V D.C SUPPLY
2
2
0
V

D
.
C

S
U
P
P
L
Y
A
R2
F
L
E1 E2
A1
A2
R3
A
F1 F2
W
U
N
V
M
V
V
L
A
C
L3
L2
L1
4
1
5
V
,
3
P
H
A
S
E

5
0
H
Z

A
.
C

S
U
P
P
L
Y
L3
L2
L1
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES
SPECIAL MACHINES
4.1 Introduction:
Induction Generator
An "induction" generator is essentially a special purpose motor that is run slightly above synchronous
speed by the turbine. Induction generators receive their excitation from the grid, or electric utility and they
have no means of producing or generating voltage until such time the generator is connected to the grid.
Induction generators are direct-drive. The frequency and voltage of the power generated with induction
generators are governed by the frequency and voltage of the incoming electric utility line. Induction
generators can only be run in parallel with the grid, which means when the electric grid goes down, or there
is a blackout, all gensets, cogeneration and trigeneration power plants within the grid that has the blackout,
also go down.
V/F control of Induction Motors:
An induction motor is operated by a power supply of variable voltage and variable frequency. The voltage
and frequency of the variable-voltage variable-frequency power supply is changed by a control circuit to
accelerate or decelerate the induction motor. For slowly controlling the speed of the induction motor, the
ratio of the output voltage to the output frequency of the variable-voltage variable-frequency power supply
is maintained substantially constant. The control circuit includes a voltage correcting means which, in
response to a command for sudden acceleration or deceleration of the speed of the motor, corrects the
output voltage of the power supply in accordance with the acceleration or deceleration rate and the
prevailing magnitude of the output frequency of the variable-voltage variable-frequency power supply.
Synchronous Induction Motor:
Synchronous induction motor is a machine capable of running both as induction motor and synchronous
motor during starting period and operates as a synchronous motor during running. Synchronous motor is
made self starting by providing a special winding in the rotor poles known as damper winding. The short
circuited bars are embedded in the field poles and the stator has 3 winding. AC supply given to stator
winding produces a rotating magnetic field which causes the rotor to rotate.
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES V/F CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
4.2.1 V/f CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
(i) To run the machine at a frequency = 25Hz.
(ii) To run the machine at 30 Hz in forward direction, reverse it and run it again at 30Hz and finally
stop it.
(iii) To run the motor at 25 Hz (1500 rpm) in forward direction, increases it to 50Hz (3000 rpm),
reverse it, run it again at 50 Hz and conduct load test.
Apparatus Required: V/F controller, voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, and tachometer.
Theory: If the flux carried by iron or steel in magnetic circuit is varied, hysterisis and eddy current losses
are produced. The torque developed in a 3 motor depends on its speed. At full load the motor runs at a
speed of N. When mechanical load is increases, motor speed decreases until the motor torque becomes
equal to the load torque. As long as the two torques are in balance, the motor will run at constant speed.
The shape of the torque/ speed curve depends on the voltage and frequency applied to its stator. If
frequency is fixed T is proportional to V
2
. Also, synchronous speed depends on supply frequency. Supply
voltage and frequency are varied in the same proportion in order to maintain a constant flux in the air gap.
Procedure:
For Aim (i):
1. Switch ON the power supply
2. Press the
LOCAL
REMOTE
1
1
]
key (REMOTE LED (SEQ,REF) is OFF)
3. Set the frequency to 25 Hz using [ ]
and [ ]
key. Display shows 25.0 (
req
F 1
]
) LED ON.
4. Press the [ ] ENTER
key to write the set frequency into the memory.
5. Press [ ] DSPL
key- LED display goes to 0.0. [ ]
out
F
LED ON.
6. Press [ ] RUN
key LED display shows 25.0 in [ ]
out
F
, while [ ] RUN
LED is also ON, machine will
run corresponding to a frequency of 25Hz.
7. Press
STOP
RESET
1
1
]
button to stop the machine.
For Aim (ii):
2. Press the
LOCAL
REMOTE
1
1
]
and [ ]
req
F 1
]
) LED ON.
5. Press [ ] DSPL
out
F
LED ON.
6. Press [ ] RUN
out
F
, while [ ] RUN
run in forward direction.
7. Press [ ] DSPL
three times, [ ] / F R
LED ON, displays [ ] FOR
(for forward direction).
8. Set display using [ ]
and[ ]
keys to [ ] REV
, [ ] / F R
LED ON.
key machine runs in reverse mode.
10. Press [ ] DSPL
four times, and display shows 30.0 in [ ]
out
F
.
11. Press
STOP
RESET
1
1
]
button to stop the machine.
For Aim (iii)
2. Press the
LOCAL
REMOTE
1
1
]
and [ ]
req
F 1
]
) LED ON.
5. Press [ ] DSPL
out
F
LED ON.
6. Press [ ] RUN
out
F
, while [ ] RUN
run corresponding to a frequency of 25Hz.
7. Press [ ] DSPL
key seven times,
req
F 1
]
LED ON.
8. Press [ ]
key to increase the frequency to 50.0, display shows 50.0
key
10. Press [ ] DSPL
out
F
LED ON
11. Press [ ] DSPL
three times, [ ] / F R
LED ON, displays [ ] FOR
(for forward direction).
12. Set display using [ ]
and[ ]
keys to [ ] REV
, [ ] / F R
LED ON.
key machine runs in reverse mode.
14. Press [ ] DSPL
four times, and display shows 30.0 in [ ]
out
F
.
15. Load the machine, note the readings. Release the load and press
STOP
RESET
1
1
]
.
Result:
Questions:
1. What are the specific advantages of v/f method in controlling the speed of induction motors?
2. How do you compare Pole changing method with v/f method?
3. What is the use of cascade connection of induction motors?
Fig 4.1 V/f Control of Induction Motor
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR
4.2.2 SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim: To start the machine as an induction motor and also to determine V curves at no-load, constant input
and constant output.
Instruments Required: voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, rheostats and tachometer.
Machine Details: 5kVA, 3, 415V, 7A,1500r.p.m synchronous induction motor.
Theory: Synchronous induction motor is a machine capable of running both as induction motor and
synchronous motor during starting period and operates as a synchronous motor during running.
Synchronous motor is made self starting by providing a special winding in the rotor poles known as damper
winding. The short circuited bars are embedded in the field poles and the stator has 3 winding. AC supply
given to stator winding produces a rotating magnetic field which causes the rotor to rotate.
Procedure: The motor is kept at no load. Start the motor with switch initially connected across rheostat1,
which is in the maximum position. When the speed becomes 95% of rated speed, cut off the resistance
completely and the switch is changed to position2 so that when dc supply is given to the field, the field
current varies by varying the field rheostat. Note all the meter readings for different field current values.
Tabular Column:
I
L
(A) I
f
(A) W(watts)
Circuit Diagram:
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR
Result:
Questions:
1. What methods can be applied to make a synchronous motor self starting?
2. Draw the circle diagram for synchronous induction motor.
3. Explain the principle of operation of synchronous induction motor.
E M LAB MANUAL II SPECIAL MACHINES INDUCTION GENERATOR
4.2.3 INDUCTION GENERATOR
Aim: To find the hysterisis torque by Links method and to find the variation of efficiency and power
factor with slip.
Instruments Required: Note the machine specifications from machine name plate.
V
1
-To suit the rated voltage of dc machine
A
1
- To suit the rated current of dc machine
Rh
1
- 1000, 1.2A rheostat(field)
Rh
2
- 100, 5A rheostat(armature)
V- To measure nearly double the ac voltage
V
2
- To measure rated voltage of Induction motor
A
2
-To measure rated current of Induction motor
W
1
- To suit V
2
, A
2
, hpf
W
2
- To suit V
2
, A
2
, hpf
Stroboscope or Tachometer to measure the speed
Machine Details:
Theory:
An induction motor connected to a constant voltage and frequency supply is able to run only at sub-
synchronous speed. Suppose if the motor is driven by another machine at synchronous speed, then the
relative speed between the air gap and motor conductors become zero, and the rotor emf and current
vanishes, the torque also becomes zero. Then the machine operates as an induction generator drawing its
excitation or system supply. Determine the flux and frequency and hence the synchronous speed above
which the induction generator must run to generate power. At super-synchronous speed, the condition of an
inductor is similar to those at sub-synchronous speed for induction motor. The equivalent circuit and all
characteristic equations for the induction motor also apply for induction generator where the slip is
introduced with a negative sign. An induction generator always operates with leading power factor.
Procedure:
Couple the Induction motor to a DC shunt machine. The direction of rotation of the two machines should
be the same.
Now start the set from the AC side and gradually apply rated voltage to the Induction motor. Then adjust
the excitation of the DC machine and voltage is built up as a generator. When the generated DC voltage
becomes equal to the DC rated voltage, parallel it to the DC mains. Then the DC machine just floats in the
supply, neither giving nor consuming any electrical energy. The losses being supplied from the AC side.
Increase the excitation of the DC machine. Induction machine runs as motor while DC machine works as a
generator and feed DC back to the mains. Take the various meter readings for different sub synchronous
speeds. Calculate the corresponding slip by a stroboscope.
Under excite the DC machine. Induction machine acts as a generator as speed of the set increases. Again
note the slip and various meter readings for different super synchronous speeds. Assume a suitable value
(say 80 or 85%) for the efficiency of DC machine. Plot the variations of and pf with slip. Also plot AC
power variation with % slip for both sub synchronous, super synchronous speeds. Extend the graphs to
meet the Y-axis. Take the intercept of the graph on the Y-axis. Then by Links method *hysterisis torque is
half the Y intercept.
Tabular column
Mode V
1
A
1
V
2
A
2
W
1
W
2
Time for Slip %slip pf %
10
revolutions
speed
Motor
Generator
Calculations
Voltage across rotor winding, V ?
Speed, N ?
Line Current, I ?
Wattmeter readings, W
1
, W
2
?
Input Power, W = W
1
+ W
2
Output Power, Ws = W- 3I
2
R
Synchronous Speed, N
s
= 120 f /p
Slip speed=10 60/(time for 10 rev) rpm
% Slip=[(N
s
-N)/N
s
] 100
From Graph: Find (1) rotor hysteresis loss, (2) Hysteresis Torque
Results
The rotor hysteresis loss is determined by Links method
Draw the graph
1. AC power Vs % slip
2. %, pf, current Vs %slip
Questions
1. Why cannot ordinary Induction generator supply separate loads?
2. What is meant by self excitation?
3. Why is Induction generator not so common as Synchronous generator?
4.2.4 LOAD TEST ON SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR USING EDDY DYNAMOMETER
Aim: To conduct a load test on squirrel cage induction motor using eddy dynamometer and to plot the
(xviii) Efficiency vs. output
(xix) Torque vs. output
(xx) pf vs. output
(xxi) Line current vs. output
(xxii) Slip vs. torque
Instruments Required: 3 Autotransformer, tachometer, Voltmeter, Ammeter,
Wattmeter.
Theory: Stable operation of an induction motor lies over the linear portion of its torque-speed curve. The
slope of this straight line depends mainly on the rotor resistance. Higher the resistance, sharper the slope.
Loading is done using eddy dynamometer. It consists of an eddy current brake, control panel, pulley and a
flexible coupling to couple the motor output shaft to the input side of the dynamometer.
Procedure: Connections are made as shown as in Fig 2.11. Initially the dimmer stat is kept at minimum
position. Supply is switched on. The motor is started by increasing the voltage (by adjusting the
autotransformer) up to rated value.
The motor is loaded in steps, up to the rated value by means of turning the knob of the eddy
dynamometer. For each step, line voltage, line current, input power and balanced readings are noted and
tabulated.
Tabular Column:
Sl.
No.
Input
Current
(A)
Speed
(r.p.m.
)
W1
(W)
W2
(W)
Input
power
(W)
S
(kg)
Torque
(Nm)
Output
power
(W)
Efficienc
y (%)
Sli
p
(%)
Power
factor
FIG 2.11 Load Test on Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor using eddy dynamometer
Calculations:
Input power =
1 2
W W +
(watts).
Torque can be computed using the equation ( )
1 2
~ T S S rg
, where
1
S
and
2
S
are the balance readings,
r
is the radius of the brake drum and
g
2
).
Output power =
2
60
NT
(watts)
% Efficiency =
100
output
input

Synchronous speed,
120
s
f
N
p
, where
f
p
, the no. of poles.
% 100
s
s
N N
slip
N

( )
1 2 1
1 2
3 ~
tan
W W
W W
1
+
1
]
power factor =
cos
Result:
Questions:
1.Explain the working of an eddy dynamometer.
2.Can an induction motor work as generator? Explain.
3. Compare the performance characteristics of an ordinary and eddydynamometer type squirrel cage
induction motor.

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB MANUAL - II

. Line OD is known as the Torque line or rotor input line.

where N is the speed in r.p.m.

where N is the speed in r.p.m.

Short-circuit phase angle,

100 %, corresponding to the different values of pf.

100 %, corresponding to the different values of pf.

Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, X

% Regulation at 0.8pf lead

Result: Slip test conducted to find X

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