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Nidrf;csrf;a&;,Ofaus;rIudk pwifrdwfqufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfxm;ygonf/
'Drkd ua&pDa&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;aom,Ofaus;rIudk pwifysKd;axmifay;aeonfh ae&mrsm;taejzihf
ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;\ ta&;ygrIudk todtrSwfjyKaeMu&onf/ wGif ar;cGef;xkwfp&m
&Sdaeavonf/

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oif&dk;rsm;wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rIudkvnf; jzefYusuf vTrf;NcHKapoihfygonf/ 5 ESpf t&G,f
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armuynma&; r*Zif;
'DZifbm 2011
1

Maukkha

ewfawmfv 1373 ckESpf

CONTENTS
No. 8 December 2011

44

uAsm

Munfarmifoef;? aeEG,f? opfaumif;tdrf? okcocif? cefYrif;udk?

armifNidrf;at;? ololtdrf

umwGef;

15

18

26
27
28
30
32
41
42

opmazgufcHae&qJ rsKd;qufopf vli,frsm; vSa&T

tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm; tm;xm;&m buausmif; Munfa0
Into odkYr[kwf


cifaZmf
uav;rsm;\ vufOD;q&m

odef;Ekdif

44
46
50
52

EdkifiHwum ynma&;owif;

aersKd;at;? vdIif? uvsmrdaw? EkdifiHwum

jynfwGif;ESihf e,fpyf ynma&; owif;

175

uav;u@
uav; uAsm


pGefYpm;jcif;tufaq;? bmta&;BuD;qHk;vJ/
a&TUajymif; oifykef;BuD;zwfpm

t[uf[uf? t[m;[m;... vdrfrm&rwJhvm;
r[mzGHYNzdK;a&; bk&ifBuD;

owd? pmzwf&ef rarhygESihf

oihfpmusufpGrf;&nfudk b,fvdk jrihfwifrvJ/

124

aqmif;yg;

55

wkdif;jynftajymif;tvJESihf ynma&; tcef;u@

64

tifwmAsL;u@

108
2

32
urmhq&mrsm;aeY (2011) txl;u@
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Nidrf;csrf;om,maom e,fajrodkY
uav;rsm;\ b0ESihf tvS
urmudkzsuf vlYpeuf -pmpDpmuHk; -

UNESCO, EI, ILO

76

wifnTefY

oQiftEka&m"d
cs,f&Drdk;oJ

avjynfat; (rJaqmuf)
a':vSpdef (zefi)
aemf&dkrDxl; (SAW)

78
84
86
89
92
94

ynma&; okawoepmwrf;
Nidrfcsrf;a&;twGuf ynma&; (tydkif; 1)

odef;Ekdif

96

84

tufaq;
uRefawmfwdkY bmtwGuf ynmoif
pmoifjcif;


urmajr a&GUaeygonf

uGyfyspf0g' ay:xGef;vmjcif;

aZ,s
rdk;csKdoif;
rsKd;jrihfcsKd
ol&d,rsKd;

108
112
114
118

ynma&; [mo

122

bmom&yfwpfckudk uRrf;usif ydkifEkdif&if

udkcrf;em;&JU tbd"gef

179

EkdifiHwum ynma&;
'kwd,ajrmuf r[mqHk;jzwfcsuf

qmavmifrGwfodyfyg? &l;oGyfyg...

roefrpGrf;uav;rsm; ynma&;

pmzwfaom ,Ofaus;rI &SdrSom zGHYNzdK;rnf

jrwfyef;&Sif
pwdAfa*smh
jrihfjrifh
0ifhxef;

124
128
134
136

64
141
3

twdkifyifcH t,f'Dwm
t,f'Dwm

vufaxmuft,f'Dwm
&Hk;tzGJY

aeEG,f
odef;Ekdif
a':vdIif? &Jjrifhausmf
0if;0if;rif;? EG,feD? rsKd;rsKd;
cifav;i,f? vSa&T?
armifarmifoef;

Webmaster

Ko Blade

armupmvHk;'DZkdif;
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;

pmtkyftjyiftqif
twGif;yef;csD




jzefYcsda&;

qufoG,f&ef

kazu

Staff Writers

nnt

pmtkyfpifu@
vlwkdif;zwfoihfaom pmtkyf 30

ol&defrif;?
xG#fatmif? 0PaZmf?
usef;rma&;u@
Pfpdk;? yef;yHkjyif?
urmah &tdrfomaeY (10) jynfh
EG,feD? 'Dt,f

&Jjrihfausmf

141

rar

145

maukkha@gmail.com

obm0 ywf0ef;usif u@

www.maukkha.org

[dr0Emt&nfaysmfrI

apmjynfhndK
xkdif;a&BuD;rI


vSa&T
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apmjynfhndK
aomufa&oefYjzihf oef;MuG,folaX;jzpfEkdif ckdif&rm

128

147
148
150
153
155

odyHESihf enf;ynm
,leD... wlnD... rltwnfjzpfzdkY
vlom; p ay:xGef;vmwJh ae&m
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World Wide Web (WWW) ESpf 20

rdawzdk;
bDbDpD
pDaxmif;
okcocif

156
160
162
164

0wKwdk
jrwfq&m 2 ql

aomfZif (csif;rkdif) 167
vGwfajrmuf&modkY vrf;avQmufxGufcGgjcif; t*jref 172
'Drdkua&pDodkY ajcvSrf; 90
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175
zm;ul;&Gm&JU carmufyHkjyif
ckdifckdifapmvGif 179

118
4

86

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10

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11

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oif,lavhvmaeol wpfOD;yg?
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tjcm; b,folrS rMum;Ekdifovdk? usaemfh&JU vufxJrSm wpfckckudk qkyfudkifxm;wJh cHpm;rIudk
tjcm;b,folrS rcHpm;Ekdifovdk? usaemfh&JU ywf0ef;usif urmudk usaemf tm&Hkouf0ifovdkrsKd;
tjcm;b,folrS tm&Hk rxifekdifovdk? b,folurS usaemfhudk oifMum; ray;Ekdifygbl;/
b,folurS usaemfhudk oifMum; ray;ekdifygbl;/
oif,lavhvmaeol wpfOD;yg?
oifay;vdkYawmhjzihf r&bl;aygh? usaemf avhvmygw,f/ vlom;pifppfvnf;jzpfw,f vlrIa&;
ow0gvnf; rnfw,f? tJ'DtwGuf tjcm;olawGeJY wlwl avhvmygw,f/ tjcm;olawGqDuvnf;
avhvmwmyg? 'gayr,fh wu,f avhvmjzpfwJh t&mawGuawmh usaemhfudk oifMum; ay;cJhwmawG
awmh r[kwf&ygbl;? q&mwl oli,fcsif;awGeJY avhvmjzpfcJhwJh t&mawGvnf; r[kwfjyefbl;/
wpfOD;wnf; xD;wnf;oufoufyJ avhvmaejzpfwm/
oif,lavhvmaeol wpfOD;yg?
usaemf odjrifygw,f/ ywf0ef;usifurmudk odem;vnfzdkY&m tm&HkawGudk toHk;jyKw,f /
yHkoPmefawGudk cGJjcm;w,f? edrdwfyHkawGeJY qifwlcdkif;EdIif;yHkawGuae yHkazmf em;vnfaeolyg/
usaemfhb0&JU &nfrSef;csufawGudk zefwD;zdkY&m &SmazGygw,f/
&Hcg &nfrSef;csufrJh pdwful;Munfhrdw,f/ pMum0VmBuD;xJrSm tjcm;olrsm;&JU &nfrSef;csuf pdwful;awG?
tjcm;olawG&JU b0 &nfrSef;csufawGudk rMumcP qdkovdk vufcHrdw,f/
12

oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
usaemfh&JU pdwfxJrSm pMum0VmBuD; wpfckudk wnfaqmufw,f? tJ'DrSm usaemf aew,f? oif,l
avhvmaewmeJY trQudk tcsdefwkdif;rSm yHkajymif;aewJh pMum0VmBuD;yg? vlom;tm;vHk; cspfcifjrwfEkd;
&wJh olawG tygt0if tcsdefwkdif;rSm a&GUavsmaewJh pMum0VmBuD; rSm aeaeMuw,f/ olwdkY udk,fwkdif
OD;aqmifwJh b0yHk&dyfawGudk vSpfceJom awGYvkduf&? wu,fawmhvnf; usaemfh&JU urmxJrSm
olwdkYawGu upm;olawGjzpfovkd? touf&SifoefaewJh olwkdif;u zefwD;xm;wJh
pMum0Vmrsm;pGmrSmvnf; usaemf[m upm;orm;wpfOD; jzpf&/
oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
usaemf q,foG,fygw,f? &kyfurmeJY AmusL&,f urmawGu vlom;awG? tkdif'D,mawGeJY usaemf
qufoG,fygw,f? tJ'D 2 ck tMum;rSm e,fedrdwfawGeJYvnf; cGJjcm;xm;rI ewd/ usaemf aexkdif
&Sifoef&m? tvkyfvkyfudkif&m? upm;ckefpm;&m? ul;vl;qufqH&m ewf0gYrsm;u (wqihf? jzwfvdkY?
twlwuG? yl;wGJ) avhvmygw,f/ qufoG,frIrsm;uwqihf usaemfh&JU ydkwef&S,fudk pOfqufrjywf
us,fjyefYapygw,f/ usaemf avhvmxm;NyD;wJh t&mrsm;&,f? urmBuD;eJY xdawGYqufqH&mu
urmBuD;u usaemfhtwGuf a&G;cs,f ay;xm;wJh t&mrsm;&,f? tjcm;olrsm;&JU vkyf&yfawGeJY pGufzufrI
awG tJ'gawG tm;vHk;udk usaemf qufoG,frI jyKygw,f/
q,foG,fwJhtwGufaMumihf usaemfavhvmjzpfwm/
oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
tcsuftvufawG trsm;BuD;udk a&&Gwfekdifygw,f? tjcm;olwum&JU tawG;tjrifawGudk yJhwif
xyfekdifw,f? awmif;qdkcH&wJh tcgawGrSmawmh tcGihftmPm&Sdol q&mocifrsm;&JU tjrifoabmxm;
twkdif;yJaygY? 'gayrJh usaemfu rSDwif;aexkdif&m urmBuD;&JU ajymif;vJaewJh yuwd t&Sdw&m;udkom
13

&SmrSD;vdkolav? vlom; jzpfwnfrI&JU tZwoabmpifppfudk odem;vnfvdkol? wpfOD;ESihf

wpfOD; r&Sdrjzpf tjyeftvSef trSDo[J jyKae&ygvm;qdkwJh todw&m;? tjcm;olawGudk
&GwfzwfzdkY&mxuf? tjcm;olawGudk wkyzdkY&mxuf usaemf udk,fhudk,fudkom odjrif
em;vnfcsif vGef;vSygw,f/
oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
pdwful;PfuGefYjrL; awG;awmolyg? tm&HkcHpm;rI t&Sdw&m;&JU [dk; tjyifzufudk xGufvdkYvnf;
&olav? tJ'DrSmaygh usaemfh&JU tdyfrufawGeJY &nf&G,f&m tjrifawGudk wnfaqmufjzpfwm?
wcgwcgrSmawmh vnf; tjcm;aom olrsm;&JU vdktifqEudk BudKqdkvufcHNyD; udk,fydkif
ae&mav;udk tJ'Du olwkdY&JU pdwful; urmawGxJrSmvnf; zefwD;wwfyg&JU .... usaemfhudk wefzdk;
jzwfxm;wJhtwkdif;vnf;yJ vufcHyg&JU? a&ppfovdk a&ToefYovdkawmh usaemfh&JU udk,fydkif
pMum0VmeJY tH0ifcGifus jzpfzdkYrQom/ rMumcPqdkovdkaygh? tcsdefumveJY arG;Zmwd&JU
rawmfwq jzpfrIawGaMumihf 0ef;usifvlom;awG&JU vlrI? bmom? pm&dweJY ekdifiHa&; pHwefzdk;
rsm;&JU jyXmef;cH wpfOD;ygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk tajctaeawGrSm udk,fydkif trSefw&m;udk zefwD; wnf
aqmufaeqJ? odkYaomfvnf;yJ vGwfvyfrItwGufawmhjzihf &kef;uefae&pNrJ? tjcm; [efYwm;?
ydwfqdkYrIawG&JU 'kuMum;rSmaygY/
oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
tjcm;olrsm;&Jh yHk0wKawGudk em;axmifygw,f? udk,fydkif yHk0wKawGudkvnf; ajymjywwfol
ukd,fh zmomudk,f ajymjzpfw,f? olwumudk ajymjyw,f? yHk0wKxJu Zmwfvdkufausmfav...
udk,fwkdifa&;aum? olrsm;zGJY&mrSmaum/ udk,fhZmwf&kyfudk ukd,fwkdifyJ qHk;jzwf&- ZmwfuGuf?
Zmwfvrf;? '@m&D? Zmwforkdif;rsm;? tvdrftnmrsm;? rSefw,f xif&yHkrsm;? &dk;&mrsm;? upm;
enf;rsm;&JU a&morarT ryD0dk;w0g; tvif;zefwHk;atmufrSm - b0&JU yuwd t&Sdw&m; udk
,Sufazguf zGJYxHk;vdkY zefwD;xm;wJh t&IyfZmwfvrf;/ ypKyef ZmwftdrfxJrSm aexkdifvdkY oif,l
aeolav twdwfZmwfaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; ,Sufazguf? a&G;xkwf? jyefajymvdkY? oif,l
ygw,f/
oif,lavhvmaeolwpfOD;yg?
oifMum;jyocHwpfOD;awmh r[kwf&yg/
avhvmaeqJ/
ololtdrf
(paumhwvefjynfom;? ausmif;q&m? ynma&;ynm&Sif? trsKd;om; ynma&; ay:vpD tBuH
ay;? uAsmq&m? pma&;q&m John Connell \ I am learner uAsmukd bmomjyefqdk
onf/)
14

umwGef;

15

16

ausmif;om;rsm;\ pdwfyg0ifpm;rI wdk;wufa&;twGuf ausmif;q&mrsm; nDvmcH

17

jynfwGif;E
Sihf e,fpyf
ynma&; o
wif;
udk,fydkifausmif; Oya't& EkdifiHa&; oifMum;cGihf r&Sd

jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmfrS jyXmef;vdkufaom
udk,fydkifausmif; Oya'wGif udk,fydkifausmif; qdkonfrSm
ynm t&nftaoG; jrifhrm;a&;twGuf ynma&;0efBuD;
Xmeu jyXmef;xm;aom oif&dk;nGef;wrf;ESihftnD oif&kd;
rmwdumrsm;yg bmom&yfrsm;twdkif; jzpfap? tqdkyg
bmom&yfrsm;twGuf oifcef;pmrsm; xyfaqmif; jzpf
ap avhusifh oifMum;ay;aom yk*vdu wnfaxmif zGifh
vSpfonfh ausmif;udk qdkvdkonf[k az: jyxm;onf/

]tpdk;&u jyXmef;xm;wJh oif&dk;nTef;wrf;udkyJ
oif&r,fqdkawmh bmxl;rSmvJ? 'kH&if;u 'kH&if;ygbJ/ edkfifiH
jcm; wdkif;jynfawGrSmu ynma&; vGwfvyfrItjynfh&Sdw,f?
oif&dk;nGef;wrf;u wausmif;eJY wausmif; rwlbl;? oif&kd;
aumif;rS ausmif;om;awG t&nftcsif;wufr,f qdkawmh
tNydKiftqdkif vkyfMuw,f? tpdk;&u olwdkY xkwfjyefxm;wJh
Oya't& qdk&if Student Center pepfeJY oGm;vdkY rjzpfbl;?
'Dpepft& qdk&if ausmif;om;awGrSm vGwfvyfpGm ar;ydkif
cGifh &Sdw,f? Oya'eJY rudkufnDwJh? jynfaxmifpk NydKuGJa&;udk
xdcdkufaprnfh oifMum;a&;udk roif&qdkawmh? oifwJh
q&mudk b,ftcsdefrqdk axmifxJ qGJxnfhvdkY&w,f qdkwJh
oabmygyJ} [k pD'DpDausmif;wGif oifMum;aeonfh q&m
wOD;u ajymqdkcJhonf/

udk,fydkifausmif;wGif oifMum;rnfh q&mrsm;
onf vkyfouf ig;eSpf &Sd&rnfNyD; ynma&;XmewGif yk*vdu
ausmif;q&m vkyfudkif&ef avQmufxm;&rnf jzpfonf/

]usru xdkif;edkifiHyk*vdu ausmif;awGrSm vkyf
vmwm q,feSpfausmfNyD? xdkif;tpdk;&qDrSm vufrSwf
vkyfp&m rvdkbl;? 'Duausmif;awGu vGwfvyfrI tjynfh
&Sdw,f? tpdk;&uvnf; bmrS 0ifa&muf pGufzufwm
r&Sdbl;} [k befaumufedkifiHwum ausmif;wGif oifMum;
18

aeonfh q&mr a':eSif;qDrS ajymqdkcJhonf/

udk,fydkifausmif; wnfaxmif&mwGif jynfyedkfifiH
tultnDjzifh wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfaom ausmif;rjzpfap&
[kyg&Sdonf/ edkifiHjcm; tzGJYtpnf;u OD;pD;wnfaxmifaom
ausmif;rjzpfap& [lyg&SdjyD;? omoemjyKausmif; rjzpfap
& [kvnf;yg&Sdonf/

]b,fedkifiHrSmrqkd yk*vduausmif;awGrSm yl;
aygif; aqmif&Gufr,fh edkifiHjcm;wuokdvf (odkYr[kwf)
aumvdyfawGeJY yl;aygif; wnfaxmifMuw,f? tJ'Dvdk
yl;aygif; rwnfaxmifbJeJY jrefrmedkifiH taetxm;t&
qdk&if ykdcufcJr,f? tawGYtBuHK&SdwJh ausmif;awG&JU yHhydk;
ulnDrI vdktyfw,f? tpdk;&jyXmef;xm;wJh Oya't&qdk&if
olwdkYrBudKufwJh waeYrSm ta&;,lvdkY &aew,f? edkifiH
jcm;om; q&mawGudkac:r,fh udpuvnf; 'DOya't&
qdk&if jzpfedkifajc odyfr&Sdbl;} [k pD'DpD ausmif;rS q&mu
axmufjy ajymqdkcJhonf/

pD'DpDausmif;wGif edkifiHa&;odyHeSifhordkif;bmom
&yfudk oifMum;aeonfh q&mOD;vSa&TrS ]'DOya'udk usaemf
avhvmMunfhw,f? a&;xm;wmawmh AvokH;wef &Sd&r,f
aygh? tJ'geJY ajymif;jyef jzpfaewJh tcsufu oifMum;&rnfh
bmom&yfeSifh oufqdkifjcif; r&Sdonfh edkifiHa&;? bmom
a&;awGudk rydkYcs& qdkNyD; ajymxm;w,f? 'gqdk&if ordkif;
oifwJhq&mudk olwdkY rBudKuf&if axmif'Pf weSpfuae
okH;eSpfeSifh usyfokH;odef;xufrydkwJh 'PfaiGudkyg aqmif&OD;
r,fh oabm&Sdw,f? ordkif;qdkwm edkifiHa&;udk oifwmyJ
av? 'D Oya't&qdk&if aemufusaewJh ynma&;u
aumif;vmr,fh tajctae r&Sdbl;} [k jrefrmtpdk;&\
ynma&;qdkif&m Oya'opfudk a0zefaxmufjycJhonf/
armuynma&;owif; (5? 'DZifbm 2011)

wkdif;&ifom; pmay ausmif;rSm oifMum;Ekdifawmhrvm;

trsKd;om; vTwfawmfrSm yk*vdu ausmif;awG
zGifhEdkifcGifh Oya'rlMurf; wckudk Ak'[l;aeYu twnfjyK
vdkufNyD; tJ'Dausmif;awGrSm tpdk;&u jyXmef;xm;wJh
oifcef;pmawGtjyif jznfhpGufbmom&yfawGvnf; oif
Mum;Ekdifw,fvdkY cGifhjyKxm;wJhtwGuf wdkif;&if;om;
bmompum;eJY pmayawG ausmif;rSm w&m;0if oifMum;
Edkifawmhrvm; qdkwJh arQmfvifhcsufawG ay:xGuf aeyg
w,f/ tck Oya'rlMurf;rSm yk*vduydkif;u axmifwJh
ausmif;awG taeeJY tpdk;&u ausmif;oifcef;pm tjzpf
jyXmef;xm;wJh bmom&yfrsm;udk roifrae& oifMum;&rSm
jzpfNyD; jznfhpGufbmom&yfawGudkvnf; oifMum;Ekdifw,f
vdkY cGifhjyKxm;aMumif; trsKd;om;vTwfawmfudk,f pm;vS,f
wOD;jzpfwJh OD;zkef;jrifhatmifu bDbDpDudk ajymygw,f/

'gYaMumifh tck Oya' t& wdkif;&if;om; bmom
oifMum; ydkYcsvdkwJh yk*vdu ausmif;awG taeeJY jznfhpGuf
bmom&yfwck tjzpf xnfhoGif; oifMum;EkdifrSm jzpf
aMumif; olu &Sif;jyygw,f/ tck Oya'rlMurf;udk trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfuom twnfjyKxm;ao;wJh tqifhrSm&SdNyD;
jynfolYvTwfawmfeJY jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfawGu t
wnfjyKzdkY vdktyfaeygao;w,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm wdkif;&if;
om; vlrsKd;rsm;pGm &SdayrJh jrefrmbmomeJY pmayuvGJvdkY
wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;eJY pmay oifMum;rI[m vGwf
vyfcGifh r&Sdwm[m ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumjrifh aecJhwmyg/
bDDbDpD (8.Sept.2011)

ausmif;om; or* taqmuftODyHk jyefvnf azmfjycGihf&

trsm;jynfolMum;xJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm yHkESdyfjzefY csd
cGihf r&cJhwJh ordkif;0if ausmif;om;or* taqmuftODyHk
ygwJh pmtkyfwpftkyfudk 'DuaeY pufwifbmv 8 &ufaeYrSm
pwif jzefYcsdvdkufygNyD/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; Adokum AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;taMumif; a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyf wpftkyfxJ
rSm or*taqmuftODykHukdyg yHkESdyfjzefYcsdcGifh &cJhwmyg/

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU rdwfaqGawG? vkyfazmf
udkifzufawGpojzihf pma&;q&mawG a&;om;cJhwJh aqmif;

yg; 57 yk'fudk pkpnf;NyD;awmh ]atmifqef;aemf? Adkvf csKyfaemf?

awZaemf} qdkwJh pmtkyfxJrSm ausmif;om;or* t
aqmuftODyHkudkyg xnfhoGif; azmfjyxm;wmyg/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;&JU b0wavQmuf acwftoD;oD;udk xif[yf
wJh "mwfyHkawGudk u@awG cGJNyD; azmfjyxm;w,fvdkY 'D
pmtkyfudk xkwfa0wJh wdk;jrpfpmtkyfwkduf&JU xkwfa0ol
udk0if;aZmfvwfu ADGtkdatudk ajymygw,f/

]usaemfwkdYu 'DpmtkyfrSmawmh AkdvfcsKyfatmif
19

qef; Ou|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhzl;onfh &efukefwuodkvf

ausmif;om;or* taqmuftODqkdNyD; aemufrSm tJ'D vkd
av; xnfhNyD;awmh azmfjyxm;wmaygYAsm/ NyD;awmh AdkvfcsKyf
"mwfykHawGudk azmfjywJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JUausmif;
om;b0? aemufwcku ocifb0? aemuf &Jabmf okH;usdyf
b0? NyD;awmh AkdvfcsKyf&JU tdrfaxmifonfb0? aemuf
ppf0efBuD;b0? NyD;awmh aemufykdif; EkdifiHa&;orm; OD;atmif
qef; b0aygY? tJ'DvdkrsKd; u@ 3 ck cGJNyD; "mwfykHawGukd
pmtkyf&JU oihfawmfwJh ae&mawGrSm tykdif;vdkuf? tykdif;vkduf
cGJNyD;awmh xnfhxm;ygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSmausmif;om;u@
rSmqkd&if ausmif;om;or* taqmufftODudk xnfhxm;yg
w,f/}

ausmif;om;or* taqmuftOD[m wcsdef
wkef;u &efukefwuodkvf0if; twGif;rSm wnf&SdcJhwm
jzpfNyD; 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 8 &ufaeY reufydkif;rSm tJ'D
tcsdefwkef;u AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
tpdk;&vufxuf azmufcGJ NzdKcsypfcJhwmyg/ tJ'D tcsdef
aemufydkif;uwnf;u ausmif;om;or* taqmuftOD
yHkukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; pmaypdppfa&; cGihfjyKcsufeJY w&m;0if
xkwfa0&wJh pmtkyfawGrSm yHkESdyfazmfjycGihf r&cJhwmaMumifh
&mpkESpf0ufeD;yg; MumNyD; aemufrSmrS trsm;jynfol Munhf
cGihf&wJh txd yHkESdyf azmfjyEkdifcJhwJh tay: 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
jzpfoluawmh 7 Zlvdkif ta&;tcif;rSm udk,fwdkifyg0ifcJhol
ausmif;om;or* tzGJY0ifa[mif; OD;Ekdif;Ekdif; jzpfygw,f/

]'Dvdk ykHESdyfcGifh qkdwmuawmh &&r,fh Opm? tck

&vmwmaygYAsm/ tifrwef r*Fvm&SdNyD; 0rf;omp&m aumif;

w,fvdkY usaemf jrifygw,f/ ausmif;om;or* taqmuf
tODqkdwmu orkdif;rSmvnf; tifrwef ta&;BuD;wJh
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wkdif;jynfeJYcsDNyD; r*Fvm&SdwJh taqmuf tOD;wcku tNrJ
wrf;vdk pOfqufrjywf &Hzef&Hcg pme,fZif;awGrSm ygoihfwJh
Opm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm b,frSmrS rjrif&bl;/ usaemfuawmh
odrf;xm;ygw,f? ausmif;om;or* taqmuftODykHudk
wavmurS ausmif;om; vli,fawGudk jyao;w,f/
usaemhfrSm "mwfykH aocsm &Sdw,f/

]tJ'Dawmh 'DOpmBuD; 'DrSm vlod&SifMum;? vlawG
odoihf odxkdufwJh[mudk trsm;jynfol jrifawGYEkdifatmif
xkwfa0cGihf&w,f qkdwmutp tifrwef BuD;rm;wJh
r*Fvmw&m;wck jzpfay:vmw,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/ aemuf
wcku orkdif;qkdwm azsmufvkdYr&bl;? uG,fvdkYr&bl;?
jyefay:rSmyJ qdkwJh tqkdtrdefYu w,frSefwmyJ qkdwJh [mudk
cHpm;&w,f? 0rf;odyfomw,fAsm? tJ'DudpeJY ywfouf
vdkY/}

vuf&SdrSm NLD &JU A[dkOD;pD; tzGJY0ifwOD;jzpfwJh
OD;Ekdif;Ekdif;[m 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsKd;om;
'Drkdua&pDtzGJYcsKyf (NLD) udk ukd,fpm;jyKNyD; ykZGefawmif
NrdKUe,fuae a&G;aumufwifajrmuf cHcJh&wJh vTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD; jzpfovdk ESpf&Snf tusOf;uscJhwJh Ekdif
iHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif; wOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f/

(VOA) (9.Sept.2011)

ausmif;om; 20 &mckdifEIef;cefY rlvwef; ynm rNyD;qHk;

jrefrmEdkifiH w0ef;vkH;wGif rlvwef;tqifh pwif
wufa&mufonfh ausmif;om; ausmif;ol &mcdkifEIef; 20
cefY rlvwef;ynm rNyD;qHk;aMumif; pufwifbm 3
&uf wGif ukefonfBuD;rsm; [kdw,f usif;yonfh ausmif;
jyify rlvwef;ynma&; tvSL&Sifrsm; *kPfjyKyJG tcrf;
tem;wGif ynma&; 0efBuD;Xme? 'kwd,0efBuD; OD;at;MuL
u trSmpum; ajymMum;&mwGif xnfhoGif; ajymMum;cJh
onf/

tqkdygudpESihfywfouf 'kwd,0efBuD; OD;at;
MuLu ]EkdifiHwpf0ef;vHk;rSm rlvwef; ausmif;ol ausmif;
om; wpfoef;ausmfavmuf pwufayr,fh &Spf odef;ausmf

20

avmufyJ rlvwef;ynm NyD;qHk;ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf

&mckdifEIef;eJY Munfh&if &mckdifEIef; 20 avmuf rlvwef;ynm
rNyD;qHk;wm awGY&w,f/ 'gaMumihf ausmif; jyify rlvwef;
ynma&;u tvGefta&;ygNyD; 'DtpDtpOf wkd;csJU aqmif
&GufEkdifzdkYtwGuf tm;ay;ulnDoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f} [k qkd
onf/
The Myanmar Post
(15.Sept.2011)

ausmif;q&mrsm; toif;csKyf zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifcGihf tqkdudk vTwfawmfu y,fcs

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q&m toif;csKyfuJhodkYaom tzJGYtpnf;rsKd; xyfrH zGJYpnf;
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ajymMum;cJh&mwGif q&mtoif;tzGJY? q&mor*rSm vGefpGm
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ausmif;rsm;taejzihf pkaygif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; &SdaeaMumif;
vnf; owif;&&Sdygonf/
armuowif; (31? atmufwdkbm? 2011)

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ykdvef ekdifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme&JU zdwfMum;csuf
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ekdifrSmygvkdY avhvma&;tzJGY0if rat;at;Nidrf;u qkdyg
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ekdifcJhwJh ykdvefekdifiH&JU tawGYtBuHKawGeJY tJ'Dtcsdefu ay:
aygufcJhwJh ykdvefjynfolawG&JU Solicitor ac: aoG;pnf;
nDnGwfa&; vIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;ukd 'DZifbmv 17 &uf
txd avhvmMuygr,f/

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csKyfa&;pepfeJY ynma&;pepfawGukd avhvmygr,f/ (RFA)

21

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22

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]q&mrsm; vdkufem&r,fh tcsufuawmh (1)
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ynmeSifh ynma&; tzGJYtpnf;wGif yg0if&efeSifh (5) ynm
a&;u@wGif yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&ef? pwJh tcsufawG &Sdyg
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r,fawmfaq;cef;rS q&mra'gufwm pifoD,m
armif? Thinking Classroom Foundation rS a'gufwm
OD;odef;vGif? a&TUajymif; ausmif;q&mrsm; tpnf;t&Hk;
BMTA rS q&mref;a&TESif;ESihf WE rS Mr. Greg Antos
wdkYuvnf; toD;oD; trSmpum;rsm; ajymMum;cJhMuonf/
armuowif; (5 atmufwdkbm? 2011)

uav;oli,f umuG,fapmihf a&Smufa&; oifwef;wdkYudk

vnf; aqmif&GufekdifcJhaMumif; FED tzGJYtpnf;\ ynm
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aqmifcJhNyD; q&reef;eDvmaxG;ESihf q&mrqkeEmxGef; wkdY
uvnf; ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJrItaMumif; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/
armuowif; (21 atmufwdkbm 2011)

ucsif 'kuonf uav;i,frsm;

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23

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24

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news.uwstl.edu

25

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27

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5 {NyD? 1951

1945

1950

rif;orD;
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2 {NyD? 1955/

1955

1960

35

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36

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Sufficiency
Economy

37

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38

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39

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acG;cspfaom bk&ifBuD;

40

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Ref: www.newyorktime.com

41

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42

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&JU oif&dk; Course eJY wkduf&kduf roufqkdifwJh tydkif;awGudk EkdifwmrdkY rSwfrEkdifzkdY tcGifhta&; ydkrsm;ygw,f/
Skimming Reading Style eJY zwfI oifhygw,f/
5/ pdwfzdpD;rIrsm;udk avQmhcsyg/ (Reduce Your Stress)

(c) rSwfrdatmif usufrSwfzwfIjcif;

wwfEkdifoavmuf pmrusufrSwfcifrSm pdwfudk

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ayghyg; Munfvifatmifxm;yg/ txl;ojzifh pmrusufcif

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awG? pmar;yGJtwGuf rodrjzpf odxm;&r,fh tcsuf avmuf vkyfay;Ekdif&if aumif;ygw,f/ 'grSr[kwf pm
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rdepf 10 rdepf avmuf em;axmifyg/ udk,fh&JU Study Plan
Time-table udk a&;qGJwJh ae&mrSmvnf; awmuf

(*) odjrifem;vnfatmif zwfIjcif;
avQmuf pmusufwmrsKd;xuf wpfem&Davmuf usuf? 15

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rdepfavmuf em;NyD;&if jyefusuf ponfjzifh a&;qGJxm;

wcsKdU taMumif;t&mawG[m tvGwfusuf oifhygw,f/ Studying Process qkdwm[m pdwfeJY
rSwf&kHeJY rvkHavmufbJ aoaocsmcsm oabmayguf od wkduf&kduf oufqkdifwJh Process jzpfwmrdkY zl;ikHwkdY&JU
jrifem;vnf realize jzpfatmif okH;oyfzdkY vkdtyfygw,f/ pdwf[m Stress awG? Pressure awG uif;uif;eJY Munf
Oyrm- tkdif;pwdkif;&JU urmausmf Equation wpfck jzpfwJh vifaezdkY vkdtyfaMumif; wifjyvkdygw,f/
E=mc2 qdkwmudk tvGwfusufrSwf&if puefYydkif;avmuf
aemifrSmvnf; tvsOf;oifh&if Studying skill
yJ tcsdefay;&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'D Equation udk aoao Tips av;awGudk qufvuf azmfjycsifygao;w,f/
csmcsm oabmayguf em;vnf tokH;cs EkdifzkdYuawmh rvG,f
ygbl;/

(vif;okdufnGefY (jrefrmhajr) a&;om;aom jref
rmawG atmifjrifzdkY pmtkyfrS xkwfEIwfygonf/)
43

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jrefrmhvli,frsm;
vSa&T

44

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a,muf wifvdkufwJh owif;udk zwfNyD; awmfawmfav; pdwfrtD
rom jzpfoGm;w,f/ ynmacwfrSm jrefrmvli,fawG &&SdaewJh
ynm t&nftaoG;eJY ywfoufvdkYyg/

armuynma&; r*Zif;rSm pmawGa&;jzpf? zwf jzpfawmh
urmhEkdifiH trsm;pkawG[m ynma&;rSm &if;ESD; jrKyfESHrI tNydKiftqdkif
jzpfvmwmudk awGYjrifae&w,f/

21 &mpk[m enf;ynm aygufuGJwJh &mpkESpf? ynma&;u
t&m&mudk OD;aqmifr,fqkdwJh acwfrSm usaemfwdkY&JU wdkif;jynf acgif;
aqmifawGu wuokdvf taqmifawGudk [kdw,fvkyfr,fh pD;yGm;
a&; vkyfief;&SifawGqD avvHypf a&mif;pm;wmudk awGY&awmh
awmfawmfav; pdwfxdcdkuf&ygw,f/ todPf enf;yg;&avjcif;
qdkNyD; ,lusKH; r& jzpfrdygw,f/

usaemfwdkY rsKd;qufawG[m 1962 ckESpf uwnf;u
tkyfcsKyfolawG&JU zsufqD;rIudk pepfwus cHcJhMu &yg w,f/ ESpf 20 udk
rsKd;quf wcktjzpf owfrSwf&if tckqdk&if rsKd;quf oHk;ckavmuf
[m rw&m; zsufqD; cHvdkuf&ygNyD/

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wufcGifh &ygw,f/ aumvdyf? wuokdvfwdkYqdkwm ausmif;om;awG
okawoevkyf? tokH;jyKEkdifzdkY pmtkyfpmwrf;awG odyHokawoe

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vkyfr,fh "gwfcGJcef;okH; ud&d,mawG b,favmuf rsm;rsm;
pm;pm; &SdovJqdkwJh tcsufu ta&;BuD;ovdk ynm&Sif
awG&JU tcef;u@uvnf; awmfawmfav; ta&;ygyg
w,f/ usaemf wufa&mufcGifh &cJhwJh 'D*&D aumvdyfrSm pm
Munfhwdkuf Library oD;oefY r&Sdygbl;/

ausmif;om;wpfa,muf pmzwfcsifvdkY pmtkyf
iSm;csifoyqdk&if pmtkyfwpftkyf &zdkY em&DESifhcsD apmifhqdkif; &
ygw,f/ (0g&ifh ausmif;om;tcsKdU\ oifjycsuft& pmtkyf
jrefjref vdkcsif&if pmMunhfwdkuf 0efxrf;rsm;udk rkefYrsm;jzifh
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azG zwfI&ygr,f/ 'gayrJh usaemfwdkY ausmif;aepOf wu
odkvf ausmif;om; trsm;pku pmzwfwJh tavhtusifh r&Sd
Muygbl;/ pmrzwfwJh tjyif pmar;yGJrSm cdk;cswJh tvkyfudkyg
vkyfMuygw,f/

ausmif;NyD;vdkY vlYavmuxJ usifvnf&r,fh
vli,fawG pmar;yGJrSm ckd;csaeMujcif;[m usaemfwdkY vlY
tzGJYtpnf; twGuf aumif;aom vuPm r[kwfygbl;/

usaemf 2001 ckESpfrSm xdkif;EkdifiHu emrnfausmf
csLvmavmifuGef; wuokdvfrSm ynmoifaewJh rdwfaqG
wpfa,mufqDudk tvnftywf a&mufygw,f/ jrefrm
jynfu ausmif;om;awGeJY rwlnDwJh tcsufu pmzwfwm
ygyJ/ aeYvnfpm pm;NyD;wmeJY pmMunfhwdkuf (Library) rSm
pmzwfae&m wpfae&m &zdkYtwGuf tajy;tvTm; tvk
t,uf ,l&wJh taetxm;yg/ 2006 ckESpfrSm tdEd,EkdifiH
u emrnfausmf *s0g[mvmael; wuodkvfudk a&muf
awmh trdjrefrmjynfu ausmif;om;awG? tem*wf acgif;
aqmifavmif;awG b,ftxd acwfaemufus usefcJhNyDvJ
qdkwm awG;rdNyD; pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygw,f/

wuodkvf tmPmydkifawGu pmMunhfwdkufudk
n (12) em&Dxd zGifhay;xm;w,f/ pmMunfhwdkufBuD; udk,f
wdkifu pmayavhvmaewJh ausmif;om; wpfa,muf&JU
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mawGeJY oif,l avhvm qnf;yl;vdkpdwfudk
wuf~uGEkd;Mum; apygw,f/ BuD;us,fwJh wuodkvfawGeJY
ausmif;pmMunfhwdkufBuD;awG[m tem*wf acgif;aqmif
awG&JU tvkdtyfqHk;aom? r&Sdrjzpfaom &wemodkufawG
jzpfaeygw,f/ pma&;q&mBuD; jroef;wifh&JU pum;vkH;ukd
iSm;okH;&r,f qdk&if {u&mZfwdkY&JU b@mwdkufaygYAsm/ wdwf
qdwf NidrfoufpGmESifh pmay avhvmaewJh ausmif;om;

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pOf;pm;&if; tem*wf urmudk udk,hfynm e,fy,f tvkduf
pdwful; yHkazmf aeMuyHkrsm;u tm;&p&m? tm;usp&myg/
&efukef wuodkvfrSmawmh ausmif;om;awG pnfum;wJh
ae&mu vufzuf&nfqdkif jzpfaeqJ/

usaemfwdkY &efukefwuodkvf yifrpmMunfhwdkuf
rSm pmtkyfzwfaewJh ausmif;om; wpfa,mufp ESpfa,muf
pu vGJNyD; usefolawGuawmh orD;&nf;pm; csdef;awGYwJh
olawG jzpfaeygw,f/ t"dywd vrf;rab;u opfyif
atmuf ckHwef;vsm;awG[m twGJawG cspfZmwfvrf;cif;wJh
ae&mrQom jzpfaewm pdwfraumif;p&m jzpfaeygw,f/

ausmif;om;awG 'Dvdkjzpfaeatmif zefwD;xm;
wmu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufu ynma&;pepfyg/ awG;ac:
pOf;pm;wJJh? a0zefydkif;jcm;wJh vli,fawG rvkdbJ trdefYemcH
wwfrI wcktwGuf &nf&G,f wnfaqmuf xm;wJh edrfhus
wJh ynma&; pepfaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ vli,fxkudk vrf;
aMumif;vTJxm;w,f/ todynm zGYHNzdK;rItwGuf tqif
rajywJh wuodkvf ynma&;yg/

urmhEdkifiH awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u acgif;aqmif
awG[m olYwdkYEdkifiH&JU tem*wf acgif;aqmifawG jzpfvm
r,fh vli,fawG twGuf ynma&; u@rSm tBuD;tus,f
&ifESD;jrKyfESHrI jyKvkyfaeMuwmudk aeYpOf ESifhtrQ awGYjrif
ae&ygw,f/ (Worldwide Education and Library
spending) 0bfqdk'f pmrsufESmrSm az: jycsuft& tar&d
uef jynfaxmifpku ynma&; u@rSm a':vm bDvD,H
(500) eJY eHygwfwpf ae&mrSm &Sdaeygw,f/ *syef? *smreD? jyif
opfEkdifiHawGu 'kwd,? wwd,ESifh pwkwae&m
toD;oD;rSm &SdaeMuygw,f/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpk[m
pmMunfhwdkuf wckwnf;rSm okH;wJh tokH;p&dwfu a':vm
12 bDvD,H &Sdygw,f/ 'Davmuf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vkyfaewm
awmif 2009 ckESpfu vkyfwJh (Program for International Student Assessments - PISA) ppfaq;rIrSm
tar&duef jynfaxmifpku ausmif;om;awG eHygwf (14)
ae&mudk a&mufoGm;wJh twGuf tkyfcsKyfolawG tkwfatmf
aomif;wif; jzpfcJh &ygw,f/ ynma&;0efBuD; (Arne Duncan) u qdk&if 'Dowif;udk Mum;NyD; wkefvIyf cJh&w,fvdkY
ajymqdkcJhygw,f/

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vdkY ajymqdkcJhygw,f/ Spunik moment qdkwm qkDAD,uf
jynfaxmifpku urmywf vrf;aMumif;xJudk N*dK[fwk vTwf
wif vdkufwJh tcsdef? tar&duefu acwf aemufus usefcJh
45

NyD qdkNyD; tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrSm jzpfay:cJhwJh okawoe

ESifh enf;ynm vIyf&Sm;rI taMumif; &nfnTef; ajymoGm;wm
jzpfygw,f/

aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiH qdk&if (King Abdull
ah Science and Technology Institute) wuodkvf
wckwnf;rSm a':vm 10 bDvD,H &if;ESD; jrKyfESHcJhygw,f/ 'D
tcsufawGudk Munfh&if EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifawG[m ynma&;
udk b,ftwdkif;twmxd pdwf0ifpm;aew,f qdkwm od
omygw,f/

usaemfwdkY&JU tdrfeD;csif; xdkif;EkdifiHqdk&if tkyfcsKyf
olawG? ynm&SifawG? ausmif; tmPmydkifawG[m rMumcif
rSm jzpfay:vmr,fh (Asean Economic Community tmqD,H pD;yGm;a&;uGefjrLewD) 0ifqefYzdkY BudKwif jyifqif
aeMuwmudk awGYjrifae&wm awmfawmf tm;usp&m
aumif;ygw,f/ wm0ef&SdolawGom jyifqifwm r[kwfbJ
ausmif;om;awG udk,fwdkifu vmr,fh tem*wf umvrSm
jzpfay:vmr,fh EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; ajymif;vJrIawG
tay: &ifqdkifzdkY jyifqif aeMuygw,f/ EkdifiHawmf bwf*suf
&JU 27 &mcdkifEIef;udk ynma&;u@rSm okH;xm;NyD; trsKd;om;
xkwfukef GDP ESifh wGuf&if ynma&; tokH;p&dwfu
urmheHygwfwpf ae&mrSm &Sdygw,f/

'gayr,fh usaemfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiH? ppftmPmydkif
awGu EdkifiHwck&JU usufoa&aqmif trsKd;om; pmMunfh
wdkufESifh wuodkvfawGudk avvHwif a&mif;csvdkuf? ynm
a&; toHk;p&dwfudk tedrfhqHk;xm;vdkuf? vli,fxkudk
rawG;ac: wwfatmif ydwfqdkYvdkuf? axmifcsvdkuf? oif&dk;
udkvnf; ajymif;vJ jyKjyifcGifh ray;eJY urmhEkdifiHawGrSm
rjrifzl;? rMum;zl;wJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfaewm awmfawmf
&ifav;p&m aumif;vSw,f/ ynma&;udk b,fyHk? b,f
enf; wnfaqmuf yHkazmfaeMuovJ qdkwm pdk;&drfp&myg/

EkdifiH&JU vlOD;a& w0uf&SdwJh vli,fawG 21 &mpk
udk b,fynma&;? b,ftawG;tac:ESifh &ifqkdif jzwfoef;
MurvJ qdkwm tifrwefrS &ifav;p&m aumif;ygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHu rsKd;qufopf vli,fawG[m acwftquf
qufrSmvdkyJ tkyfcsKyfolawG tqufquf&JU opmazgufjcif;
udk cHae&qJygvm;vdkY awG;rdygw,f/
vSa&T

Sources;
Think Again, Education (Foreign Policy)
Worldwide education and library spending
Ministry of education (Thailand)

46

tajccH
vlwef;pm;rsm;
tm;xm;&m
buausmif;
Munfa0

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tjzpf vkyfudkifaeaom ZeD;onf\ vpmaiG usyf 4
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om;orD; 3 a,mufpvHk;udk ausmif;xm;&ef rwwfEkdif
aMumif; ajymjyonf/

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awmh ynmwwf jzpfapcsifw,f/ om;orD; 3 a,muf p
vHk;udk tpdk;&ausmif;rSm xm;EkdifzdkY qdkwmuawmh usaemf
wdkY tajctaeeJY vHk;0rjzpfEkdifbl;} [k &efukefNrdKU vdIifom
,mNrdKUe,fwGif aexdkifol udkat;xGef;u qdkonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;om;ynm&nf jrifhrm;a&;
twGuf ESpf 30 pDrHudef; csrSwf taumiftxnfazmfcJhNyD;
xdkpDrHudef;wGif roifrae&pepf? tcrJhynma&;pepfwdkY

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tkyfpmwrf;zdk;? tm;upm;aMu;? pmMunfhwdkufaMu;?
ausmif;&efyHkaiG ponfwkdYtjyif pma&; ud&d,mtwGuf
vnf; ukefusp&dwfrsm; &SdaeaomaMumifh ausmif;om;
wpfa,muftwGuf wvvQif tenf;qHk; usyf 5 axmif rS
usyf 1 aomif;ausmftxd tukeftus cHEdkifrS tpdk;&
ausmif;xm;Ekdifaom tajctae jzpfaeaMumif; ausmif;
om; rdbrsm;u ajymonf/

]ausmif;0ifaMu;eJY ausmif;&efyHkaiGu ausmif;
tyfprSm ay;&r,f/ ausmif;tvdkuf aiGyrmPu uGmjcm;rI
&Sdw,f/ ausmif;om;wdkif; vpOf ukefaewmu pmtkyf
pmwrf;zdk;? pmar;yGJaMu;? oifMum;a&;ypnf; tvSLaiG
tJvdk acgif;pOfawGeJY vwdkif; tvSLaiG xnfhae&w,f/ pm
oifckHutp vdktyf&if 0,fvSL &wmrsKd;qdkawmh ausmif;
p&dwfu BuD;ygw,f} [k yJcl;NrdKUcH ausmif;om; rdbwOD;u
ajymMum;onf/

ynmoifMum;a&;twGuf vdktyfaom wjcm;
p&dwfrsm;udk rdbrsm;rS jznfhqnf; ay;ae&jcif;onf tpdk;&
rS csxm;ay;aom ynma&;bwf*sufaiG enf;yg;jcif;
aMumifhjzpfaMumif; tajccHynmOD;pD;XmerS twdkifyifcH
ynm&SifwOD;u oHk;oyf ajymqdkonf/

ynma&; wuokdvfrS ygarmuwOD;uvnf;
tpdk;&taejzifh ynma&;twGuf bwf*sufudk vHkavmuf
pGm csray;jcif;aMumifh ausmif;oHk;ypnf;rsm;? oifMum;a&;

ud&d,mrsm; rvHkavmufjcif;? ynma&;0efxrf;rsm; vpm

vHkavmufrI r&Sdjcif;? ynm oifMum;p&dwfudk ausmif;om;
rdbrsm;u rQcH jznfhqnf; ay;ae&jcif;rsKd; jzpfvsuf&SdNyD;
rjznfhqnf;Ekdifaom qif;&Jom;rsm;rSm ausmif; raeEkdif
onfh tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;aMumif; ajymonf/

]jrefrmEkdifiH&JU uav;oli,f 1 oef;eJY 2 oef;
Mum;avmufu t"dutm;jzifh rdom;pk pDyGm;a&; jyem
awGaMumifh ausmif;rwufEkdifMuwmudk awGY&w,f} [k
ynma&; wuodkvf tNidrf;pm; 'kygarmu a'gufwmrsKd;
wifhu ajymonf/

jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;wGif tajccHynm txufwef;
tv,fwef;? rlvwef; ausmif;aygif; 40900 ausmfwGif
q&m q&mraygif; 274000? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;aygif;
8 oef;ausmf&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf/

ynma&;0efBuD;Xme taejzifh ynma&;u@
toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk tajccHESifh tqifhjrifh ynmu@[l
cGJjcm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ tajccHynma&;u@wGif
tajccHynmausmif;aygif; 4 aomif;ausmf\ toHk;p&dwf
rsm;yg0ifNyD; tqifhjrifh ynmu@wGif wuodkvf?
'D*&DaumvdyfESifh aumvdyf 64 ausmif;vnf; yg0ifonf/

wjcm; wuodkvf? 'D*&DaumvdyfESifh odyH
ausmif; 97 ausmif;ukdrl ouffqdkif&m 0efBuD;Xme 12 cku
wm0ef,lxm;onf/ ynma&;u@m toHk;p&dwf pkpkaygif;
rSm aiGusyfoef;aygif; 352584 oef;&SdNyD; ynma&;u@
pkpkaygif;onf 4 'r 42 &mcdkifEIef; jzpfonf[k tpdk;&\
47

]bmaMumifh tckvdk tcrJhausmif;

xlaxmif &wmvJ qdkawmh 'Duav;awG
ausmif;rae&awmh vrf;ay:
a&mufukefr,f? udk,fhudk,fudk
rapmifha&SmufEkdifwJh vlawGtjzpf
BuD;jyif;vmr,fvdkY awG;rdawmh
raeEkdifawmh bl;/

w&m;0if xkwfjyefcsuft& od&Sd&onf/

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ausmif;awGu wjznf;jznf;eJY tvSrf;a0;vmw,f/ &yf
uGufxJrSmvnf; usaemfhvdk b0wlawG rdbawG trsm;BuD;
yg/ om;orD;awGudk ynmwwfapcsifw,f? pm;0wfaea&;
uvnf; usyfwnf;vGef;awmh ausmif; rxm;EkdifbJ tcrJh
oifay;wJh bu (bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;)rSm
xm;vmMuw,f/ buausmif;awGuawmh tcrJhyJ? pm
tkyfzdk;vnf; ay;p&m rvdkbl;/ ausmif;0ifaMu;wdkY? tvSL
aiGwdkYvnf; r&Sdawmh usaemfwkdYvdk qif;&Jom; rdbawGt
wGuf awmfawmfav; tqifajyygw,f} [k udkat;xGef;u
ajymonf/

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&JEGrf;yg;aom udkat;xGef;uJhodkY rdbrsm;twGuf bu
ausmif;[k ac:qdkMuaom bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;
ausmif;rSm tm;xm;&m jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ 2000 jynfhESpf
aemufydkif;wGif ynmoifMum;p&dwf jrifhvmjcif;aMumifh
bu ausmif;rsm; trsm;tjym; ay:xGufvmcJhonf/

,cktcg jrefrmwjynfvkH; twdkif;twmjzifh
tcrJh bu ausmif;aygif; 2500 ausmf&Sdum tqdkyg
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odef;ausmf&SdaMumif;? tqdkyg ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm jynf
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oif ynma&;ausmif;rsm; tcef;u@ESifh jrefrmh ynma&;
48

qdkif&m pmwrf;wGif a&;om;xm;onf/

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t"du tcef;u@ w&yftjzpf yg0ifvsuf&SdaMumif; oHk;
oyf a&;om;xm;onf/

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bkef;awmfBuD;oif rlvwef;vGefausmif;rS q&mawmf
OD;0dvmou ]bmaMumifh tckvdk tcrJhausmif; xlaxmif
&wmvJ qdkawmh 'Duav;awG ausmif;rae&awmh vrf;
ay: a&mufukefr,f? udk,fhudk,fudk rapmifha&SmufEkdifwJh vl
awGtjzpf BuD;jyif;vmr,fvdkY awG;rdawmh raeEkdifawmh
bl;/ ynmyg&rDjzpfatmif jznfhr,fqdkwJh pdwfeJY 'D
bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;udk pvdkufwmyJ} [k
rdefYonf/

pmoifausmif; pwifpOfu ausmif;om;rsm;
om&SdNyD; ausmif;&yfwnf&ef &efyHkaiG r&Sd? oifay;rnfhq&m
r&Sd? pmoifcHk r&Sd? ausmufoifykef; r&Sdaom tajctaejzpf
aMumif;? ,cktcg oli,fwef;rS &Spfwef;txd ynm
oifMum;aeaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;aygif; 250
ausmf&SdNyD; q&m q&mraygif; 11 OD;&SdaMumif;? ausmif;rS
oHCm 3 yg; uvnf; ,Ofaus; vdrfrmap&ef oifMum;
ay;aeaMumif; od&onf/

]'Dvdk bu ausmif;awGuawmh tpdk;& ausmif;
awGrSm raeEkdifMuwJh uav;awGaygY/ olwdkY rdbawGu
qif;&JEGrf;yg;Muawmh ausmif;p&dwf rwwfEkdifbl;/ 'D
ausmif;rSmawmh ausmif;0ifaMu;vnf; r&Sdbl;? pmtkyf
pmwrf;up bkef;BuD;u wm0ef,l ay;xm;awmh qif;&J
om;awGu 'Dausmif;wufMuwm rsm;w,f/ ckawmh yJcl;rSm
vnf; 'Dvdk tcrJh ausmif;awG ydkrsm;vmw,f/ ausmif;
om;awGuvnf; rsm;vmMuwmudk;} [k OD;0dvmou rdefY
Mum;onf/

ynma&Tawmif bu ausmif;rSm 1993 ckESpf
wGif yJcl;NrdKU yxrqHk; zGifhvSpfcJhaom bu ausmif;jzpfNyD;
2010-2011 ckESpfwGif yJcl; bu ausmif; 27 ausmif;
txd &SdaMumif; od&onf/

&efukefwdkif;wGif 2010-2011 ynmoifESpf
ta&SUydkif; c&dkif 12 NrdKU e,fwGif 53 ausmif;? taemufydkif;
c&dkif 9 NrdKUe,fwGif 23 ausmif;? awmifydkif;c&dkif 8 NrdKUe,fwGif
42 ausmif;? ajrmufydkif;c&dkif 8 NrdKU e,fwGif 55 ausmif; &Sd
aMumif; bu ausmif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ppfwrf;xkwf

jyefcsufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/

tqdkyg ausmif;trsm;pkwGif aeYvnfpm xrif;
pm; qif;csdef xrif;bl; rygaom uav;rsm; trsm;tjym;
&SdaeaomaMumifh bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;rSm pmoifMum;a&;
omru aeYvnfpm tm[m& auR;arG;a&;udkyg wm0ef,l
vmMu&aMumif; od&Sd&onf/

vdIifom,mNrdKUe,f atmify&[dw bkef;awmf
BuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;rS q&mrwOD;u ]'Du uav;
awGu awmfawmfav;udk EGrf;yg; Muygw,f/ uav;wdkif;
aeYvnfpm xrif;bl; ,lEkdifMuwm r[kwfbl;/ aeYvnfpm
tiwfcHaewJh uav;awG&Sdwmudk q&mawmfu odoGm;
awmh xrif;bl; rygwJh uav;awGudk [if;aygif;eJY auR;ay;
w,f/ wESpfxuf wESpf ausmif;om;awGu ydkydkrsm;
vmawmh q&mawmfvnf; rwwfEkdifawmhbl;} [k ajym
onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;
ausmif;rsm;rSm udkvdkeDacwf uwnf;u &SdcJhMuNyD; 1982
ckESpf 0ef;usifwGif uG,faysmuf oGm;cJhonf/ 1992 ckESpf
aemufydkif;wGif jyefvnf &SifoefvmcJhNyD; ,cktcg tajccH
vlwef;pm;rsm;\ tm;xm;&m ausmif;rsm; jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/

buausmif;rsm;onf omoema&;0efBuD; Xme
\ pDrHcefYcGJrI atmufwGif &SdNyD; rlvwef;vGef? tv,fwef;
ESifh txufwef; txd zGifhvSpf oifMum; aeMuonf/ bu
ausmif;rsm; oifMum;ay;aeaom q&mq&mrrsm;
twGuf owfrSwf vpm[l r&SdbJ ausmif;\taetxm;
ESifh aiGaMu; vdktyfcsufay: rlwnf bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;rsm;uom ay;ae&jcif; jzpfonf/

atmify&[dw bu ausmif;rS q&mawmfu
]q&m q&mrawG&JU vpm? pm;0wfaea&;eJY uav;awG
twGuf pma&;ud&d,m pwmawGudk bkef;awmfBuD;awGu
oma&;? ema&;u &wJh aiGawGuae jznfhqnf; ay;ae
&w,f/ vpmxuf rkefYzdk;oabmrsKd;yJ ay;EkdifwJh tae
txm;&Sdw,f} [k rdefYonf/

tqdkyg bu ausmif;rsm; ynmoifMum; ay;
aeaom q&m? q&mrrsm;onf &&Sdonfh vpmEIef;xuf rdrd
cH,lcsufESifh qEtavsmuf vma&muf oifMum; ay;aeMu
jcif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

ynma&Tawmif ausmif;wdkufrS q&mwOD;u
]wvudk aiG 2 aomif;aygY? bkef;bkef;u rkefYzdk; qdkNyD;
ay;ygw,f/ toHk;p&dwfeJYqdkawmh ravmufbl;/ ravmuf
ayr,fh acRwmNyD; oHk;aew,f} [k ajymonf/

olonf tpdk;&ausmif;rS yifpif,lNyD;aemuf
buausmif;wGif q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJhaMumif;? ,cifu
rkefYzdk;tjzpf wvvQif aiGusyf 7 axmif &&SdcJhaMumif;?
aemufydkif; ukefaps;EIef; jrifhwufvmonfh twGuf q&m
awmfrS 1 aomif;? 2 aomif; ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; wdk;
jrifh ay;vmcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/

vuf&Sd tajctaewGif jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;&Sd bu
ausmif;rsm;wGif ynmoifMum;vsuf&Sdaom ausmif;om;
OD;a&rSm ESpfpOf wdk;vmaomaMumifh q&m? q&mr
vdktyfcsufrsm;&Sdvmjcif;? bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm; tae
jzifh taxmuftyHhrsm; ydkrdkvdktyfvmjcif;wkdY BuHKawGY ae&
aMumif; od&onf/

vdIifom,mNrdKUe,f&Sd atmifaZ,srif; bu
ausmif;rS q&mawmfu ]ausmif;om;OD;a&eJY q&m? q&mr
OD;a&u rvHkavmufbl; qkdwmvnf; bkef;bkef; odw,f/
'gayr,fh tajctae& xm;ae&wmygyJ/ bkef;bkef;
ausmif;rSmu rdbrJh uav;u 200 ausmf? ausmif;ynm
oifMum;ay;aewJh ausmif;om;uav;awGu 1200 &Sd
awmh bkef;bkef;vnf; awmfawmfav;udk tcuftcJ awGY
vmw,f} [k rdefYonf/

bu ausmif;rsm;tm; tpdk;&taejzifh ulnD
axmufyHhay;rnfqdkygu qif;&Jom; tajccHvlwef;pm;
rdom;pk0if uav;i,fwkdY\ tem*wfudk u,fwif ay;Ekdif
rnfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu qufvuf
rdefYMum;onf/

bu ausmif;rsm; taejzifh tcuftcJrsm;
&Sdaeaomfvnf; jrefrmhynma&; vdktyfcsufaMumifh quf
vuf oifMum;ay;Ekdifa&; arQmfvifhxm;aMumif; bu
ausmif;rsm;xHrS od&Sd&onf/

]om;BuD;udk 'DESpf tv,fwef;atmif&if tpdk;&
ausmif; ajymif;xm;&awmhr,f/ ausmif;p&dwfu ckvdkyJ
qufjrifhaeOD;r,f qdk&ifawmh usaemfwkdYvdk qif;&Jom;
awGtwGuf jyemBuD;w&yf xyfjzpfaeOD;rSmyJ} [k
udkat;xGef; u ajymonf/

buausmif;rsm;udk qufvuf tm;udk;&rnfh
taetxm;jzpfaomaMumifh udkat;xGef;uJhodkY qif;&J
EGrf;yg;aom vufvkyfvufpm; rdbrsm; taejzifh om;
orD;rsm;udk tajccHynmtqifhwdkif; bu ausmif;rsm;
wGif xm;cGifh&a&; arQmfvifhaerdaMumif; ajymjyonf/
Munfa0 ({&m0wD)
49

Into (odkYr[kwf) pmoifcef;twGif;

owdjyKoifhonhf toHk;tEIef;wpfck
cifaZmf

usaemf trSwfw& &dSaeygao;onf/ rdom;pk
pD;yGm;a&;tm; wzufwvrf;rS ulnDaxmufyHh&ef twGuf
2001 ckESpf arv 13 &ufaeYwGif tdrfeD;csif; xdkif;EkdifiHodkY
usaemf a&muf&dSvmcJhonf/

xdkif;EkdifiHodkY a&mufvQif a&mufcsif; us
aemfESifh oifhavsmfonf[k ,lqonfh tvkyfudk&Sm r&yg/
2002 ckESpfwGif csif;rdkif tajcpdkuf ICFC (Intensive College Foundation Course) wGif ocsFm q&mtjzpf pwif
tvkyfvkyfygonf/

xkdpOfu usaemf\ ausmif;tkyfrSm vGefpGm
oabm aumif;vSNyD; ynm jynhf0aom uae'grS Lynn
Vasey jzpfygonf/ rSwfrSwf&& wpfaeYwGif 2 csdef qufwdkuf ocsFmoiftNyD; q&m? q&mrrsm; em;aecef;odkY
jyefa&mufcsdef usaemf\ ausmif;tkyfu usaemfhtm; ]cif
aZmf pum;enf;enf; ajymcsifvdkY tcsdef&rvm;} [k ajymvmygonf/ ]&ygw,f/ bmtaMumif; cifAsm; ajymcsif
vdkYygvJ/ usaemf aumfzDoGm;azsmfNyD; ajymMuwmaygY/}
[k jyefajymvdkufygonf/
50

]cifaZmf? rif;pmoif&if pum;oH tawmfus,f
w,faemf/}

][kwfuJh? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}

]igrif;udk tBuH wpfck ay;vdkY&rvm;}

]&wmaygYuG/ bmjzpfvkdY r& &rSmvJ/ ausmif;tkyf
BuD;uvnf;Asm..}

]rif;pmoifaewJh tcsdef igMum;w,f/ qdkygpdkY/ 3
into 2 equals 6 qdkwm rif;bmudk qdkvdkwmvJ/ igYudk
wqdwfavmuf ajymjyEkdifrvm;/}

]aMomf'gvm;/ q&mBuD;uvnf; 3 &,f 2 &,f
ajrmuf&if 6 jzpfw,fvdkY usaemf qdkvdkwmaygY/}

]'Dr,f q&mcifaZmf. ukd,fwdkY English
pum;rSm 3 into 2 equals 6 qdkwJh tokH;tEIef; r&dSbl;uG/
tJ'Dawmh rif;&JU rSm;aewJh tokH;tEIef;av;udk jyifay;
apcsifw,fuGm/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh igwdkYausmif;ol
ausmif;om;awG[m ICFC NyD;oGm;NyD; ynm oifqk &cJh&if
EkdifiHwum wuodkvfawGrSm ynm qufoifMu&rSmrdkYyg/
Native speakers of English awG[m into udk

ajrmufw,fqdkwJh t"dyg,f taeeJY rokH;MuvdkYyg/}

3 into 24 is 8

Lynn Vasey ESifh txufygtwdkif; ajymqdk
cJhMuNyD;aemuf usaemf pOf;pm;ygonf/ xdkYaemuf Oxford
Dictionary tygt0if Dictionary tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif
into qdkaom tokH;tEIef;ESifh ywfouf tawmfrsm;rsm;
vdkufvH &SmazG Munfhrdygonf/ taMumif;rSm usaemf
i,fpOfurS p &efukef pufrIwuodkvfrS bJGY &&dScJhonfh
wdkif ocsFmtygt0if twGuftcsufrsm;ygonfh bm
om&yfrsm;tm; oifMum;ay;cJhonfh q&mq&mrrsm;
tm;vkH;u into qdkaom tokH;tEIef;tm; ajrmufonf
qdkonfh t"dyg,ftjzpf okH;pJGcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

,if;odkY &SmazG avhvmcJh&mwGif Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary wGif atmufyg
twdkif; awGY&dScJhygonf/

Used when you are dividing numbers: 3

into 24 is 8.

&Sif;oGm;ygNyD/ 3 u 24 udk pm;vQif tajzu 8
jzpfygonf/

xdktcsdefrSp usaemf\ pmoifcef;twGif; into
qdkaom tokH;tEIef;tm; ajrmufonf qdkonfh t"dyg,f
tjzpf okH;pJGjcif;udk a&SmifusOfcJhygonf/

,aeYxufwdkif tcsKdUaom q&m q&mrrsm;
onf into qdkaom tokH;tEIef;tm; ajrmufonf qdk onfh
t"dyg,ftjzpf okH;pJGaeqJyifjzpfonfudk awGYjrif ae&yg
onf/

xdkYaMumifh pmoifcef;twGif; ynmoifay;ae
Muaom usaemf\ vkyfazmfudkifzuf q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;
into qdkaom tokH;tEIef;tm; ajrmufonfh t"dyg,ftjzpf
okH;pJGaejcif;udk a&SmifusOfapvdkonfh twGuf aqmif;
yg;jzifh wdkufwGef; vdkuf&ygonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf usaemfwdkY\ tokH;
tEIef; rSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;aygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm vGJrSm;oGm;Ekdifjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

tJvbwf tdkifpwkdif;

Pure mathematics is,

in its way, the poetry
of logical ideas.
Albert Einstein

Multiply, of, times, product of, multiplied

ponfh tokH;tEIef;rsm;onf
t"dyg,frsm;yif jzpfonf/
by

ocsFmppfppfqdkwm
olYenf;vrf;eJYolawmh
,kwdwefwJh
pdwful;pdwfoef;awG&JU
uAsmygyJ/

ajrmufonfh

cifaZmf (CDC)
October 10, 2011.

51

uav;rsm;\ vufOD;q&m

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rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;rSm Pf&nf ydkrdkxufjrufMuonf?
ausmif;ynma&;wGif ydkawmfMuonf [laom t,ltq
rSm aqG;ajrh a[mif;EGrf;cJhNyD; jzpfyg\/ rdbrsm;\ vpOf? eSpf
pOf 0ifaiG? csrf;om MuG,f0rI yrmP? aexdkif&mNrdKUe,f?
&yfuGufponfh vlrIpD;yGm;aemufcH tajctaersm;eSihf
ausmif;ynma&; atmifjrifrI qufEG,faerI qdkonfrSm
twdwfumvrsm;wGif ajymqdk aqG;aEG;cJhaom yHkpHrsm;
avmuf &dk;pif;vSonfawmh r[kwfyg/ trSefwu,fwGifrl
2 ck\ tquftpyfudk &dk;&dk;om &IjrifcJhonfrSm tpOf
rrSefuefedkifaMumif;rsm;udk awGYjrifcJhjcif;yif/ qif;&J EGrf;yg;
aom rdom;pkrsm;rS uav;rsm;onfvnf; b0wGif
xGef;ayguf atmifjrifedkifpGrf; tb,faMumihf &&Sdaeyg
oenf;/

52

odef;Ekdif

tvSnfhtajymif;

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rsm;wGif ]tpm;tpm yHkrSef? aumif;aumif;rGefrGef auR;arG;
jcif;? i,fpOfuwnf;u (rlBudKt&G,f uwnf;u) ynm
a&; tajccHaumif; &&Sdjcif;? rdbrsm;\ aemufcHynm
tajccH? arG;pOf (tBuD;? ti,f? tvwf)? &kyfydkif;? pdwfydkif;
usef;rma&; ponfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifekdifygvdrfhrnf/ vl
trsm;pk owdrrl rdwwfonfh ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwpf
csufum; usef&Sdaeavonf/

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vTrf;rdkrI &Sdjyefygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf uav;rsm;\ pdwf
tajccH? oif,lavhvmrIeSihf tqHk;pGeftm;jzihf ausmif;

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xifomjrifom &Sdjcif;wdkYyifjzpfonf/

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q&mq&mrrsm; taejzihf rdbrsm;eSihf rnf onfh
tcsdefwGif awGYqHkwwfygenf;/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf jrefrm
pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rdbeSihf awGYqHkrIrSm
jyemjzpfonfh tcgwGifom jzpfavonf/ ausmif;om;
rsm; qdk;oGrf;onfhtcg? ausmif; pmar;yGJ us&HI;aomtcg?
cdkuf&ef jzpfyGm;onfh tcgwdkYwGifom xdkausmif;om;wdkY\
rdbrsm;eSihf awGYqHkavonf/ ]rdb? q&m yl;aygif; uav;
ynmaumif;} [laom ynma&; pum;yHk&Sdaomfjim;vnf;
uav;i,f wpfOD;csif; rdbrsm; taejzihfrl ausmif;tkyf?
twef;ydkfif? bmom&yfjy q&mq&mrrsm;eSihf awGYqHk
aqG;aEG;cGifhrSmrl rsm;pGm r&Sdao;aMumif; avhvmawGY&Sd &
jyefonf/ pmoifausmif;\ wpfeSpfwm ynma&; jyu'def
wGif xnfhoGif; rxm;&SdMuao;yg/

aEG;axG;aom u&kPm&Sif tar

edkifiHwumwGif atmifjrifrI &&Sdaeaom OD;aESmuf
cGJpdwfuk orm;awmf? pma&;q&m? pdwfcGeftm; wufMuGzG,f
a[majymol a'gufwm befumqefonf touf 33 eSpf
t&G,fwGif *Refa[mhuif;aq;&HkBuD; (tar&duefedkifiH eSpf
pOf taumif;qkH; aq;&Hkqk 18 ck &&SdjyD;) \ uav;oli,f
OD;aeSmufcGJpdwfuk orm;awmf tvkyfudk &&Sdonftxd
atmifjrifrIeSihf ywfouf rdcifjzpfol wpfOD;wnf;aMumihf
jzpfaMumif;udk xkwfazmf ajymqdkcJhavonf/ &ifcsif;quf
trTmudk cGJpdwfukool? rMumrMum owdvpf ]wuf} wwf
olvlemrsm;udk ulnDay;&eftwGuf OD;aeSmuf wpfjcrf;udk
cGJpdwfxkwfy,fonfh radical hemispherectomies
orm;awmf wpfOD;jzpfonf/

a'gufwmbefumqefrSm qif;&J EGrf;yg;NyD; rdb
tjcm;aom edkifiHrsm;\ ynma&; okawoe
rsm;rSm vifr,m; uGm&Sif;jywfpJxm;olrsm; jzpfavonf/ avhvm awGY&SdrIrsm;t& rdcif? zcif wpfOD;OD;rS uav;\
53

ynm&nf wdk;wufrIudk ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;eSihf

vma&muf aqG;aEG;onfh tcg0,f ausmif;om;taejzihf
tjyKtrl? pdwfyg0ifpm;rIeSihf oif,l avhvm&mwGif ydkrdk
aumif;rGef wdk;wufrI &Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ rdbrS
ausmif;odkY vma&mufonfhtwGuf aMumuf&GUH xdwfvefYNyD;
ajymif;vJvmjcif;[l &Ijrifedkifonf/

odkYum; r[kwf&ygav/ taumif;jrif
oabmxm; taejzihfom &Ijriftyfonf/ rdbeSihf ausmif;
om; eSpfOD;eSpf0twGuf ynma&; tjrpfudk cdkifrmap jcif;yif/
olwdkY\ ausmif;pmeSihf ausmif; ynma&;wGif rdbrsm;\
yg0ifywfoufrI? pdwf0ifpm;rI? tjcm; ausmif;om;rsm;eSihf
qufqHa&;? q&mq&mrrsm;eSihf qufqHa&;wdkYudk om;
orD;rsm;eSihf aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIwdkYonf ausmif;ol ausmif;
om;rsm;rS ynma&;udk trSefwu,fpdwfyg0ifpm;rI jzpfay:
apygonf/ pdwftm; wufMuG zG,f&mvnf; jzpfNyD; ynma&;
pdwfcGeftm; &&Sdapum jzpfedkfifonfh vdkvm;tyfaom
ausmif; ynma&; &nfrSef;csufrsm; jrifhjrifh xm;&SdMuygonf/

yg0ifaqmif&GufrI? uav; ynma&;twGuf edk;Mum;

wufMuGrIwdkYudk ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u rsm;pGm
wefzdk; xm;&SdaMumif;yif jzpfyg\/

vuf&Sd ausmif;ynma&; tajctae? oli,f
csif; rsm;tajumif;? olwdkY pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;?
tajumif;t&mrsm;? arQmfrSef;csufrsm;? tem*wftaMumif;
ponfwdkYudk uav;rsm;eSihf aqG;aEG;ajymqdkjcif;onf
oif,lavhvmrIudk wdk;wufap&ef rsm;pGm taxmuftyHh
jzpfapNyD; ausmif;ynma&;wGif atmifjrifrI &&Sd&ef twGuf
vnf; arQmfvifhedkifygonf/ teSpfom&tm;jzihf rdbrsm;\

uav;rsm;\ ynma&; atmifjrifrIrSm ausmif;
q&mq&mrrsm;omvQif wm0ef&Sdonff r[kwfyg/ q&m
q&mrrsm;enf;wl uav;rsm;? rdbrsm;? &yf&Gm vlYtzGJY
tpnf;eSihf tpdk;& tqihfqihfwGifvnf; tnDtrQ wm0ef
BuD;BuD;&SdygaMumif;/

ausmif;rsm;taejzihf eSpf0ufwdkif;wGif rdb
wdkif;eSifh twef;ydkif? bmom&yfjyq&mwdkY awGYqHk
aqG;aEG;jcif; tpDtpOfudk a&;qGJ xm;oihfonf/ ig;rdepf?
q,frdepfcefY awGYqHkjcif;rSm ynma&; tusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;pGm
&Sdygonf/ ynm&nfwdk;wufrI rSwfwrf; ay;ydkYNyD;onfh
tcgrsm;wGif uav;wdkif;\ rdbwdkif;eSihf awGYqHkjcif; tpD
tpOfyifjzpf\/ qdk;aom? awmfaom? nHhaom uav;
[lvnf; cGJjcm;xm;rI r&SdbJ rdbtm;vHk;eSihf tvSnfhus
awGYqHkjcif;jzpfonf/

xdkYtjyif tcgtm;avsmfpGm vdktyfcsufrsm;t&
vnf; awGYqHkoifhygonf/ tenf;qHk;tm;jzihf rdbwdkif;
onf uav;rsm;eSifh ausmif;ynma&;qdkif&mwdkYudk ajymqdk
aqG;aEG;edkifonf r[kwfygvm;/

uav;i,fwpfOD;&JU pdwful;udk
b,folodovJ/
Ekd&mb,f&D
Nora Perry (1831-1896)
tar&duef uAsmq&mr? pma&;q&m

54

odef;edkif

EkdifiHwum
ynma7;
owif;rsm
;
trdIufaumufNyD; uav;ausmif;
axmifcJhol tm* trsKd;orD;

uav; 1800 twGuf trdIufyHkrsm;rS pGefYypf
ypnf;rsm;udk aumuf,l a&mif;csNyD; pmoifausmif; axmif
cJholrSm tm* ygupwef trsKd;orD;wpfOD; jzpfonf/

0efBuD;csKyf ,lqmhzf&mZ*DvefeDu rdbrJh? pGefYypf
cH uav;rsm;twGuf trsKd;orD;\ ukd,fusKd;pGefY tm;
xkwfrIudk ulnDay;&ef lyD;aiG 1 oef; csD;jrihfrnfjzpf
aMumif; aMunmvdkufonf/

*DvefeDu lbDem uk&m&SD\ tm;xkwfrIwdkYudk
Mum;od&ojzihf tvGefyif cHpm;cJh&aMumif; qdkonf/ l
bDemonf qif;&JvGef;vSonfh vm[kd;jynfe,fu uav;
i,f 1800 twGuf pmoifausmif;udk tdrfwumvSnfh
trdIufaumuf,lNyD; a&mif;cs&onfh aiGjzihf wnfaxmif
xm;oljzpfonf/

vltrsm; toHk; rvdkawmhojzihf pGefYypf ypnf;
rsm;udk vdkufaumufNyD; a&mif;cscJh&aMumif;? &onfh aiG
aMu;jzihf tcrJh ynmoifay;aMumif;? pmtkyfrsm;udk pGefYypf
cH qif;&Jom; uav;i,frsm; twGuf 0,fay;aMumif;
lbDemu ajymjycJhonf/

&yf&GmtwGif;&Sd csrf;om~uG,f0olrsm;? pnf;pdrf
,pfaeolrsm; taejzihf tdk;tdrfrJh? pGefYypfcHvlxk\ uav;
i,frsm; ynma&;? pmoifausmif;wdkYtwGuf aiGaMu; vSL
'gef;oihfaMumif; tBuHjyKxm;onf/
Source: IANS
(3. August.2011)

tmz&du&JU opfyif arar uG,fvGef

uifnm orwa[mif; 'efeD&,frdGKif;u 0ef*g&D
rmxD(Wangari Maathi) udk tl;rvdkY ac:cJhonf/ aemuf
csrf;omolawG? tmPm&SdolawGeJY uifnmEkdifiH vkHjcHKa&;
twGuf tE&m,f&Sdw,fvdkY ,lqNyD; olrudk &dkufESufonf?
axmifcsonf/

wu,fawmh 0ef*g&Du odyfxl;xl;jcm;jcm;awG
vkyfjywmr[kwf/ EkdifiHa&; tmPmudk pdefac:wm r[kwf/
olr vkyfwmu opfyifpkdufjcif;yJ jzpfonf/ opfyifpdkuf
jcif;u tmz&du&JU qif;&JrGJawrIeJY y#dyuawGudk avQmhcs
Ekdifw,fvdkY ,HkMunfNyD; opfyifawG odef;oef;csDNyD; wpdkuf
rwfrwf pdkufcJholjzpfonf/ uifnmwpfEkdifiHvHk; opfyif
awGpkdufzdkY vIHYaqmfcJhonf/

tckawmh tz&du&JU opfyif rdcifudk wpfurm
vHk;u trSwf&aeMuNyD/ touf 71 ESpf&Sd tmz&du&JU
yxrqHk; trsKd;orD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;Ekdb,fqk&Sif 0ef*g&DrmxD
[m pufwifbm 25 &ufaeYu uifqma&m*geJY uG,fvGef
oGm;cJhNyD/ tmz&du wpfwdkufvHk;u ausmif;om;awGu
olrudk trSwfw&tjzpf opfyifpdkufMuonf/ urmhacgif;aqmif
awGu 0rf;enf;aMumif; o0PfvTmawG ay;ydkYcJhMu onf/

,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; uifnmrSm olr xlaxmif
xm;wJh vlrIa&; tzGJYtpnf;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY obm0udk
atmifEkdifa&;twGuf opfyif oef; 30 ausmf pdkufcJhonf/
olr&JU vIHYaqmfrIudk tm;us twk,lNyD; ukvor*u wpf
urmvHk; opfyif 11 bDvD,H pdkufjzpfcJhonf/

rmxDu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS bGJY&cJhNyD;?
55

uifnmEkdifiHu Ekdif&dkbD wuodkvfrSm ygarmu vkyfcJhonf/

1998 ckESpfrSm uifnmNrdKU jyifu zkef;qdk;ajrawGrSm opfyif
pdkufzdkY pwif vIHYaqmfcJhonf/ tJ'DajruGufawGudk odrf;xm;
wJh tpdk;&eJY eD;pyfolawGu rmxDwdkY tzGJYudk av;cGawG
jrm;awG cJawGeJY ypfcJhonf/ aemuf 0g;&if;wkwfawG? Mum
yGwfawGeJY &dkufcJhonf/ rmxD udk,fwdkif acgif;uGJNyD; aoG;
tvdrf;vdrf;eJY aq;&Hka&mufcJh&onf/

2004 ckESpf aemfa0EkdifiH Nidrf;csrf;a&; qkay;yGJ
tcrf;tem;rSm Ekdb,fqk aumfrwDrS 'g&dkufwm *D,m
vef'wfpw'fu ]rmxD vkyfcJhwm opfyifpdkufwmyg/ 'g
ayrJh 'gu odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ obm0 ywf0ef;usif
tjrifeJYwif r[kwfbl;? tmz&du oJuE& jzpfaewm &yf
wefYzdkY? trsKd;orD;awG vlrIa&;? EkdifiHa&; tod pdwf"mwfawG
Edkf;Mum;zdkYeJY tmPm&Sif ',feD&,frdGKif; tpdk;&udk qefYusifhrI
awGyg vkyfEkdifcJhw,f/ obm0 ywf0ef;usif umuG,fa&;eJY
trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;awGudk aygif;pyf
vkyfEkdifcJhw,f} [k ajymcJhonf/

Ekdb,fqk vufcH &,lpOf rmxDu uifnm aus;
vufawm&Gmu olr&JU uav;b0 tawGYtBuHKawGudk
rdefYcGef;rSm xnfhajymcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu opf
awmudk tajymif&Sif;ypfyHk? opfyifawG r&SdvdkY a&awG rxdef;
EkdifyHk? ajrNydK urf;NydKawG jzpf&yHk? om;aumifawG aoqHk;&yHk?
qif;&JrGJawrI jzpfvmyHkawG ajymjycJhonf/

tmPm&Sif rGdKif; jyKwfNyD;? aemuftpdk;& vuf
xufrSm rmxDudk obm0 ywf0ef;usifeJY obm0&if;jrpf
xdef;odrf;a&; 'kwd,0efBuD; tjzpf cefYxm;cH&onf/

56

t&ifu olrtzGJY (Green Belt Movement)
u opfyifyJ oJBuD;rJBuD; pdkufaeNyD;? 'Drdkua&pDeJY Nidrf;csrf;
a&;taMumif; odyfrajymcJhayrJh? aemufydkif;rSm 'Drdkua&pD
taMumif; t&rf;ajymvmonf/ 'Drdkua&pD r&Sd&if obm0
ywf0ef;usifudk wm0ef,l xdef;odrf;zdkY rjzpfEkdifaMumif;
us,fus,favmifavmif ajymvmonf/

]opfyif[m uifnmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD BudK;yrf;rI
twGuf oauFwygyJ/ uifnmEkdifiHom;awG[m tmPm
tvGJoHk;olawG? t*wd vkdufpm;olawGeJY obm0 ywf0ef;
usif zsufqD;olawGudk pdefac:zdkY opfyifpdkuf&if; pnf;vHk;
nDnGwfrIawGeJY &J0hHrIawG &&SdvmcJhw,f} vdkY rmxDu
rdefYcGef;rSm xnfhajymonf/

Ekdb,fqk&NyD; aemufydkif; urmtESHYu tpdk;&
awGeJY tzGJYtpnf;awGu rmxD&JU vkyfaqmifrIawGudk ydkNyD;
todtrSwf jyKvmMuonf/

ukvor* obm0 ywf0ef;usiftzGJYu 2006
ckESpf wpfurmvHk; opfyif 11 bDvD,H pdkufysKd;a&; UNEP'S
2006 Billion Tree Campaign [m rmxD&JU vIyf&Sm;rI
uae jzpfvmaMumif; 0efcHajymqdkcJhonf/

ukvor* taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; befuD
rGef;u rmxD[m vlYtcGifhta&;? qif;&JrGJawrI wdkufzsuf
a&;? tmz&du vHkjcHKa&;eJY obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,f
a&;wdkYudk aygif;pyf vIyf&Sm;EkdifcJhwJh xll;jcm;wJh pHjyyk*dKvf jzpf
aMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/
Source: AP (4.October.2011)

2011 ckESpf urmh tawG;ac:&Sif (100) pm&if;rSm yg0ifol a':atmifqef;pkMunfESihf

tvmt,f tufpf0geD

MoZmt&Sdeft0g BuD;rm;onfh Foreign Policy
r*Zif;BuD;u 2011 ckeSpf urmhtawG;tac:&Sif 100
twGuf ppfwrf;aumuf,l&mrSm? jrefrmedkifiHrS Nidrf;csrf;a&;
edkb,fqk&Sif a':atmifqef;pkMunftm; trSwfpOf 31
ae&mwGif a&G;cs,f azmfjycH&onf/

a':atmifqef;pkMunfeSifh ywfoufNyD; Foreign Policy r*Zif;u ]tu,f jrefrmedkifiH ppftmPm
&Sif wHydk;atmufrS aemufqHk; &kef;xGufedkifcJhw,fqdkvQif?
a':atmifqef;pkMunf&JU edkifiHa&; uRrf;usifwwfyGefrIu
t"du tcef;u@uae yg0ifaevdrfhrnf} [k a&;om;
xm;onf/

,ckeSpf urmhtawG;ac:&Siftjzpf eHygwf 1 ae&m
a&G;cs,fcH&ol rSm tD*spfedkifiHom; oGm;q&m0efuae urm
ausmf pma&;q&mjzpfvmol tvmt,f tufpf0geD (Alla
Al Aswany) jzpfonf/ olY&JU 2002 ckeSpfrSm xkwfa0wJh
pmtkyf The Yacoubian Building u udkvdkeD oHajcusif;
tjzKwfcH&NyD;aemuf tD*spfedkifiH vlrIa&;eJY ,Ofaus;rI wpp
,dk,Gif;vmcJhyHkudk xl;jcm;pGm wifjyxm;onf/

aemufNyD; tufpf0geDu tD*spfrSm t*wd vdkuf
pm;rI wdkufzsufzdkY? rsKd;&dk;qufcHwJh tkyfpdk;rIpepfudk tqHk;
owfzkdY? ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD xlaxmifzdkYtwGuf edkifiHa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; aqmif&GufNyD; vli,fawG w[&D&m &ifjyif

ay: xGufvmatmif vHIYaqmf pnf;&Hk;cJhonf/ vli,f pma&;

q&mawGeJY aumfzDqdkifrSm tjrJ awGYqHkpnf;a0;wmaMumifh
tD*spf&JawGu olYudk trsKd;rsKd; taeSmifht,Sufay;cJhonf/

tD*spfawmfvSefa&;rSm qEjyolawGeJY rlbm&uf
bufawmfom;awG tjyeftvSef &dkufeSufaepOfrSm tufpf
0geD tzdkY oHk;Budrfwdwd aoab; BuHKcJh&onf/ 'gayrJh awmf
vSefa&; vrf;aMumif; aysmufroGm;atmif tjrJ OD;aqmifrI
ay;cJhNyD;? rlbm&uf tpdk;&udk tNyD;wdkif jrifuGif;uae z,f
&Sm;ypfzkdY ppfwyfudk zdtm;ay;cJhonf/

tufpf0geDu eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm wdwfqdwfNidrf
oufaewJh tD*spfvlxk&JU toHawG xGufvmatmif rD;xdk;
cJhol jzpfonf/ olu ]awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tcspfZmwfvrf;
vdkygyJ/ wu,f cspfrdwJhtcg vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpf
vmovdkyJ? awmfvSefa&;tay: wu,fcspfrdNyDqdk&ifvnf;
tepfemcHrI? pGefYpm;rIawG? pGrf;tm;awGeJY vlaumif; wpf
a,muf ydkjzpfvmw,f} [k ajymcJhonf/

Foreing Policy u a&G;cs,fwJh tawG;tac:
yk*dKvfausmf 100 pm&if;rS wpfOD;csif;pDtaMumif;udk rlv
qdk'fwGif avhvmedkifygonf/
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/
the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers

57

jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;udk tm;ay;ulnDcJhol
csuforwa[mif;? tEkynm&Sif Am;pvAf [mA,fvf uG,fvGef

ta&SU Oa&myedkfifiHjzpfaom csufudkpvdk
aA;uD;,m; uGefjrLepftpdk;&udk jzKwfcscJhol jyZmwfa&;
q&mESifh csuforwa[mif; Am;pvAf[mA,fvfonf
touf 75 t&G,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;NyD jzpfonf/

1989 ckeSpfwGif eSpfaygif;av;q,fMum tkyfcsKyf
vmcJhaom uGefjrLepf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk NzdKcsedkifcJhonfh
twGuf urmw0Srf; vlxk\ cspfcifav;pm;rIudk &&SdcJhol
vnf;jzpfonf/ pwmvifacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif &efol
tjzpf owfrSwfcH&ol jzpfonf/ jyZmwfo&kyfaqmif?
aemufydkif;wGif 'g&kdufwm? ZmwfnGef;a&;q&m? jyZmwf
a&;om;oltjzpf vkyfaqmifcJhonf/ol\ Garden Party
jyZmwfonf edkifiHwumtxd ausmfMum;cJhonf/

uAsm? pmayrsm;a&;om; jzefYa0rIaMumifh uGefjrL

epftpdk;&\ zrf;qD;EdSyfpufrIudk cHcJh&onf/ tpdk;& qefYusif

a&;wGif xifay: ausmfMum;aom acgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpf
vmcJhonf/ 1968 ckeSpfwGif qdkAuf,uf jynfaxmifpkrS
usL;ausmfNyD;aemuf ol\xifay:ausmfMum;aom (My
Beautiful Czech Land) ukd a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/

[maAvf\ ]wm0ef,lvdkpdwf} rdefYcGef;rSm urm
w0Srf; xifay: ausmfMum;aom 'ewpfck jzpfvmcJh
onf/ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; jynfaxmifpkwGif orw
jzpfvmNyD; &ufaygif; 1000 tMumwGif qvdkAuf rsKd;cspfwdkY
onf csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m; jynfaxmifpkudk csufeSifh
qvdkAuf [laom edkifiH eSpfcktjzpf cGJxkwfcJhonf/ [mAvf
onf csuforwedkifiHwGif okH;Budrfwdkif orwtjzpf a&G;
aumufwifajrmufjcif;cHcJh&onf/

jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&; vIyf&Sm;rIudk tjynfht0
axmufcHcJhaom yk*dKvfjzpfonf/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf
Ekdb,fNidrf;csrf;a&;qk&a&; tqdkudk axmufcHcJholvnf;
jzpfonf/ ]eSpfpOfeSpfwdkif; a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ arG;aeY
yGJudk rdwfaqGrsm;ESihftwl usif;yavh&Sdygw,f/ wpfaeYus
&if atmifqef;pkMunfudk udk,fwdkifawGYNyD; arG;aeYpum;
ajymedkifr,fvdkY arQmfvifhaMumif;} ajymqdkcJhonf/

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58

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Feminist Majority Foundation

59


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61

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62

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rdbawGudk ol 'Dvdk rnOf;qJoifhbl; qdkNyD;? ajymcsifqdkcsif
aeMuwJh ]tufwmeuf edkifiHom;] netizens awGtwGuf
vufwdkY vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;onf/

bGJY&rS udk,fh[mudk,f tvkyfvkyfNyD; aiGpk wdkuf
cef;0,foifhwmaygh? odyf twBuD;wJh aumifav;yJ? olh
ynmu bmoHk;pm;&rSmvJ? pdwfaum yHkrSef[kwfao;&JUvm;
pojzifh../

wcsKdUuawmh oufoufnmnmajymonf/ 'D
t&G,fqdkwm 'DvdkyJ rdbudk ylqmr,f? pdwfaumufr,f?
ykefuefcsifr,f? 'gjzpfavhjzpfxyJ/ ol&JU a'gufwmbGJYBuD;
aMumifh owif;pmawGxJygNyD; a&;BuD;cGifus,f ajymae
MuwmyJ? oem;p&mav;yg/

usef&SdD,ef;ukd va,mifeifjynfe,frS 0ifaiG
tv,ftvwf&Sd rdom;pkuae arG;zGm;cJhonf/ tpdk;&
0efxrf;jzpfol zcifu olYom; ynmyg&rDygwmudk tp
uwnf;u od&SdcJhonf/ i,fi,fuwnf;u ar;cGef;awG

ar;cdkif;? awG;cdkif;NyD; avhusifhay;cJhonf/ uav;t&G,frSm

w&kwfjynfordkif;uae tD&wfppfyGJ taMumif;txd
BuD;BuD;us,fus,fawG tmabmiftm&if;oefoef ajym
wwfonf/ olYtazESifh tjyeftvSef jiif;ckefMuonf/

'gayrJh olYynma&;c&D;rSm tcuftcJ umvawG
jzwfcJh&onf[k CCTV tifwmAsL;rSm ajymjyonf/
ausmif;pm rvkyfbJ uGefysLwm *drf;pGJoGm;awmh tazh
tBudrf;tarmif;cH&onf/ ausmif;taqmifrSm *drf;aqmh
aewmudk olYtaz jrifoGm;awmh om;tzawG jyem
tBuD;tus,fwufMuonf/ tJ'Daemufydkif; olYtazu
olYausmif;pmvkyfwmudk tjrJapmifhMunfhaewwfonf/

olYrdbawG&Jh armif;eSifrIu olYtwGuf jyif;xef
vGef;onf/ tJ'D rdbawG&Jh zdtm;uyJ olYtwGuf &nfrSef;
csuf jzpfvm&onf/ rmpwmbGJY vkyfaepOfrSm bmom&yf
tcsKdU uscJhNyD;? bGJYudk vufavQmhzdkYtxdd jzpfcJh&onf/ aemuf
qHk; owfaozdkYtxdyg awG;cJhao;onf[k jyefajymjyonf/

CCTV u zcifudk tifwmAsL;&mwGif olu olY
om; tem*wf vSyzdkYtwGuf ysKd;axmiffcJhwm jzpfaMumif;?
olwdkYZeD;armifeSHu olYom;udk b,fvdk ysKd;axmifcJh ovJqdk
wJh taMumif; ]yOvufqefwJh ynmoifMum;a&;}trnf
ESihf pmtkyfwpftkyfyif a&;OD;r,f qdkwJhtaMumif; ajymjyonf/

olYom; rmpwmwef; wufaepOfrSm wdkufcef;
0,fay;&r,f? 0,fray;&if pmrvkyfawmhbl;vdkY jyem
&Smawmh? olwdkY vifr,m;rSm a&G;cs,fp&m r&SdaMumif;?
abusif;rSm wdkufcef;wpfcef; oD;oefY olYtwGuf iSm;ay;
cJh&aMumif; ajymonf/ olYom;u abusif;NrdKU BuD;rSm
ausmif;oGm;wufuwnf;u &kyf0wKMoZm vTrf;rdk;cH&
aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/

16 eSpfom; usef&SD,ef;uawmh olYrdbawG&JU
tdyfrufu olY&JU tdyfruf jzpfvmaMumif;? rdbawGu olh
twGuf cufcufcJcJ &kef;uef&ovdk? olvnf; tjyif;txef
MudK;pm;&aMumif; ajymonf/ olYtazu aiGr&Sd&if 'ku
a&mufr,fvdkY wzGzGajymNyD; BudK;pm;cdkif;onf[k qkdonf/

tck usef&SD,ef;u rD'D,mawGeJY tGefvdkif;ay:
awGrSm olYtaMumif; bmajymajym tjyKoabm jrif
aMumif;eJY edkifiH&yfjcm;rSm qufNyD; a'gufwmbGJY xyf,lOD;
r,fh taMumif; CCTV udk ajymcJhonf/
Source: Beijing Review & the Nation

63

tifwmAsL;

wkdif;jynftajymif;tvJESihf

ynma&;u@

q&m OD;odef;vGifESihf q&mOD;odef;EkdifwdkYudk

RFA q&mOD;opfqif;rS ar;jref;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;

aomw&Sifrsm;cifAsm; jrefrmekdifiHrSm tajymif;tvJawG pwifNyD; awGY
ae&NyDvkdY jynfwGif;jynfyu todtrSwfjyK ajymqkdMuwJh toHawG Mum;odcJh&
ygw,f/ eSpfaygif;av;q,fausmftwGif; Mum;aeus r[kwfwJh ekdifiH&JU yuwd
tajctaerSefeJY tifrwef eD;pyfwJh oHk;oyfajymqkdcsufawG orw OD;odef;pdef&JU
EIwfzsm;u xGufay:vmwm? a':atmifqef;pkMunfeJY tpkd;&Mum; xdawGY qufqH
rIawG tcsdefpdyfNyD;awmhvmwm? t&ifwkef;u ayxuf tu&m wifvkdY r&wJh
taMumif;t&mawG txkduftavsmuf a&;om;azmfjycGifh &vmwm? jrpfqHkqnf
udprSm jynfolYaomuukd orwu txkduftavsmuf ajzodrfhay;vkdufwm
pwmawGukd taMumif;jyKNyD;awmh jrefrmjynf wu,f ajymif;vJawmhrSmvm;vkdY
edkifiHwumuvnf; apmifhMunfhaewm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ajymif;vJ pjyKNyDqkdwJh
jrefrmekdifiHrSm zGHYNzdK;wkd;wwfrI twGuf tajccH ya&m*suf jzpfwJh ynma&;u@
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eJY ywfoufwJh owif;awG aqG;aEG; jiif;ckHwJh toHawGuawmh
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rMum;&ao;ygbl;/ tJh'gaMumifh tckwywf tm&ftufzfat (RFA)
we*FaEG pum;0kdif;rSm ]ajymif;vJp jrefrmekdifiHeJY ynma&;pDrHrI taMumif;}aqG;aEG;
wifjyzkdY pDpOfxm;ygw,f/ tJh'DtwGuf xkdif;ekdifiHtajcpkduf ynma&;yg&*l
a'gufwm odef;vGif? xkdif;jrefrme,fpyfrSm ynma&;vkyfief;awG aqmif&GufaewJh
q&mOD;odef;ekdifwkdYukd zdwfac:xm;ygw,f/ uJ uRefawmfwkdY pum;0kdif; pvkduf
&atmifvm;/
64


q&mwkdYcifAsm;? wu,fawmh ynma&;qkdwm
tifrwef us,fjyefY euf&Idif;wJh bmom&yfjzpfygw,f/
ynma&;qkdif&m t,ltqawG? oDtkd&DawGuvnf;
trsm;juD;yJ&Sdygw,f/ tJh'DtxJurS OD;qHk;yxr ynm
ta&;BuD;yHk taMumif;eJY pvkdufcsifygw,f/ 20 &mpk
aeSmif;ykdif; 1990 w0dkufavmufu ynmacwfqkdwJh
a0g[m& pjyD;awmh Mum;vmcJh&ygw,f/ urmBuD;[m ynm
acwfxJ 0ifvmNyDwJh/ tJh'Dawmh ynm&JU wefzkd;eJY ynmacwf
qkdwmuae pwifcsifygw,f/
ar;/ / q&ma'gufwmodef;vGifcifAsm;? ynmeJY ynmacwf
tay: q&m&JUtjrif odyg&apcifAsm/
a'gufwmodef;vGif/ /[kwfuJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGrSm?
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm? pDrHcefYcGJa&;rSm 'D twwfynm? enf;ynm
awGeJY aqmif&GufzkdY vkdvmwJhtwGuf 'g ekdifiHwumrSm
ynmacwf qkdNyD;awmh ajymvmwmjzpfw,f/ aemuf vkyf
ief;uRrf;usifrIrSmvnf;yJ topftopf awGY&SdcsufawGu
rsm;wJhtwGuf xyfxyfavhvmqnf;yl;zkdY vkdw,f/ 'g
aMumifh ynmu tNrJwrf; qnf;yl;zkdY vkdw,f/ 'gaMumifh
ynmu ykdta&;BuD;vmw,f/ aemuf ynmu 'D ekdifiHwpf

ckrSm ekdifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;? usef;rma&;? vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI

utp tifrwef tajccHuswJh u@wpfckjzpfw,f/

'gaMumifhynma&;u ta&;BuD;w,f/ jrefrmekdif
iH jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfawmhr,fqkd&if ynma&;ukd
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfEkdifrS jrefrmekdifiH wkd;wwfekdifr,fvdkY
uRefawmfem;vnfw,f/
ar;/
/ [kwfuJh? [kd q&mOD;odef;ekdif&JU tjrifvnf;
odyg&ap cifAsm/
q&mOD;odef;ekdif/ / [kwfuJhyg? ynmacwfvkdY ac:a0:
oHk;pJG&wJh t"dyg,fxJrSm &nf&G,fcsufawG trsm;BuD; &Sdyg
w,f/ qkdawmh 'DuaeYacwf tvkyfwkdif;[m todynmeJY
PfynmeJY ,SOfNyD;awmh? twwfynmeJY ,SOfNyD;awmh
vkyfukdifrS jzpfr,fqkdwmukd ynmacwfu zGihfqkd ay;xm;
wmjzpfw,f/ 'DtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY&JU 'Dtqifhqifhwkdif;rSm
vkyfukdifaeMuwJh tvkyfawG? vkyfief;yHkoPmef trsKd;rsKd;
awGtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY todynm? twwfynm vkd
tyfw,fqkdwmukd ynmacwfu awmif;qkdaewm jzpf
ygw,f/

65

ar;/
/[kwfuJhcifAsm;? jrefrmrSmvnf; 'D ]]ynm
a&Ttkd;vlrckd;}} ]]ynm&J&ifh yJGv,fwifh}} pwmawG pum;ykH
awG&Sdygw,f/ 'gawGu vlwpfa,mufcsif;ukdom &nfnTef;
wm r[kwfbJeJY ekdifiHawmfawG txdyg tusKH;0ifw,fvhkd
,lqrdygw,f cifAsm/ 'D ynmjynfh0wJh ol[m vlY tokdif;
t0kdif;Mum;rSm wifhw,fw,f qkdwJh twkdif;yJ ynm&J&ifhwJh
ynmwwf aygrsm;wJh ynmtqifhjrifhwJh ekdifiH[mvnf;
edkifiHwumtv,frSm wifhwifhw,fw,f &Sdw,fvkdh qkd&m
a&mufw,fvkdY xifygw,f/ tJh'gaMumifh ]]ynma&;rSm
&if;ESD;jrKyfeSHyg? OD;aeSmufrSm &if;ESD;jrKyfeSHyg}} qkdwJh ajymqkd
csufawG xGufay:vmaeygw,f/ pifumylqkd&if ynm
uRef;vkdhawmif ac: Muygw,f/ tJhawmh ynma&;rSm &if;ESD;
jrKyfESHrI ta&;BuD;yHkukd q&mOD;odef;vGif ajymjyygOD;cifAsm/
a'gufwmodef;vGif/ / [kwfuJh? ynma&;[m 'g vlom;
t&if;jrpfjzpfw,f/ 'Dvlom; t&if;tjrpf&JU &if;ESD; jrKyfeSHrI
jzpfw,f/ vlawG[m todynm &SdvmNyDqkd&if 'D tod
ynmeJY ukd,fhekdifiH ukd,fha'o ukd,fhywf0ef;usif aumif;
atmif aqmif&Gufedkifw,f/ 'D ynmeJY twwfynm? enf;
ynmawG wDxGifzefwD;edkifr,f/ ykdaumif;wJh vlYtzGJY
tpnf;ukd zefwD;edkifr,f/ ynmu tajccH usw,f? ynm eJY
pOf;pm; oHk;oyfekdifw,f? ykdif;jcm;a0zefEkdfifw,f/ 'DtwGuf
ynmu ta&;BuD;w,f/ tJh'DtwGuf ynmtwGuf
&if;eSD;jrKyfeSHrI vkdw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm t&if;teSD;
jrKyfeSHovkd 'D ekdifiHwpfck zGHYNzdK; wdk;wwfvmzkdY twGuf vlom;
t&if;tjrpfrSm &if;eSD;jrKyfESHzdkY vkdw,f/ vlom;t&if;tjrpf
wkd;wufzdkY qkd&if ynma&;ukd t"du xm;&r,f/ 'D uRef
awmfwkdY edkifiHrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGmaygY? ynma&;ukd &if;eSD;
jrKyfeSHrIrSm enf;vmwJhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY ekdifiH[m 'DaeY
rSm ynma&;rSm aemufus usef&pfcJhw,f/ ckeu ajymwJh
pifumylekdifiHwkdY? tck xkdif;ekdifiHqkd&if ynma&;rSm &if;eSD;
jrKyfeSHrIawG trsm;BuD; vkyfw,f/ 'D edkifiH toHk; p&dwfawG&JU
yrmP BuD;BuD;ukd ynma&;rSm oHk;w,f/ 'gaMumifh
xkdif;edkifiHu vlawG[m todynmawG wwfvmw,f?
uRrf;usifrIawG &Sdvmw,f/ 'gaMumifh xkdif;edkifiH&JU pD;yGm;a&;
[m wkd;wufvmw,f? vlaerI tqifhtwef;awG jrifhvm
w,ff/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY ekdifiHuvnf; ynma&;rSm
trsm;BuD; pkdufxkwf oHk;pGJzkdY vkdygw,f/

oHk;w,fvkdh ajymMuygw,f/
q&mOD;odef;ekdif/ /uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm tck tifrwefrS
ynma&;toHk;p&dwf enf;w,fqkdwJhOpmukd vuf&Sd uRef
awmfwkdY ynma&;rSm &ifqkdifBuHKawGY ae&wJh tusyf
twnf;? tcuftcJawGukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomekdif
w,f/ trsm;BuD; wkd;jrifhzkdY vkdtyfaew,f qkdwmukdvnf;
uRefawmfwkdY ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;? aemuf uav;
oli,frsm;&JU vuf&Sd ynma&; tajctae vkyfief;cGif tajc
tae? ynma&;vkyfief; tajctaeawGukd Munfhr,fqdkvkdY
&Sd&if txif;om; jrifekdifygw,f/ ausmif;raeekdifMu ao;
wJh uav;i,f oHk;yHkwpfyHkavmuf &Sdaeekdifw,fvkdY uRef
awmfwkdY okawoe &v'fawGt& awGYekdifw,f? aemufNyD;
awmhvnf; q&m? q&mrawG&JU tvkyf *kPfodumeJY
ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf;yJ wkd;jrifhzkdY vkdtyfaew,f/ aemuf
t&nftaoG;ykdif; qkdif&mayghAsm/ ynma&; t&nftaoG;
twGuf tqifhwkdif;rSm tajccHynmtqifh rl?v,f?xuf
tqifh aemufNyD;vkdY&Sd&if 'D wuodkvfynma&;? aemuf
toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;ynma&;? qkdawmh 'D ynmacwfrSm
vlY*kPfodumeJYtnD aeekdifzkdYtwGufu ynma&;rSm r&Sd
rjzpfukd uRefawmfwkdYu &if;eSD;jrKyfeSH&awmhrSm qkdawmh
uRefawmfwkdY vuf&Sd oHk;pGJaewJh yrmP[m acwf tquf
quf q,fpkeSpf awmfawmfMumMumrSm tifrwef enf;yg;cJh
w,f/ 'DtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY trsm;BuD; jyefNyD;awmh
pOf;pm;MuzkdY vkdtyfygw,f/ tqrwef ppf toHk;p&dwfukd
oHk;pGJ aewmukdawmh aocsmayguf avQmhcs NyD;awmh uRef
awmfwkdY ynma&;u@ukd jrifhwifr,f qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh
uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf tvm;tvm aumif;wJh ynma&;
pepfukd &ekdifygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'D vuf&Sd uRefawmfwkdY taeeJY
tenf;qHk; 6 &mckdifEIef;avmufukd oHk;oifhw,fvkdY ekdifiH
wumu tBuHjyKxm;wmawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ 'geJYtnD
vkdufygaqmif&GufzkdY ta&;wBuD; vkdtyfygw,f/

ar;/ /[kwfuJhq&m? tck uRefawmfwkdh 'D jrefrmekdifiH rSm

awGYae&wmuawmh 'D apmapmu ajymcJhwJhtwkdif; 'D
ynma&;p&dwfpuawGu enf;enf;BuD;rm;wm? rdbawG
u pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef; edrfhusvmwJh tcgrSm tckqkd&if
'Duav; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'Dtpkd;&.. pmoifausmif;
ar;/ /[kwfuJh? uRefawmfwkdh 'DjrefrmekdifiHrSmawmh ekdifiH awGrSm raeekdifawmhbJeJY eD;pyf&m bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
awmf bwf*suf&JU 40 &mckdifeIef;u ppfwyfqDukd oGm;NyD; ynma&;bufukd OD;vSnfhoGm;Muwm rsm;aew,fvkdhvnf;
awmh ynma&;twGufu 2 &mckdifEIef; eD;yg;avmufav;yJ od&ygw,f/ Oyrm- 'D reav;u ausmif;wkdufqkd&if
66

ausmif;om;ta&twGuf axmifausmfavmuf &Sdaew,f

vkdh od&ygw,f/ tJh'grsKd; bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;awGrSm
ausmif;om;ta&twGufawG rsm;vmawmh 'D..jrefrmekdif
iHrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynma&;u enf;enf;rsm; jyefrsm;
OD;armh vmekdifwJh tajctaersm; &Sdygovm; q&mwkdY a&/
q&mOD;odef;vGif/ / [kwfuJh? 'Dbkef;awmfBuD;awG oif
ay;aewJh twGuf 'D uav;awG pmwwfaew,fvkdY uRef
awmf tJh'Dvkd jrif&NyD/ 'D..bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;awG[m
p&dwf ray;&wJhtwGuf rdbawGu bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
ukd tm&kHpkdufvmNyD/ tJh'D tjyif bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;awG
[m apwemxm; oifwJhtwGuf t&nftcsif; jynfhrDwJh
ynma&;ukd &w,f/ txl;ojzifh azmifawmfOD;ausmif;
qkd&if uav;awGukd *&kpkduf oifwJhtwGuf uav;awGu
aumif;aumif;pmwwfw,f? trSwf aumif;aumif; &
w,f/ qkdawmh tJh'DtwGuf rdbawGu 'D azmifawmfOD;
ausmif;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh p&dwfvnf;rukefbl;/ aumif;wJh
ynma&;&w,f/ tJh'gaMumifh rdbawGu bkef;awmfBuD;
oif ynma&;ukd tm;ukd;vmMuwm jzpfw,f/ tJhawmh 'g
aus;Zl;wifp&m aumif;w,f/ 'Dbkef;awmfBuD;awG aqmif
&Gufay;wJhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY uav;awG 'D ynm
aumif;aumif; &aewmjzpfw,f/
ar;/
/[kwfuJh q&m 'D 20 &mpkrukefcifrSm 'D
a[mifaumif? pifumyl? awmifukd;&D;,m;? xkdif0rf (4) edkif
iH ayghaemf 'D.. zGhHjzkd;wkd;wwfvmwJh 'D ta&Shawmiftm&S ekdif
iH tcsKdU udk tm&Swkduf&Jh usm;ekdifiHawGvkdh ac:cJhMuygw,f/
tJhawmh uRefawmfwkdY orkdif;ukd jyefMunfhawmh 'D vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;p tcsdefrSm jrefrmedkifiH[m a'owGif;rSm yxr
qHk;aom usm;jzpfr,fh vrf;ay:ukd pNyD;awmh a&mufcJhw,f
qkdwm ay:vGifaeygw,f/ tJh'D usm; ekdifiHawGrSmvnf;yJ
aemuf pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG vkyfwmeJYtnD
wpfzufrSmvnf; 'D..ynma&; wkd;wwfajymif;vJrIukdyg
wNydKifeuf vkyfcJhw,fvkdh Mum;od&ygw,f/ qkdawmh tck
jrefrmekdifiHrSm pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG t&ifqHk;OD;
vkyfaewmeJY tnD ynma&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGrSm
vkyfNyDqkd&if rSefuefwJh ynma&; rl0g'rsKd; csrSwfzkdY ta&;BuD;
w,fvkdYvJ ajymMuygw,f/ qkdawmh q&ma'gufwm
odef;vGif cifAsm? 'D..jrefrmekdifiHeJY oifhawmfwJh ynma&;
rl0g' taMumif;vnf; odyg&ap cifAsm/
a'gufwmodef;vGif/ / [kwfuJh? yxrqHk; 'D..uav;
tm;vHk; ausmif;aeekdifatmif vkyf&r,f/ tck jrefrmekdifiHu

ckeu ynma&; toHk;p&dwf enf;wJhtwGuf ausmif; rvHk

avmufbl;? q&m rvHkavmufbl;/ rdbawGu uav;&JU
ausmif;ynma&;rSm pkdufxkwfoHk;pGJ&awmh rdbrwwfekdif
awmh ausmif;rxm;ekdifbl;/ tJhtwGuf uav;tajrmuf
tjrm; ausmif;rae&wm &Sdw,f/ tJh'DtwGuf jrefrmekdifiH
u uav;awGtm;vHk; ausmif;aeekdifatmif vkyf&r,f/ 'g
uav;tm;vHk; ausmif;aeekdifzkdYu roifrae& t&G,frSm
ekdifiHtpkd;&wm0ef &Sdw,f/ ekdifiHtpkd;& tmPmeJY 'Duav;
tm;vHk;ausmif;aeekdifatmif vkyf&r,f/ rdbrSm 0ef rydap
&bl;/ rdb0ifaiG enf;onfjzpfap? rsm;onfjzpfap rdbrSm
0efrydbJeJY uav;tm;vHk; ausmif;aeekdifwJhtqifh a&muf
atmifvkyf&r,f/ tck NyD;cJhwJh 'Dvykdif;awGuawmh ausmif;
awGrSm uav;awGtwGuf 0ifaMu; r,lawmhbl;? aiG
raumufawmhbl;vkdY ajymaeayr,fh wjcm;tcuftcJ
awGu &Sdao;w,f/ rdbawGu 'D uav;awG tvkyfckdif;
aewmawG? wjcm;rSm rdbawGu uav;twGuf pkdufoHk;
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w,f/ tck ajymaeoHMum;wJh qif;&JrI yaysmufa&; qkdwm
qif;&JrIyaysmufa&;&JU tajccHu ynmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;u
ynmoifatmif vkyfekdif&if uRrf;usifrIawG &SdvmNyD/
'gqkd&if toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynmawG em;vnfvm
r,f/ 'gqkd&if 'Dqif;&JrI avsmhoGm;r,f/ qif;&JrI yaysmuf
a&;&JU tajccHu ynmyJ? qif;&JrI avsmhyg;a&;rSm tJh'D
pum;vHk;oHk;wm uRefawmf rMum;ao;bl;/ qif;&JrI
avsmhyg;a&; twGuf ta&;BuD;wJh tcsufu ynma&;rSm
&if;eSD;jrKyfeSHzkdYvkdw,f/
ar;/
/[kwfuJh q&m aemuf 'Dynma&;rSm &if;ESD;jrKyfESH
yHk jrKyfESHenf;eJY ywfoufvkdYaum q&mwdkY b,fvdkrsm; jrif
ygvJ cifAsm/
q&mOD;odef;vGif/ / uRefawmfh tjrifajym&&ifawmh
tm;vHk;roifrae& ynma&;vkyfzkdY vkdw,f/ NyD;awmh
uav;awG t&nftcsif; &SdwJh ynmoifekdifzkdY vkdw,f/
uav;awG t&nftcsif;&SdwJh ynmoifekdifzkdY qkd&if
uav;awG ol[mol tm;xkwf oifekdifatmif pDpOf
aqmif&Guf ay;&r,f/ q&mawGtwGuf vHkavmufwJh
vkdtyfwJh oifwef;awG ay;&r,f/ q&mawGukd uRrf;usifrI
&Sdatmif vkyf&r,f/ uav;awGudk ukd,fwkdifavhvm
oif,lekdifwJh pmtkyfpmwrf;? tifwmeuf ponfjzifh
tJh'Dvkdenf;vrf;awG &atmifvkyfay;&r,f/ aemuf 'D
q&mawGrSm vGwfvyfpGmaygY/ olwkdY oifMum;enf;pepf
67

awGrSm vGwfvyfpGm oHk;ekdifwJh ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifh

q&mawGrSm &SdzkdY vkdw,f/ aemuf tJh'D tjyifukd pDrHceffYcGJjcif;
rSmyg odyfwif;usyfwm r[kwfbJeJY 'D..ausmif;awG? q&m
awGrSm tck a'oq&mawGrSm 'D ynma&;twGuf pDrHcefYcGJ
edkifw,f? tkyfcsKyfwJh enf;pepfawGyg jyKjyifzkdYvkdw,f/

qkkdvkdY&Sd&if tqkkd;&Gm;qHk;? txdckdufqHk; &ifqkdif ae&wJh tajc

taeu ynma&;u@vkkdY ajymMuw,f/ qkkdawmh uRef
awmfwkdY rsKd;qufawGukd bmawG vufqifhurf; aeovJ
qkkdwm[m uRefawmfwkdY tm;vHk; jyefvSefoHk;oyf pOf;pm;&
rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'DtwGufukd uRefawmfwkdYzufuaeNyD;awmh
wifjycsifwmu t&nftaoG;ukkd jrifhwifzkdY trsm;BuD; vdk
ar;/ /[kwfuJh tckawmh 'D jrefrmekdifiHrSm uRefawmf tyfw,f/ t&nftaoG;ukkd jrifhwifwJh ae&mrSmvnf;yJ
wkdY [kd pm&if;Z,m;wpfckt& qkd&if 'D jrefrmekdifiHrSm u@aygif;pHkayghaemf? qufpyfaqmif&Guf pOf;pm;ekkdifzkdY
rlvwef; NyD;atmifawmif raeekdifwJh ausmif;ol? ausmif; vkkdtyfw,fqkdwm axmufjycsifygw,f/
om; ta&twGufu awmfawmfav; rsm;w,fvkdh Mum;zl;yg
w,f/ [kd 40 &mckdifEIef; avmufrsm;awmif &Sdrvm; awmif q&mOD;odef;vGif/ / q&mOD;odef;ekkdif ajymovkkd uRef
rodygbl; cifAsm/
awmfwdkY oif&dk;nTef;wrf;u pjyif&r,f/ uRefawmfwkdY
q&mOD;odef;ekdif/ /[kwfuJh uav;awG ausmif;pmoif vuf&Sd oHk;aewJh oif&dk;nTef;wrf;u zwfpmtkkyfrSm ygwJh
cef;xJrSm ra&mufbl; qkdvkdY&Sd&if? ausmif; raeedkifbl; pmukkd tvGwfusufckdif;wm jzpfaew,f/ qkkdawmh uRef
qkd&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY ckeu ajymwJh ynm vlY awmfwkdY uav;twGuf vkkdtyfwJh oif&kd;nTef;wrf;u 'D..
tzGJYtpnf;twGufukd pdwful;,Of tdyfruf rufvkdY &whJ tcsuftvufawGtjyifukd? tcsuftvufawGukd em;
tqifhawmif r&Sdao;ygbl;/ 'D ynmacwfrSm ausmif;aecGifh vnfwJh tjyifukd uRrf;usifrI&SdwJh enf;pepfawG oGm;&r,f/
r&wm? pmoifcef; twGif;zufukd ra&mufbl;wJh uav; uRrf;usifrIqkdwm vlrIaygif;oif; qufqHa&; qkkdif&m uRrf;
awG &SdaeorQ umvywfvHk;awmh uRefawmhwkdY[m usifrI? qufoG,fa&; uRrf;usifrI? enf;ynmqkkdif&m
wkd;wwfzGHYNzdK;rI? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&mzGHYNzdK;rI? qif;&JrGJawrI uRrf;usifrI? NyD;awmh b0twGuf vkkdtyfwJh wjcm; uRrf;
avsmhcsrI 'gawGtwGuf trsm;BuD; pOf;pm;p&m &Sdaew,f/ usifrIawG? olwkdYb0 wpfoufom vkkdtyfwJh usef;rma&;
apmapmu q&mOD;odef;vGif ajymoGm;ovkdyJ? ynmu qkkdif&m todawG? aygif;oif; qufqHa&; todawG?
tc&m usaew,f/ qkdawmh 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfwkdY ,Ofaus;rIawG? wefzkd;xm;rIawG/ tJh'Dvkdukd oifekdifwJh
q&mawG&JU tajctae jrifhwifay;&rSm jzpfovkkd uav; oif&dk;nTef;wrf;ukkd ajymif;zkkdYvkdw,f/ tckk tvGwfusufwJh
awG tm;vHk; pmoifcef;xJa&mufzkdY? aemufwpfcsufu [mu pmtkkyfxJrSm a&;wJhpmu uav;wpfa,mufu
ta&;BuD;wmu 'D vuf&Sdausmif;awGrSm toHk;jyK aewJh olYb0rSm vkkdtyfwJh taMumif;t&mawG&JU q,fyHk wpfyHk
oif&dk;nTef;wrf;ayghAsm/ b,fvdk ynma&;rsKd; avhusifh awmif uRefawmfwkdY pmtkkyfu ray;ekkdifbl;/ tJh'DtwGuf
ysKd;axmifay; aeovJ/ qkkdawmh ynma&;&JU &nf&G,fcsuf ausmif;pmtkkyfukd tvGwfusufwm[m uav; wpf
wpfcku ]wm0ef,lvkdpdwf &SdwJh ekkdifiHom;awG}? todynm a,muf&JU b0twGuf rvHkavmufbl;/ uav; wpf
Pfjynfh0NyD;awmh 'D eSvHk;&nfvnf; vSwJh rdrd&yf&Gm? rdrd&JU a,muf&JU vkkdtyfwm? b0 &ifqkdifekdifwJh jyemawGukd
vlYtzGJYtpnf;rSm wefzkd;&SdwJh tvkkyfuav;awG twGuf udk b,fvkd ajz&Sif;rvJ/ b,fvkd pOf;pm;awG;ac:rvJ/
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qkkdwmukkd od&w,f/ 'DtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY wkkdif;jynfrSm
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jzpfygw,f/ 'Dxuf ykkdqkd;oGm;wmuawmh ynma&;rSm tJhawmh 'D q&mu@ jrifhwifa&;eJY ywfoufvkdYuaum
t*wd vkkdufpm;rIawG &Sdaew,f/ uRefawmfwkdY wkkdif;jynf&JU jrefrmedkifiH rSm b,fvkdrsm; aqmif&Guf ekkdifygovJ cifAsm/
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avawmh/ ekkdifiHwpfekdifiHrSm t*wd vkkdufpm;rI qkkd;&Gm;w,f 0rf;ausmif;qkkdif&m pHjrifh&r,f/ q&m&JU tvkkyfu wjcm;
68

]].... ynmtwGuf
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wdk;wwfvmzkdY twGuf vlom;
t&if;tjrpfrSm &if;eSD;jrKyfESHzdkY vkdw,f/
vlom;t&if;tjrpf wkd;wufzdkY qkd&if
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q&mOD;odef;vGif
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twef;ukkd jrifhzkdYvdkw,f/ olwkdY&JU vlrIa&; apmifha&Smuf
a&;t&? usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrI? olwkdY&JU vpm? olwdkY
*kkPfodum? 'gawG jrifhwwfNyD;&if? tJh'gqkd&if 'D.. q&m&JU
u@[m jrifhvmr,f/ aemuf q&m&JU t&nftaoG; jrifh
vmzkkdYtwGuf q&mawGukd oif,lekdifzkdY twGuf? tNrJwrf;
qnf;yl;ekkdifzkdYtwGuf vkkHavmufwJh taxmuftyhH ay;zkkdY
vkkdw,f/ 'D..q&mawG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf olwkdY
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toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rSm aumif;aumif; uRrf;uRrf;usif
usif wwfajrmufatmif oif,lekdifwJh tcGifhtvrf; &Sd
r,fqkd&if uRefawmfwkdY q&mawG&JU t&nftaoG;
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xkkwfNyD;awmh q&mawG t&nftaoG; jrifhatmifvkyfzkdY
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wmvnf; 'D q&mawG&JU 'D..vlrIa&;qkkdif&m wefzkd;awGaygh
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Mum;&ygw,fcifAsmh/
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OD;opfqif;/
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q&mawGukd wefzkd;xm;cJhzl;wJh jrefrmh vlYtzGJYtpnf;ukkd jyef
vnf &&SdekdifzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY BudK;pm;MuzdkY vkkdtyf
w,f/ todynm? b0twGuf toHk;0ifr,fh todynm?
twwfynmawGukd wefzkd;xm;cJhzl;wJh vlYtzGJYtpnf;[m
aysmufqHk;oGm;wm MumcJhjyD/ q&mawG&JU wefzkd;? *kkPfodum
[mvnf;yJ aysmufqHk; oGm;wm MumcJhNyD/ 'Dawmh 'D.. aysmuf
qHk;oGm;wm MumNyDjzpfwJh uRefawmfwdkY&JU pHwefzkd;awGudk
jyefvnf &&SdzkdYtwGuf BudK;pm;wJh ae&mrSm q&mawG&JU
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tm;vHk;ukkd jyKjyifajymif;vJay;zkkdY vkkdtyfaewmukkd od&yg
w,f/ qkkdawmh 'D..&yfwnfekdifrI&SdzkdYvnf; vkkdtyfw,f/
*kkPfodumESihf tnDayghAsm/ q&m&JU tvkkyftukkdifeJY
*kkPfodumeJY tnDyg/ tckku b,folrS rvkkyfcsifqHk;
tvkkyf[m ausmif;q&mtvkyf jzpfaeorQ umvywfvHk;
awmh uRefawmfwkdY wkkdif;jynf&JU tem*wf[m trsm;BuD;
&ifav;p&m jzpfygw,fq&m/

69

OD;opfqif;/
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tcsif; jrifhwifa&;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh [kkdwkef;uawmh
uRefawmfwkdY 'D jrefrmekkdifiHrSm q&mtwwfoif oifwef;
ausmif;awG &SdcJhw,fvkdY Mum;zl;ygw,fq&m/ tckkawmh 'D
q&mtwwfoif oifwef;ausmif;awG jyefrsm;zGifhzkdYrsm;
vkkdtyfovm; q&m/
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odkvfawGrSm? uRefawmfwkdYqDu jrefrmekkdifiH wuokdvf
zGJYpnf;yHku 'D bmom&yfwpfckukd wuodkvfwpfck vkkyf
aewm jzpfaew,fav/ wuokdvfawGrSm bmom&yf
aygif;pHk oifekdifwJh wuokdvfvkyf&if wuodkvfwkdif;rSm
q&menf;ynmukkd oifwJh XmeawGxm;zkkdY vdkw,f/ aemuf
wuokdvfuaeNyD;awmh q&mawGukd avhusifh ay;ekkdif
w,f/ aemuf wjcm;q&m twwfoifaumvdyfawG tJh'D
uae q&mawG avhusifhay;ekkdifw,f/ q&mawGukd rsm;rsm;
avhusifhay;zkkdY vkkdw,f/ 'D q&mawGukd enf;pepfawG
ay;NyD;rS pmoifcef;0ifwm ykkdaumif;w,f/ enf;pepfawG
ay;w,fqkdwm 'Duav;awG&JU zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI? uav;
pdwfynm? uav;awG b,fvkdoif,lvJ? uav;awG
oif,lekdifatmif b,fvkd pDpOfaqmif&Guf ay;&ovJqkdwJh
enf;ynmawG odNyD;awmh pmoifcef;ukkd 0if&if ykkdaumif;
w,f/ jrefrmjynf jzpfaewmu 'D rlvwef;q&m&JU tqifh
ukkd eSdrfhxm;w,f/ vpmt&? &mxl;t& eSdrfxm;w,f/ &mxl;
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rSm tawGYtBuHK&NyD;NyD? uav;awG taMumif; em;vnfNyD
qkkd&if olu rlvwef;u vpmenf;awmh vpmrsm;wJh
tv,fwef;ukkd ajymif;csifw,f/ tJhawmh tv,fwef;
a&mufawmh topf jyefjzpfoGm;NyD/ qkkdawmh u@wkkdif;u
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ta&;BuD;wJhtwGuf q&mu ol0goemygrIeJY uRrf;usifrI
tavsmuf olBudKufwJh u@rSm q&mtjzpfeJY avQmufxm;
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tqifhtwef; wef;wl &SdzkdYvdkw,f/ qkkdawmh q&mawGrSm 'D
70

vpm b,fvkd cGJjcm;ekkdifvJ qkkd&if q&m&JU olY&JU vkkyfoufeJY

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oifwJh ygarmu tqifhtxd &mxl;wuf oGm;ekkdifw,f/
tJh'gaMumifh rlvwef; ynm&JU u@ukkdvnf; jrifhwifw,f/
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OD;opfqif;/
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awmh *&kkpkdufzkdY vkkdw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYvkdY ykkdNyD;awmh uRrf;usif
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rSm pkpkaygif; q&mta&twGufu 270000 (eSpfodef;
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71

jrifrSmyg/ 'Dawmh 'D ausmif;q&m jyKpkysKd;axmifa&;[m uRef

awmfwdkY ekkdifiHrSm edkifiHawmftm*sif'g taeeJY xm;NyD;awmh
ta&;BuD;wJh OD;pm;ay; vkkyfief;taeeJY xm;&SdNyD;awmh vkkyf
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72

tawG;tac: t,ltq rwlwJh vlawG aygif;qHkvmwJh

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73

oHk;ckkrSm ta&;juD;w,fvkdY uRefawmfjrifw,f/

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(csufpum;yHk)

74

2011
txl;u@

urmhq&mrsm;aeY 2011

Teachers for
gender equality

5 October www.5oct.org

Education International
Internationale de lEducation
Internacional de la Educacin
Bildungsinternationale

United Nations
Cultural Organization

75

*sef'g wef;wlnDrQrI &Sd&efvkdtyf?

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2011 ckeSpf urmhq&mrsm;aeY
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UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, ILO and
Education International (EI)

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(2011 ckeSpf atmufwdkbm 5)

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76

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jzifh tusKd;rsm; cHpm;Mu&ygonf/

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tqifh tm;vHk;wdkYwGif trsKd;om;q&meSifh trsKd;orD;
q&mrrsm; 0ifa&mufvm&ef rufvHk;ay;&ygrnf/ odkYrSom
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ausmif;ae umvtwGif; erlem ,l&ef oifhavsmfaom pHjy
yk*dKvfrsm; &&dS&ef aocsmygrnf/


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ta&twGuf ydk ydk rsm;jym; vmaeaomfjim;vnf;
oifMum;a&; vkyfief; tajctaersm;? vpmeSifh vlaerI
tqifhtwef;wdkYrSmrl edrhfus ,dk,Gif;vsuf &Sdaeygonf/
tu,f q&mrsm;tm; ynma&;e,fy,f toD;oD;eSifh
ausmif;tqifh tm;vHk;&dS a,musfm;av;rsm;eSifh rdef;uav;
rsm;twGuf usm;-r wef;wlnDrQrIwGif twk,lp&m
pHjyyk*dKvf jzpfapvdkvQif oifMum;a&; vkyfief; usm;-r
wef;wl nDrQrI r&dSjcif;udk OD;pGm &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;&ygrnf/

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tkyfcsKyfolrsm;? wuodkvf? aumvdyfwdkYwGif pDrHcefYcJGolrsm;
eSifh ynma&; 0efBuD;Xmersm;twGif; qHk;jzwfcsuf csolrsm;
jzpfap&ef? odyH? ocFsmeSifh enf;ynm bmom&yfqdkif&m
q&mrrsm; ydkrdk rsm;jym; vmap&efeSifh rlBudKeSifh rlvwef;
ynma&; ynm&Sifrsm;wGifvnf; trsKd;om; q&mrsm; ydkrdk
rsm;jym; vmap&eftwGuf wef;wltcGifhta&; &&dSatmif
aqmif&Gufay;&ygrnf/

tcsufrsm;rSm t&nftaoG; jynfh0onfh oif
Mum;a&; tiftm;pk wnfaqmufa&;twGuf r@dKifrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/

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aom vkyfief;ESifh uav;rsm;twGuf t&nftaoG;&dSaom
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rsm; yHkazmf&eftwGuf q&mrsm;tm; tcGifhtvrf;ay;jcif;

Juan Somavia Director-General, ILO

xl;jrwfaomaeY jzpfay:&ef tpjyKcJhonfh
1966 ckeSpf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzJGYeSifh ,leuf
pudkwdkY\ q&mrsm; *kPfodumqdkif&m axmufcHcsufeSifh
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jynfht0 av;pm; vdkufemapa&;twGuf aqmif&GufMu yg
&ef ynma&;vkyfief; aqmif&GufaeMuonfh vkyfazmf udkif
zuf tm;vHk;wdkYudk wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/

a&&SnfzGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI? Nidrf;csrf;rI? 'Drdkua&pD?
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tzJGYtpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifedkifa&;twGuf tem*wf
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Muonfh q&meSifh q&mrtaygif;wdkY\ tm;xkwfrIrsm;eSifh

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enf;yg;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;udk azmfxkwf&efvnf; wif&dSaMumif;eSifh tm;ay;csD;ajrmufygaMumif; xyfrH azmfjy
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m tMurf;zufrIeSifh rzG,f tyfygonf/
r&m jyKrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyf
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,aeY 2011 ckeSpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &ufaeh
om;zGm;cGifhay;jcif; udp&yfrsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom wGif urmwpf0ef;vHk;&dS q&m? q&mrrsm;twGuf tcrf;
taxmuftyHhrsm; ay;&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ tu,f tem; usif;y&m uRekfyfwdkYeSifhtwl vufwJG aqmif&Guf
t&nftaoG; jynfh0onfh trsKd;orD; q&mrrsm;taejzifh MuygpdkY/ /
vlrIa&;aemufcH tm;enf;aom a'orsm;eSifh aus;vuf
a'orsm;wGif wm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef a&Smifz,f aeMurnf
Irina Bokova Director-General, UNESCO
qdkygu uav;rsm;udk ausmif;odkYydkY&ef 0efav;aeMuonfh
Anthony Lake E_ecutive Director, UNICEF
rdbrsm; ,HkMunf vufcHatmif uRekfyfwdkYtaejzifh rnfodkY
pnf;&Hk;edkif ygrnfenf;/
Helen Clark Administrator, UNDP
Fred van LEEUWEN General Secretary,
Education International

77

wifnTefY

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78

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xdktBuHtpnf pdwful;rsm;onf tar&duef
awmfvSefa&; (1775-1783) eSifh jyifopfawmfvSefa&;
(1789-1799) wdkYudk rsm;pGm oufa&mufrI&SdapNyD; vGwf
vyfjcif;? nDrQjcif;qdkonfh oabmw&m;rsm;udk tm;ay;
tm;ajrmuf jzpfapcJhonf/

jyifopfedkifiH trsKd;orD;a&; vIyf&Sm;olrsm;u
vGwfvyfjcif;? nDrQjcif;? cspfMunf &if;eSD;jcif;qdkonfh
rl0g'udk vufudkifxm;vQif tm;vkH; wef;wlnDrQ tcGifh
ta&; ay;&efvnf; vdkonf[k axmufjyMuonf/

tar&duef trsKd;orD;a&;&m vIyf&Sm;olrsm;u
wpfNydKifwnf;wGif tar&duef vGwfajrmufa&; aMunm
79

pmwef; trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf vGwfvyfcGifh edkifiHom; jzpf

cGifh? ypnf;Opm ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;udk xnfhoGif; aMunmedkifcJh
onf/

t*FvefwGif Mary Wollstonecraft onf A
Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) [l
onfh pmtkyfudk a&;cJhonf/ xdkpmtkyfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
twGuf wef;wlnDrQcGifheSifh ynma&; ydkrdkavhvm oifMum;
cGifhrsm;udk awmif;qdk wifjyxm;onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
ae&m ray; acsmifxdk;xm; MuonfhtjzpfESifh ,kwfnHhedrfh
usonfqdkaom t,ltqudk yxrOD;qkH; a0zefjypfwifcJh
onfh pmayvnf; jzpfonf/

19 &mpk tapmydkif;wGif NAdwdefedkifiH vlvwf
wef;pm; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tkyfpkav; wpfpkzGJYNyD; ynm
oifMum;a&;eSifh Oya'a&;&m (vufxyfrIqdkif&m) wdkYwGif
ydkrdk tcGifhta&; &&Sdapa&;? tvkyftudkif &&Sda&;? rJay;
ydkifcGifh&&Sda&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf wef;wlnDrsS tcGifhta&;
ay;&ef oabmw&m;t& axmufcHaqG;aEG; a&;om;cJhol
rsm;wGif tawG;tac:ynm&Sif John Stuart Mill onf
xif&Sm;onf/ ola&;om;onfh The Subjection of
Women (1869) wGif xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk a&;om;
cJhonf/ ZeD;jzpfol Harriet Taylor \ MoZmruif;aom
oabmw&m;rsm; jzpfonf[kvnf; axmufjyMuonf/

1850 aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;a&;
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&; &&Sda&;rS rJ
ay;cGifh &&Sda&;odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm; rJay;
ydkifcGifh vIyf&Sm;rI[l vlodrsm;onf/

xdkwdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifolrsm;wGif tar&duef
edkifiHrS Susan B. Anthony eSifh Elizabeth Cady Stanton wdkY xif&Sm;onf/ aemufydkif; trsKd;orD;rsm; rJay;ydkifcGifh
onf e,l;ZDvef? qdkAD,uf,leD,H? *smreD? ydkvef? MopBwD;
,m;eSifh qGD'ifedkifiHrsm;odkY ysHUeSHYoGm;onf/

19 &mpk aeSmif;ydkif;wGif trsKd;orD;a&;&m vIyf&Sm;
olrsm;u trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ppfrsufeSmwpfck zGifhum
wdkufyGJ0if vIyf&Sm; vmMujyefonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
pmay? tekynmeSifh tjcm;vlrIa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif trsKd;
om;rsm;eSifh wef;wltcGifhta&; &ydkifcGifhrsm;jzpfonf/

20 &mpkudk jyefajymif; MunfhvsSif ajrmuftar&d
ueSifh Oa&myedkifiHrsm;\ rD'D,mavmuwGif ]trsKd;orD;
opf} qdkonfh vIyf&Sm;rIudk awGY&rnfjzpfonf/ xdktrsKd;
orD; vIyf&Sm;rIjuD;\ pdefac:csufonf vlrItzGJYtpnf;
80

twGif; wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&; &ydkifcGifhrsm;tjyif? tpOf

tvmudk qefYusifcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifydkifcGifh? a&G;cs,f
0wfqifcGifhrsm;vnf; yg0ifaeaMumif; awGY&onf/

1920 ckeSpfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;a&;&m vIyf&Sm;ol
rsm;u wef;wlnDrQ qdkonfxuf trsKd;orD;rsm; bufudk
om tav;ay; pOf;pm; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;vkyfvmonf/ Oyrm
rdcifeSifh uav;rsm;twGuf zlvkHa&;eSifh apmifha&Smufa&;
wdkYudk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf vIyf&Sm; vmMuonf/ xdk
vIyf&Sm;rIonf trsKd;orD;a&; vIyf&Sm;rI 'kwd,vIdif;twGuf
ydkrdk tajccdkifrmaponfh vIyf&Sm;rI vIdif;BuD;wpfck jzpfvm
apcJhonf/
trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJ 'kwd,vIdif;

'kwd, vIdif;vkH;BuD;awG wufvmap&ef wGef;
tm; ay;vdkufonfh vIyf&Sm;rIonf trsm;jynfeSifh ouf
qdkifonfh tcGifhta&;vIyf&Sm;rI wpfckrS pwifvdkufjcif; jzpf
onf/

1960 jynfheSpfrsm;wGif ajrmuftar&duwdkuf
ppfqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; acwfpm;vmonf/ Oa&my?
tm&SeSifh MopaMw;vQwdkYwGif ppfqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmonf/ trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;
vIyf&Sm;rItaejzifh udk,fydkif qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh? vdifcGJjcm;rI
r&Sda&;wdkYudk tar&duef&Sd trsKd;orD;xku wufMuGpGm
vIyf&Sm; vmcJhMuonf/

xdkt,ltqrsm;onf 1970 eSifh 1978 ckeSpfrsm;
wGif awmif;qdkcsuf 7 csuf jzpfay:vmap&ef taxmuf
tuljyKonfh tawG;tjrifrsm; [lvnf; qdk&rnf/
awmif;qdkcsuf 7 csufwGif...
(1) vkyfcvpm nDwlnDrQ &cGifh
(2) wef;wlnDrQ ynmoifcGifheSifh tvkyftudkif &&Sdedkif onfh
tcGifhta&;
(3) aiGaMu;eSifh w&m;Oya'qdkif&m
(4) uav;apmifha&SmufrIwGif 24 em&D wm0ef,l&jcif;
(5) vGwfvyfpGm y#doaEwm;ydkifcGifh? zsufcsydkifcGifheSifh
&,lydkifcGifh
(6) vdifqufqHrIqdkif&m vGwfvyfydkifcGifh? vdifwlcsif;
qufqHrIudk rdrdoabmus qkH;jzwfydkifcGifh
(7) twif;tusyf t"rjyKum vdifqufqHjcif;wdkYrS
uif;vGwfcGifhrsm; yg0ifonf/


trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJ 'kwd,vIdif;\ tv,f
oabmw&m;rsm;onf wpfOD;csif;qdkif&m edkifiHa&; t,l
tqrsm; jzpfvmonf/

trsKd;orD; wpfOD;csif;pD\ cHpm;csufydkif;eSifh
rsm;pGm oufqdkifvmonf/ trsKd;orD;wpfOD;udk txD;usef
pGm ypfy,fxm;NyD; zdeSdyf csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;jzifh a0'em rcH
pm;apoifhqdkaom t,ltqrsm; acwfpm;vmonf/ xdk
tcsdefu vlrIa&;eSifh edkifiHa&; e,fy,fwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
twGuf ae&m odyf r&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/

xdkt,ltqrsm;onf jyifopf tawG;tac:
ynm&Sif Simone de Beauvoir eSifh tar&duef trsKd;orD;
a&; vIyf&Sm;ol pma&;q&mr Kate Millett wdkY\ tawG;
pmayrsm;jzifh xGef;um;vmapcJhonf/ taemufwdkif; vlY
abmif tzGJYtpnf;onf olwdkY\ ta&;tom;rsm;aMumifh
zdeSdyf cHae&rIrsm;udk ydkNyD; *&kpdkuf vmrdMuonf/

Beauvoir u olr\ The Second Se_
(1949) wGif taemufwdkif; vlYabmifu a,mufsm;awG
r[kwfwmvkyfvsSif omref[k,lqNyD;? rdef;rawG vdkufvkyf
vQif azmufjyefonf[l ,lqMujcif;aMumifh rdef;rrsm;
onf ]oD;jcm;} jzpfoGm;&onf[k axmufjyonf/ trsKd;
orD;rsm;wGifvnf; txl;oD;oefY cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdonfudk
todtrSwf jyKMu&ef olu awmif;qdkxm;onf/

Kate Millett u olr\ Sexual Politics
(1970) wGif trsKd;om;rsm;onf t&m&mudk OD;aqmif&rnf
qdkonfh t,ltqudk rdom;pkeSifh ,Ofaus;rIwGif twif;
t"r vufcHapjcif;? txl;ojzifh pmaye,fwGif ae&m,l
vGef;jcif;rsm;udk axmufjy a0zefxm;onf/

aemufydkif;wGif trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&; vIyf&Sm;
olrsm; aygif;pnf;nDnGwfpGmjzifh olwdkYtay: ,Ofaus;rI
t&vnf;aumif;? aemufcH ordkif;aMumif;t& vnf;
aumif; zdeSdyfrIrsm;udk wGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf&ef awmif;qdk
vmMuonf/

trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJ 'kwd,vIdif;onf trsKd;orD;
eSifh trsKd;om;rsm;onf &kyfydkif;eSifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIrsm;udk tav;teuf xm;vmMuonf/ pdwfynm
&Sif Sigmund Freud \ avhvm qef;ppfcsuft& vlom;
wdkif; twlwljzpfonfqdkonfh t,ltqudk axmufjyMu
onf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;eSifh uGmjcm;
csufrSm cEmudk,f tcsKd;tpm;? [efyef taetxm;eSifh
udk,f0efaqmifjcif;? rD;zGm;jcif;wdkYomjzpfonf/ ,if;t

csufonf t"duusonfh tcsufjzpfNyD; a,mufsm;xuf

rdef;ru omvGefonfh tcsufyifjzpf&rnf/ xdkuGmjcm;csuf
aMumifh edrfhusrI rjzpfap&[l axmufjyMuonf/

trsKd;orD;wdkY\ obm0onf tm;enf;csuf
r[kwf/ tm;enf;onf[l r,lqoifhaMumif; wifjy
aqG;aEG;vmMuonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf touftE
&m,faMumifhvnf;aumif;? tvkyfcGifwGif tcsdefjynfh wm
0ef xrf;aqmifvdkonfh twGufaMumifh vnf;aumif;
vif,l om;arG;cGifhudk jyKcsifrS jyKedkifonfqdkonfh oabm
w&m;rsm;vnf; acwfpm;vmjyefonf/

trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJwGif owdjyKp&m tcsufrSm
a,mufsm;rsm;onf rdef;rrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;vdkjcif;? tm;EGJY
ol[l qufqHjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrm tar&duef
ynm&Sif Mary Daly u olr\ GynaEcology (1979)
pmtkyfwGif a,mufsm;awG BuD;pdk;onfhacwfwGif rdef;r
rsm;udk twif;tusyf umrqufqHjcif; cH&&eftwGuf
rdef;r jzpfae&jcif;eSifh? a,mufsm;awG xifwdkif; jyKrledkifcGifh
udk NidrfoufcH&ef jzpfae&jcif;udk axmufjyxm;onf/

trsKd;orD;vIyf&Sm;rIudk OD;aqmifaeMuolrsm;u
vdifrIqdkif&m tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk rdrd tdrfwGif;eSifh jyify
avmu cGJjcm;p&m rvdkaMumif;? rdrdZeD;r,m;qdkNyD; t"r
usifh r&aMumif;? a,mufsm;BuD;pdk;aom acwfqdkNyD; rdef;r
rsm;udk xifwdkif; eSdrfhcs qufqH r&aMumif; aqG;aEG; vmMuonf/

trsKd;orD;a&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;wGif xif&Sm;onfh
81

tar&duefrS Andrea Dworkin qdkolu a,mufsm;rsm;

onf trsKd;orD;rsm;\ 0wfvpfpvpfykHrsm;udk MunfhNyD;
tmomajzjcif;udk tMurf;zufrIeSifh EdIif;,SOf axmufjy
xm;onf/

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fcEmudk rdrdydkifqdkif
cGifh &Sdonfqdkonfh tcGifhta&;onf rdcifavmif;b0udk
cH,lcsifrS cH,lcGifh &Sdonfqdkonfh t,ltqeSifhtwl
wdkuf,l &vmonfh oabmw&m;rsm;jzpfonf/

a,mufsm;awG BuD;pdk;vTrf;rdk;xm; rdef;rqdk
onfrSm rsKd;qufjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonfqdkonfh
t,ltqae&mwGif rdef;rrsm;onf tem*wftwGuf
rdrdudk,fydkif a&G;cs,fcsufjzifh rsKd;quf xm;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf
qdkaomt,ltqrsm; 0ifvmonf/

tcsKdUaom trsKd;orD;a&; wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;u
ae&mwGif tdrfaxmif&Sif trsKd;orD;b0 cH,l&efxuf
wpfudk,fwnf; tysKdBuD;b0 cH,lNyD; rdcifavmif;jzpfcGifh?
trsKd;orD;csif; vdifwl qufqH aygif;oif;cGifhrsm;udk wdkuf
yGJ0ifvmMujyefonf/
rsufarSmufacwf trsdk;orD;a&;&m

trsKd;orD;a&; wdkufyGJ0if vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf
Oa&myA[dkjyK vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jzpfaeaMumif; awGY&onf/
Oa&myeSifh ajrmuftar&du ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk tajccHum
wdkufyGJ0if vIyf&Sm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh vlrnf;
trsKd;orD;rsm;eSifh zGHYNzdK;qJ edkifiHrsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf
wdkufyGJ0ifrIrsm;jzpfonf/

Oyrm tdEd,edkifiHol Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak u t*Fvdyf-tar&duef trsKd;orD;a&; 0g'Drsm;
onf olwdkY\ oabmw&m;rsm;udk zGHYNzdK;qJ edkifiHrsm;odkY
oGyfoGif;um trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ]oD;jcm;} rjzpfjzpfatmif
taemuftjrifjzifh vkyfaeMuonf[k a0zefoGm;onf/

taemufr[kwfonfh edkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;
a&;&meSifhywfoufNyD; olYvrf;aMumif;eSifhol wdkufyGJ0ifae
Muonfom jzpfonf/ Oyrm vlrnf; trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
vlrsKd;pkt&? vdift& cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;qdkonfh t,ltq
onf tcsKdUedkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfedkifrnf r[kwfay/

tm&S? um&pfbD,HeSifh tar&duefa&muf tmz&d
uwdkufom; trsKd;orD;a&;0g'Drsm; taejzifh edkifiHa&;udk
tokH;csum vlrsKd;pk tpGrf;jya&;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufae
Muonfrsm;vnf;awGY&onf/

vufwif tar&duedkifiH trsKd;orD;a&;0g'Drsm;
82

onf rsKd;EG,f? vlwef;pm;? vdifcGJjcm;rIrsm;udk wdkufyGJ0ifae

Muonf qdkaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;a&;&mudprsm; tay:
wGifom tav;xm; aqmif&GufvGef;onf[k a0zefMu
onf/

tpvmrfbmom udk;uG,fonfh wdkif;jynfrsm;rS
wdk;wufonfh tjrif&Sdaom bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;
onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm; qufqHrIrsm;udk qefYusif
wdkufzsufay;vmNyD jzpfonf/ w&m;0if ZeD;r,m; rsm;pGm
,ljcif;? tdrfwGif;ykef;ae&jcif; qdkonfh t,ltqrsm;
omru vifa,mufsm;udk uGm&Sif;vdkvsSif uGm&Sif;ydkifcGifhrsm;
udkyg tav;xm; pOf;pm;vmMuNyD jzpfonf/

tdEd,edkifiHwGif trsKd;orD;a&;vIyf&Sm;olrsm;u
vufzGJYaMu;rsm;pGm ay;aqmif&onfh "avhudk wdkufzsuf
aeMuNyDjzpfonf/ vufzGJYaMu; aemufuG,fwGif jzpfay:vm
onfh ]aorif;vufzGJYaMu;} udprsm;onf tdEd,edkifiHwGif
BuD;rm;vmonf/

owdkYorD; jzpfolbufu vufzGJYaMu; rsm;pGm
wif awmif;&jcif;ajumifh ray;edkifonfh rdbrsm;onf
&Suf&SufeSifh rdrdwdkYorD;udk owfjzwfvdkuf&rI rsm;vm
onfhtcg tdEd, vlYabmifwGif vufzGJYaMu;udk wdkufyGJ0if
onftxd jzpfvmonf/

vdifwlqufqHjcif;udk axmufcHonfh pma&;
q&mrrsm;u trsKd;orD;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf olwdkYvufcH
aom pHudk ta&;rxm;aMumif; axmufjy a0zefcJhonf/
tar&duef uAsmq&mr Adrienne Rich qdkolonf
trsKd;orD;csif; vdifwlqufqHrIudk oD0&Drsm; xkwfum
wifjy aqG;aEG;cJhonfh vIyf&Sm;olwpfOD; tjzpf xif&Sm;
onf/

olru trsKd;om;rsm; taejzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
rsKd;qufjyefYyGm;a&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom olrsm;
tjzpf oabmxm;um qufqHaeoa&GU xdk oabmw&m;
udk qefYusifonfh taejzifh vdifwlcsif; aygif;oif;aexdkif
qufqHjcif;udk jyKoifhaMumif; axmufcH aqG;aEG;xm;
onf/

vlrnf; trsKd;orD;a&;&m vIyf&Sm;olrsm;uJhodkY
Rich onf edkifiHa&;wGif yGifhvif;pGm ajymqdk aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifh
&SdouJhodkY vdifudpwGifvnf; vGwfvyfcGifh &SdoifhaMumif;
ajymqdkaqG;aEG; vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/

trsKd;orD;rsm; vGwfvyfcGifheSifh ywfoufNyD; t
awG;tjrif wifjycsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ txl;ojzifh NAdwdef
edkifiHwGif rmhufpf0g' trsKd;orD;a&; oabmw&m;u ydkNyD;

acwfpm;onf/ *smrefqdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m;a&; q&m

BuD;rsm; jzpfMuonfh rmhufpfeSifh tdef*s,fwdkYu trsKd;orD;
rsm;eSifh ywfoufonfh tcGifhta&;udk pD;yGm;a&;eSifh
edkifiHa&;wGif tjynfht0 &&Sdedkifa&; OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;cJh
Muonf/

vkyfief;cGiftwGif; usm;r vdifcGJjcm;rI rjyKa&;?
uav;oli,frsm;ukd rcdkif;apa&;? wef;wlnDrQ tcGifh
ta&;ay;a&;wdkYtwGuf oDtdk&Drsm; xkwfum jyKpk a&;om;
cJhMuojzifh aemiftcg qdk&S,fvpf? uGefjrLepf edkifiHrsm;
twGif; trsKd;orD;xk\ tcef;u@onf a&SUwef;odkY
a&mufvmcJh&onf/

tar&duefedkifiHwGifvnf; &kyf0g' trsKd;orD;
a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; acwfpm;cJhonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
&kyftajctae? vlrIqufqHa&; taetxm;rsm;t&
vlwef;pm;wpf&yftaejzifh oabmxm;um eSdrfhcs qufqH
jcif; cHae&onf[k olwdkYu axmufjyMuonf/

rsufarSmufumvwGif trsKd;orD;a&; wdkufyGJ
rsm;onf acwfvGef0g' wpf&yftaejzifh aeSmif;umv
tawG;tac:rsm;udk wdkufyGJ0ifaeMuonf/ trsKd;orD;wdkif;
wef;wltcGifhta&;udk tjynfht0 &ydkifcGifh&SdaMumif;? aemif
tem*wfumvwGif wdkufyGJ0if&ef rvdkonfh taetxm;
&&Sdonftxd vGwfvyfcGifheSifh wef;wl nDrQ &ydkifcGifh
&Sd&rnf[k wdkufyGJ0ifaeMuNyDjzpfonf/

tar&duefeSifh NAdwdefedkifiHwdkY ,aeYwdkif vGwf
vyfpGm y#doaEzsufcscGifheSifh wpfvifwpfr,m; pepfwdkY
twGufwdkufyGJonf rNyD;qkH;ao;onfh wdkufyGJBuD; jzpfae
ao;onf/
trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJ\ oufa&mufrIrsm;

trsKd;orD; wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;aMumifh trsKd;orD;
a&;eSifh ywfoufNyD; rsufarSmufumvwGif tawmfav;
owdrlvmMuonf[k qdkedkifonf/ wef;wlnDrQ rjzpfrI? eSdrfh
cspGm qufqHcH ae&rIrsm;udk vlwdkY tav;teufxm; pOf;
pm; vmMuonf/

vkyfief;cGiftwGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tqifht
wef;eSifh rnfodkYjyKrl qufqHae&m ay;&rnfrsm;udk xnfh
oGif; pOf;pm;vmMu&onf/ vkyfief;cGiftwGif; tvkyf&Sif
(odkYr[kwf) txuft&m&SdwdkY\ xduyg;? &duyg;vkyfrI?
t"r qufqHcdkif;aprI? vdifrIqdkif&m tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk
rjyKvkyf0Hhonftxd jzpfvmMuonf/

aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;

rsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl wef;wl vkyfaqmifjy vmedkif

Muojzifh trsKd;orD;twGuf oD;jcm; pOf;pm;&rIrsm;? vkyfc
jyemrsm; r&Sdonfh acwfodkY a&mufvmonf/

trsKd;orD;wdkufyGJonf vlYabmif ,Ofaus;rIudk
vnf; rsm;pGm vTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ rD'D,mavmuwGif owif;
vdkuf? owif;,l owif;a&;&onfh udprsm;wGif usm;r
cGJjcm; r&edkifatmif wef;wlnDrQ tcGifhta&;awG &vm
onf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tawG;eSifh ta&;udkvnf; vlwdkif;
vufcH vmcJhMuonf/

trsKd;orD; wpfOD;onf trsKd;om;rsm; enf;wl
ae&mteSHY wm0ef,l vkyfaqmifrIrsm;? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; &Sdvm
onf/ attdkif'Dtufpf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? vdifcGJjcm; qufqHrI
rjyKa&;? enf;ynm? ppfyGJponfh ae&mwdkif;vdkvdkwGif
trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tcef;u@onf avQmhwGuf r&edkifay/

tcsKdUtrsKd;orD;a&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf EsLuvD;
,m; vufeufrsm; xdef;csKyfa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;a&;eSifh qufEG,fvmonfudkvnf; awGY&onf/
enf;ynmydkif;wGif rsKd;qufjyefYyGm;a&;qdkif&m t,ltq
opfrsm;? tiSm; udk,f0efaqmifrIrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
trsKd;om;rsm;u wm0efwpf&yf taejzifh owfrSwfxm;
jcif;? xdef;csKyfedkif&ef BuHaqmifjcif;wdkYrS uif;vGwfap&ef
tm;ay;axmufcH wdkufyGJ 0ifvmrIrsm;vnf; vkyfvmMu
onf/

trsKd;orD;a&; wdkufyGJrsm;onf rsufarSmuf
acwf umv\ rekaA'? vlrIaA'? pdwfynm? pmay
a0zefa&;? ordkif;? bmoma&;eSifh odyHynm&yfwdkYudkvnf;
rsm;pGm oufa&mufrI &SdapcJhonf/

trsKd;orD;xkudk udk,fpm;rjyKonfh tawG;
tjrifrsm;udk trsKd;orD; ynmwwfrsm;u nDnGwfpGm
vufwGJNyD; wdkufyGJ 0ifcJhjcif;aMumifh trsKd;orD; qdkonfrSm
edrfhusonfh vlwef;pm;rsm; r[kwfawmh/ b0&Sif rdef;rom;
rsm;[l [pfaMuG;edkifa&;twGuf ay;qyfcJh&onfawGu
rsm;pGm &SdcJhonfrSm trSefjzpfonf/

trsKd;orD; qdkonfrSmvnf; vl/ trsKd;om; qdk
onfrSmvnf;vl/ ae&mwum a,mufsm;eSifh rdef;rqdkonf
r&Sd/ vlYabmifwGif vlawGu vlYvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&if;
jzifh csDwufaejcif;jzpfonf qdkjcif;u vlom;ordkif; wpf
acwfudk qef;opfapcJhonfuawmh trSefyif/
wifnGefY
Ref: http://www.crlp.org/worldwide.html
http://www.feminist.com/

83

Gender Issues in
Teaching Profession

xbD cg;awmif;usKdufNyD;
acgifrdk; wufzmae&aom
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;
ausmif;q&mrrsm;

84

jrefrmekdifiH teSHYtjym;wGif trsKd;orD; ausmif; q&mr OD;a& tqrwef
rsm;jym;aeNyD; trsKd;om;rsm;u ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk jiif;qefaecsdefwGif urmhekdifiH
rsm;\ ynma&; pepfwGifvnf; jyemwufaeygonf/

vlrIpD;yGm; rajyvnfonfh tvkyftaejzihf vnf;aumif;? *kPfodumt&
usqif;aeonfh tvkyftaejzihf vnf;aumif; jrefrmhynma&;wGif trsKd;om; ausmif;
q&m &Sm;yg;rI jyemudk q,fpkeSpfrsm;pGm &ifqkdifae&NyD;vnf; jzpfonf/ aemufquf
wGJ qdk;usKd; rsm;pGmudk avhvmoihfMuygNyD/

ausmif;q&mi,frsm;rSmvnf; vufzuf&nf qkdifwGif vlod&SifMum; ]usaemf
ausmif;q&m vkyfygw,f} [k xkwfazmf ajymqdk&ef &Suf&GHU 0efav;MuaMumif; armu u
owif;&&Sdxm;onf/

odkYjzihf a'o teSHYtjym;&Sd tajccHynm ausmif;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;
ausmif;q&mrsm; &&Sda&;rSm pdefac:rI wpfckvnf; jzpfvkdYvmayNyD/ e,fzuf aus;vuf
a'orsm;wGifvnf; ,ckvdk rkd;wGif;umvwGif acgifrdk; wufzm&ef? eSD;wufcsnf&ef
twGuf &Sdpk? rJhpk ausmif;q&m wpfa,mufrSmvnf; tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfwGif tvkyfvkyf
&ef xGufoGm;avNyD/ usm;usm;vsm;vsm; wpfa,muf wpfavrS r&SdaomaMumihf
tcuf awGY ae&avonf/


jrefrmq&mrrsm; udk,fwkdif xbD cg;awmif;
usKdufNyD; acgifrdk; wufzmae&avawmhonf/


acgifrkd;wufzm&ef rvdktyfaom ekdifiHrsm;wGifrl
trsKd;om;ausmif;q&m &Sm;yg;rIrSm wpfrsKd;wpfbmom jzpf
aejyefygonf/

0efBuD;csKyf a';Apfuifr&Gef;rS t*FvefedkifiH\
ynma&;0efxrf;rsm; tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef aMunmNyD;
aemuf jyifopfedkifiHrSvnf; tvm;wl jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
vkyf&ef jyifqifaeonf/

orw qmudkZD\ tBuHay;yk*dKvfrS ]q&mrawG
t&rf;rsm;aew,f? tajctae rQrQww jzpfzdkYtwGuf
jyKjyifajymif;vJrI vkyf&r,f? trsKd;om; ausif;q&mawGudk
vpmwdk;jrifh ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l&ygr,f? q&mrawG rsm;
vmwJh taMumif;&if;u olYwkdY&JU aexdkifrI ykHpHeSifh udkufnD vdkY
jzpfw,f? tcsdefydkif;vkyfwmu ausmif;awGudk ydkrdk xdcdkuf
apw,f? usaemfwdkY vdkcsifwJh q&mrsKd;u (100) &mcdkifEIef;
tcsdefjynfh tvkyf vkyfzdkY jzpfygw,f} [kajymqdkcJhonf/

vGefcJhaomeSpf 60 cefYrS p tjcm;aom
t aemufedkifiHrsm; enf;wl jyifopf\ ynma&;avmuwGif
q&mrrsm; ydkrdk rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/ rlvwef;wGif 1954 u
65 &mcdkifEIef; &Sd&mrS ,cktcsdefwGif 82 &mcdkifEIef; txd
wdk;jrifh vmcJhonf/ yk*vdu ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mr ta&
twGufrSm 91 &mcdkifEIef;txd jrifhwufcJhonf

trsKd;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;q&mtvkyfonf *kPf
odumrJhonfhtwGuf tvkyftopf ajymif;a&TU cJhMuonf/
odkY&mwGif okawoeuJhodkYaom tvkyfrsm;onf vli,f
rsm;udk pGJaqmifedkifcJhonf/ 4if;tvkyfrSm q&mtvkyfxuf
aiGaMu; jrufjrufuav; &&SdrIaMumifhjzpfonf/

ynma&;Xme tvkyfvkyf&mwGif trsKd;om;eSifh
trsKd;orD;tMum; tjrifcsif; rwlnDMuay/ ynma&;
okawoe ynm&Sifrsm;rS avhvmcJh&mwGif q&mrrsm;rS
uav;rsm;eSifh twlwlae&jcif;eSifh yk*dKvfa&;b0eSifh
toufarG;rIwdkYtMum; rQrQww jzpfvdkonfhtwGuf
q&mrtvkyfudk eSpfoufaMumif; ajymqdkcJhMuNyD;? trsKd;
om;rsm;rSm tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;om vkyfvdkaMumif; ajz
Mum;cJhMuonf/

jyifopfynma&; uRrf;usifol (Marcel PorS
chard) jyifopfynma&;wGif q&meSifh q&mr tcsKd;nD
jzpfa&;onf jzpfedkifajc r&SdaMumif;? q&mr rsm;aejcif;onf
ausmif;om;rsm;rS vlYtzGJYtpnf;tay: tjrifvGJrIawG jzpf

ay: edkifaMumif;? ynma&; wm0ef&Sdolrsm; taejzifh *&k

wpdkuf udkifwG,f&ef owday; ajymqdkcJhonf/

ynma&;qkdif&m uRrf;usifol Jean-Louis Auduc a&;om;onfh tufaq;wGif uav;rsm;\ i,fpOf
b0wGif q&mrrsm;om t"du ae&m,lvsuf&SdaMumif;?
olwdkY ausmif;aepOf umvwGif av;pm; tm;usavmuf
aom q&mrsm; r&SdaMumif; wifjycJhonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;olrsm;uJhodkY oif
cef;pm vkdufedkifrI r&SdbJ ausmif;om;rsm;rS pdwftvdk rusrI
rsm;aMumifh pmar;yGJ us&IH;&ef vG,fulaMumif;? ausmif;om;
tenf;i,fom txufwef; atmifjrifcJhaMumif; wifjy
xm;onf/

odkY&mwGif tjcm;aom edkifiHrsm;wGif avhvmcJh
aom okawoe ppfwrf;rsm;t& ynma&;wGif ausmif;
om;rsm;\ atmifjrifrIrSm (q&m) usm;? r tajccHjcif; r&Sd
bJ? ausmif;om;-q&m qufqHa&;om ta&;BuD;onfh
taetxm;wGif&SdaMumif; uae'gedkifiHrS okawoe ynm
&Sifrsm;u wifjycJhonf/

ynm oifMum;a&;wGif tcuftcJ &Sdaom
ausmif;om; trsm;pkrSm qif;&Jaom rdom;pkwGif arG;zGm;
vmolrsm;jzpfNyD;? 4if;rdom;pkrS vmaom ausmif;om;rsm;
onf usm;-r tajccHNyD; wnfaxmifxm;onfh a&S;&kd;pGJ
ausmif;rsm;wGifom oifMum;vdkolrsm;jzpfaMumif;? q&mr
rsm;udkvnf; jyem &Smavh&SdaMumif; jyifopf ausmif;
q&m wOD;u ajymqdkcJhonf/

odkY&mwGif ynma&;qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;rS
ausmif;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;q&mrsm; cefYxm;a&;udk oabm
wlnDMuonf/


jrefrm ausmif;q&mrsm;\ vuf&SdvpmaiGrSm
wpf0rf;pmrQ r0/

vpmaiG rwkd;ay;ekdifygu ynma&; wdk;wuf&ef
aqmif&GufrIrSm tcsnf;eSD;yifjzpfrnf[k jynfwGif; ynma&;
okawoD q&majru armuudk ajymjycJhonf/

ukefaps;EIef;ESihf vlY*kPfodumESihf tnD t*wd
w&m; uif;&Sif;pGm &yfwnfEkdifap&ef jrefrmhynma&;
wGifvnf; ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;twGuf vpmaiG tedrfh
qHk; usyf oHk;odef; cefY ay;oifhaMumif; tBuHjyKpmrsm;vnf;
armuu &&Sd xm;ygonf/
oQiftEka&m"d
udk;um;/
/ armujynfwGif;owif;rsm; & Times
85

urmhtqdk;&Gm;qHk; jyXmef;pmtkyfrsm;
cs,f&Drdk;oJ

urmhEkdifiH toD;oD;u ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm;rSm aeYpOf pmoifcef;wGif; 0ifNyD; tNydKiftqdkif pmoif
,laeMu&onf/ odkYaomf olwdkY oif,laeaom oifcef;pm
tcsKdUrSm rSm;,Gif;ae&HkrubJ tE&m,f &Sdaewmudkyg awGY
Mu&onf/

atmufwGif azmfjyxm;wJh EkdifiHawGrSm ausmif;
om;rsm; oif,lae&wJh qdk;&Gm; oifcef;pm tcsKdUudk avhvm
zdkY azmfjyvdkufygonf/

toHk;jyKvmonf/ tD&ef jynfwGif;rSmawmh bmoma&;

t,ltq oGwfoGif;zkdY ausmif; yHkESdyfpmtkyfawGxJ trsm;
tjym; xnfhvmonf/

avhvmawGY&Sdcsuf wpfckt& tD&ef 7 wef;
ausmif;oHk; zwfpmtkyfwpftkyfrSm ]rlqvif vli,fwdkif;
onf tvmt&Sifawmfjrwf\ &efolwdkif;ESifh rdpm[k
owfrSwfxm;olwdkif;udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufjcif;? ypfrSwfudk
wdus uRrf;usifpGm ypfcwfEkdifjcif;jzifh rdrdf\ aMumuf&GHUrItm;
ESvHk;om;xJrS armif;xkwfypfMu&rnf} [k oifMum;xm;
tD&ef
onf/ tD&ef Oya't& vli,fwdkif; touf 19 ESpfwGif
rjzpfrae 18 v ppfrIxrf;&rnf jzpfonf/
Lesson plan : bmoma&; ppfyGJESifh usm;rjyem

2010 ckESpf 0g&Sifweftajcpdkuf Freedom
bmom&yf taMumif;t&m/
House tpD&ifcHpm t& tD&ef tpdk;&u tD&ef ausmif;om;

tD&ef acgif;aqmif rsm;u olwdkY EkdifiHa&; ruf awGudk tpvrf vlrsKd;BuD; pdwf0ifatmif oifMum;ay;ae
aqhcsfawG wurmvHk;udk ysHUESYHapzdkY twGuf ]rD'D,mopf} udk onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ tD&ef EkdifiHa&; pepfu usm;r
86

cGJjcm;rI? vlrsKd;a&; cGJjcm;rIrsm; jyKvkyf xm;onf/ trsKd;om;

awGudk yxrwef;pm; EdkifiHom; pdwfudef;atmif oGwfoGif;
vsuf&Sdonf/ trsKd;orD;awG udkawmh tdrfwGif;rSm aecdkfif;NyD;
'kwd,wef;pm; EkdifiHom; jzpfatmif oifMum;aeonf/
jyXmef;pmtkyfrS taxmuftxm;/

]rlqvif bmoma&;ppfyGJ ]*sD[m'f} udk um
uG,fjcif;onf vli,fwdkif;? vlBuD;wdkif;? trsKd;orD;wdkif;&JU
tvmt&Sifawmfjrwfay; wm0efjzpfonf/ jrifh jrwf
aom ppfyGJtwGuf vlwdkif; vHk;0OHkyg0if qifETJ&rnf/
igwdkY&JU wdkufyGJ0if ol&Jaumif;rsm;twGuf igwdkY pGrf; tm;&Sd
orQ ulnD wdkufcdkufoGm;&rnf.....} (tD&efEkdifiHxkwf ow
rwef; tpvrf,Ofaus;rIESifh bmoma&; ausmif;oHk;
zwfpmtkyf rS aumufEIwfcsuf)/

wJh pmrsufESm Oyrm Munfhyg/

]eefusif;NrdKUudk *syefwdkYu odrf;ydkufvdkufonf/
eefusif;NrdKU rk'drf;usifh cH&rIyif jzpfonf/ *syefwdkYu vl
300000 (oHk;odef;) ausmfudk owfjzwfNyD; urmhordkif;wGif
t&ufpufqHk; aMumuf&GHUzG,f taumif;qHk; vlowfyGJ
BuD;udk zefwD;cJhonf} [k qdkNyD; tBuD;rm;qHk; vlowfyGJ[k
oHk;EIef;xm;onf/ ( *syef ordkif;pmtkyfawGrSmawmh ]tpk
vdkuf tNyHKvdkuf owfcJhonfh jzpf&yf} [k oHk;EIef;xm;onf/
w&kwfwdkYu olwdkY rvdkwJh ae&mrsm;wGif toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk
csJUum;EkdiforQ csJUum;xm;onf/

aemuf *syefwdkYudk ckcH wGef;vSefEkdifrIrSm w&kwf
wdkY&JU pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIESifh ppfa&; uRrf;usifrIwkdYaMumifhom
jzpfonf[k a&;xm;onf/ tar&duefwyfawG ppfyGJudk OD;
aqmifwdkufcdkuf ay;cJhwJhtaMumif; vHk;0 azmfjyrxm;yg/

jyXmef;pmtkyfrS taxmuftxm;/

]'kwd, urmppfwGif *syefwdkY tay: w&kwfwdkY
atmifjrifrI&&Sdjcif;\ t"du taMumif;rSm xl;jcm;vSaom
Lesson plan: yHkrSefr[kwfwJh ordkif;
w&kwf uGefjrLepf ygwDu wpfEkdifiHxJudk pkpnf;EkdifcJhonfh
bmom&yftaMumif;t&m/

w&kwfwdkYrSm rdrd udk,fudk urmhtiftm;BuD; qlyg yifrtaMumif; w&m;aMumifhom jzpfonf....} (trsm;
yg0g tjzpf jrifMunfhzdkY csDwHk cswHk jzpfae[ef&Sdonf/ vuf&Sd jynfoloHk; w&kwf ordkif;pmtkyfrS aumufEIwfcsuf)/
oifMum;aeaom w&kwfordkif; zwfpmtkyfrsm;wGif a&SU
aemufrnD 0da&m"drsm;ESifh jynfhaeonf/ oef;aygif; rsm;pGm aqmf'Dtma&AD,
aom ausmif;om;awG&JU rsufpdwGif w&kwfjynfqdkwm
vHk;0 &dk;om; tjypfuif;pifNyD; ppfa&;tiftm;csJUxGifrI usL; Lesson plan: ,HkMunfrI&JU &efolawmfrsm;
ausmfrIwdkYESifh bmrS rywfoufwJh EkdifiH[k jrifxm; Mu bmom&yftaMumif;t&m/
9^11 tar&duef ukefoG,fa&;pifwm wdkuf
onf/ odkYaomf pmtkyfawGrSm odkodyfrIESifh ~uGm;0grI wNydKif
cdkufcH&rIrSm av,OfawG jyefay;qGJol 19 a,mufteuf
ufxJ a&maxG;aewwfonf/

w&kwfausmif;oHk; jyXmef;pmtkyfawGrSm 1950 15 a,mufu aqmf'DEkdifiHom;rsm; jzpfonf/
9^11 jzpfNyD;aemuf bk&iftbf'lvmu aqmf
ckESpfu wdbufudk 0ifa&mufusL;ausmf owfjzwfwJh t
'D
j
y
Xmef
;
pmtk
yfawGudk jyKjyifajymif;vJrI vkyfcJhonf/ t&if
aMumif; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sd/ uarm'D,m;udk 0ifa&mufcJhwJh
AD,uferfwdkY tay: wkHYjyefcJhonfh 1979 w&kwf-AD,uf erf jyXmef;pmtkyfawGrSm c&pf,mef? uGefjrLepf? ZD,Gef0g'DESifh
ppfyGJtaMumif;udk vHk;0azmfjyrI r&Sd/ w&kwfqdkwm b,f taemufrS vljzLawGudk ]bmoma&; r,HkMunfolrsm;}
awmhrS usL;ausmfolr[kwf? rdrdudk,fudk umuG,folom (non-believers) [k owfrSwfxm;NyD;? rlqvifwdkY&JU
jzpfaMumif; vuf&Sd ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;u oifMum;onf/ OD;pm;ay; rdpm&efolrsm; tjzpf oifMum;cJhonf/
odkYaomf q,fESpfausmf MumvmayrJh ajymif;vJ
1958 ckESpfrS 1961 ckESpftxd Ou|BuD;armf&JU r[m
ckefysHausmfvTm;a&; vrf;pOfaMumifh vloef; 50 ausmf ao oifMum;rI tusKd;&v'fu ododomom wdk;wufrIr&SdcJh/
qHk;rIeJY iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIwdkYudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; a&;om; 2006 ckESpfrSm tjcm;bmomuGJ vlrsKd;uGJrsm; tay:
onf;rcHrIudk azmfjyoHk;EIef;xm;wJh pmydk'frsm; jzKwfay;
xm;rIr&Sd/

w&kwf ausmif;oHk; jyXmef;pmtkyf wpftkyfrS 'kwd r,fvdkY bk&ifhtpdk;&tzGJYu w&m;0if uwday;cJhayrJh?
, urmppfESifh *syefqefYusifa&; ppfyGJtaMumif; a&;xm; aqmf'D uav;i,fawGu *sD[m'fppfyGJ taMumif;eJY *sL;
w&kwf

87

rkef;wD;a&; pmydk'frsm;udk atmfusufaeMuwkef;yif/ vuf&Sd

tar&du? NAdwdef? jyifopf? *smrPDESifh wl&uD EkdifiHrsm;&Sd
aqmf'Dydkif ausmif;awGrSmvnf; tvm;wl zwfpmtkyfawG
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88

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91

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vkyfjywwfawmh oabmusp&mygyJ/ usr Munfhaumif;
ovdk? oabmuscJhovdk? olY ywf0ef;usifuvnf; Munfh
aumif;aumif;eJY MunfhcJhvdkY 'Duav;rSm p&dkufqdk;uav;
pJGvmwmvdkY xifygw,f/

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tultnD awmif;&w,f/

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r,fh ypnf;awGudk OD;atmif ,lvdkufw,f/ 'ef;pD;r,f
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usrudk vmwkdifw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm usr&JU qkH;rrIu olYt
wGuf ta&;ygaeNyD - ]udkudkawG oGm;ajym? om; upm;csif
vkdY? om;udkvnf; ay;upm;ygvdkY ajymckdif;&w,f/

tpOD;awmh rajymbl;? BuD;oludk i,folu
&dkao&w,f/ ol tEkdif,lcJhwJh olY tazmfawGudk udk,fcsif;
pm wwfatmif EIdif;,SOfjycJh&w,f/ wpfv? ESpfvavmuf
jyKjyifvkdufwJh tcsdefrSm csKdomwJh pum;eJY &dkaowwfrI
awGudk olYrSm usr awGYvkduf&w,f/

usrwdkY jyKpkcJhwJh yef;uav; ta&miftaoG;
vSypGmeJY ajrrSefa&rSef ae&m rSefrSm vef;vmNyDaygY&Sif/ yDwd
jzpfvdkYrS r0cifrSmbJ uav;u ausmif;rwwfvdkY pkHprf;
Munfhawmh rdbawG yef;&Hqkduf ajymif;vkdY ygoGm;NyD/
ausmif; rwwfEkdifawmhbl;qdkwm odvdkuf&ygw,f/ usr
wdkY FED u zGifhxm;wJh ausmif;awGESihf teD;tem; ausmif;
awGudkvnf; ausmif;vmwwfwm rawGY&awmh ausmif;
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pdwfraumif; jzpfrdw,f/ vdrm ,Ofaus;vmNyDjzpfwJh olY&JU
trlt&mav; aysmufysufroGm;ygapeJYvdkY qkawmif;&kH
uvJGNyD; bmrS rwwfEkdifawmhygbl;/


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ae wmudk; -- &Sif/

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ygw,f/ usrwkdY a&TUajymif; jrefrmtvkyform;awG udk
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wwf t&dkif;tpdkif;awGqdkNyD; ESdrfcsifMuw,f/ olwdkY&JU tjrif
udk ajymif;vJapzdkYtwGuf xdkdif;EkdifiHudk a&mufaewJh jrefrm
vlrsKd;wkdif;rSm wm0ef&dSygw,f/ toGm;tvm? tajymtqdk
taetxdkifu tp oefY&Sif;oefY&yfNyD; pnf;urf;&dSzdkY vdkyg
w,f/

usrwdkY jrefrmawG[m 'kuaygif;pkH enf;rsKd;pkHESifh
xkdif;EkdifiHudk a&mufvmMuayr,fh ,Ofaus;wJh vlrsKd;yg
qkdwm odjrifapcsifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ykHoGif;&vG,fwJh
uav;awGudk odwwfcgp t&G,fuwnf;u vdrm,Of
aus;wJh uav;wpfa,mufjzpfzdkY usrwdkY q&m q&mr
rsm;omru vufOD;q&mjzpfwJh rddbESifh ywf0ef;usifu
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a':vSpdef (zefi)

93

urmudkzsuf vlYpeuf (pmpDpmuHk;)

aemf&dkrDxl; (SAW ausmif;)

vlonf ,Ofaus;rIqkdaom vufeufudk qJG
udkifum wd&pmefavmurS vrf;cJG xGufvmaom ow0g
jzpfayonf/ vlom;wkdYonf urmOD; tprS ,aeYxufxd
wkdif avudk IIduf? a&udk aomufokH;NyD; tpmt[m&rsm;udk
pm;okH;um touf&Sif aexdkifcJhMuygonf/ xdktcgwGif vl
om;wdkYtwGuf r&dSrjzpf vkdtyfaeaom t&mrSm ]obm0
ywf0ef;usifac: Moumoavmuyif}jzpfavonf/ o
bm0 ywf0ef;usif qdkonfrSm awm?awmif? a&? ajr? av?
yifv,f? ork'&mrsm; tm;vkH; aygif;pyfzJGYpnf; xm;onfh
qef;Mu,faom arSmfavmuyif jzpfayonf/ vlom;wkdY
onf xdkMoumoavmuxJwGif aexdkif usufpm;MuNyD;
todPfrsm; wdk;wuf jrifhrm;vmMuygonf/ xdkYtwl
avmb? a'go? arm[w&m;[laom twudk tajccH xdk
w&m;rsm;vnf; twlwuG arG;zGm;vmcJhMuygonf/

]b,folrjyK rdrdrI} qdkaom pum;ykHudk vlom;
wkdYu taumiftxnf azmfvmNyDjzpfaMumif;udk ,aeY
acwfBuD;u om"ursm;ESifhwuG azmfjyaeavNyD jzpf
onf/ ,cifu arSmfavmuyrm qef;Mu,frIrsm;ESifh jynfh
ESufaeaom obm0ywf0ef;usifonf ,cktcgwGifrI
wpfpwpfp ,kd,Gif; ysufpD;vmcJhygonf/ taMumif;&if;rSm
vlom;wkdY\ wpfudk,faumif;qefrIaMumifhyif jzpfonf/
xkdwpfudk,faumif;qefrIwdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkYtm; tvkyft
auR; jyKpkaeaom obm0 ywf0ef;usifudkyif zsufqD;vm
Muygonf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m jy
emrsm;udk vuf&dSavmuwGif urmhEkdifiHtoD;oD; ydkrdkBuHK
awGYae&ygonf/
94

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udk w&m;r0if twkdif;tqrJhpGmjzifh ckwfvSJaerI rsm;aMumifh
opfawmrsm; jyKef;wD;Mu&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif wdk;wufvm
aom urmhvlOD;a&t& pm;okH;&ef pkdufysKd;ajrrsm;udk wkd;csJU
jcif;wkdYaMumifhvnf; opfawmrsm; jyKef;wD;Mu&jyefygonf/
opfawmrsm; jyKef;wD;jcif;\ aemufuG,f ZD0 oabmt&
qufoG,frI wpfckjzpfaom a&wdkufpm;rIrsm; jzpfay:vm
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wGifvnf; tusKd;qufrsm; taejzifh ajrom;? ajrqDvTm
rsm; xdckdufvmEkdifygonf/ xkdYtjyif opfyifrsm;ESifh ywf
oufaeaom &moDOwkrSmvnf; tyifrsm; enf;yg;jcif;
aMumifh yljyif;um ajrqDvTmrsm; cef;ajcmufukefygonf/
,if;tcsufonf vlom;wkdY\ pm;eyf&dumtwGuf tvGef
owdxm;&rnfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf/

,cktcg urmwpf 0Srf;wGif vlom;wdkY\ aygYq
rI? obm0tavsmuf awmrD; rsm; avmifrIudk wpfrdepf
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rsm;yg aoqkH;MuNyD; &Sm;yg; wd&pmefrsKd;rsm;yg rsKd;wkH;&yg
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ckwf,ljcif;wdkYaMumifhvnf; opfawmrsm; ysufpD; qkH;IH;&
ygonf/ xdkuJhodkY opfawmrsm; jyKef;rI aMumifh &moDOwk

azmufjyefajymif;vJum aMumufruf zG,faumif;aom

obm0ab;qdk;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdif BuHKawGY &ygawmhonf/

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npfnrf;apygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a&eufqdyfurf;rsm;
aMumifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdckdufNyD; usef;rma&; qdk;usKd;
rsm;vnf; jzpfay:apygonf/ a&eufqdyfurf;ESifh ywfouf
aom usef;rma&;twGuf qdk;&Gm;aponfh npfnrf;rIrsm;
teuf Air Pollution ac: avxknpfnrf;rIrSm vludk tE
&m,f tay;EkdifqkH; npfnrf;rIwpfck tjzpf ynm&Sifrsm;u
axmufjyavh&dSygonf/ avxk npfnrf;rIrsm;aMumifh wpf
ESpfvQif vlOD;a& (2) oef;cefYonf tcsdef rwdkifrD aoqkH;
oGm;Muonf[k (WHO) ac: urmhusef;rma&; tzJGYBuD;u
cefYrSef; ajymqdkygonf/ xdkuJhodkY avxk npfnrf;rIrsm;
onf zHGYNzdK;NyD;ESifh zHGYNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif vlwkdif;tm; xdckduf
apEkdifaom ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m usef;rma&; jyemwpf ck
jzpfygonf/

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tusefrsm;? tE&m,f&dS pGefYypfypnf;rsm;udk yifv,f ork'
&mxJodkY pnf;urf;rJh pGefYypfjcif;aMumifh yifv,fae a&ow
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owif;rsm;udk Mum;&avh&dSygonf/ xdkYaMumifh oEm
ausmufwef;rsm;vnf; a&aeow0grsm;ESifhtwl ysufpD;
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awGYae&onfh BuD;rm;aom tE&m,fudk vlom;wkdY owd
rjyKrdMuay/ xdktE&m,frSm tjcm;r[kwfay/ yvyfpwpf
tdwfrsm;tm; us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKaejcif;yif jzpfonf/

yvyfpwpftdwfrsm;onf o,faqmif& vG,f
uljcif;? aps;EIef; oufomjcif;? tayta&cHjcif;wdkYaMumifh
aps;uGufrsm; ESifh vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif tokH;rsm; vmMu
onf/ okH;pJGrI EIef;rSmvnf; wpfESpfxuf wpfESpf wkd;vmcJh
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tdwfrsm;onf ajrwGif pGefYypfygu ajratmufwGif rysuf
rpD;bJ wnf&dSae vQif ESpfaygif; (1000) cefY wnfNrJ aeEkdif
ygonf/ a&wGif pGefYypfonfh tcgwGifvnf; a&ow0grsm;
aoqkH;rIudk jzpf aponfh tjyif rD;IdUonfh tcgwGifvnf;
xGufvmcJhaom rD;ckd;aiGYrsm;onf toufIvrf;aMumif;

ESifh ywfoufaom a&m*grsm;udk &&dSapygonf/ todynm

enf;aom &yf0ef; rsm;ESifh vlaexlxyfaom NrdKU BuD;rsm;wGif
yvyfpwpfrsm;udk pnf;urf;rJh pGefYypfrIaMumifh a&ajrmif;
rsm;wGif trIdufrsm; ydwfqdkYjcif;? BuD;rm;aom yvyfpwpf
trdIufykHBuD;rsm; jzpfay:um teYHtoufESifh avxk? ajrxk
rsm;udk npfnrf;apNyD; a&m*grsm;udk &&dSapygonf/

xdkYaMumifh ,cktcgwGif xdkuJh odkY a&m*gb,rsm;
rjzpfay:ap&efESifh obm0ab; tE&m,frsm;rS umuG,f
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rsm;tm; jyefvnf tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif;udk ae&m tESHYtjym;
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wum xdef;odrf;rIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;? a&mif;0,f azmufum;
cGifhrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay; csKd;azmufyg
u Oya't& tjypfay;jcif;jzifh umuG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&
ygonf/

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; ynm&Sifrsm;
uvnf; ],cktcsdefonf urm tESHYtjym; obm0 ywf
0ef;usif ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;rIrsm; jzpf onfh a&xknpfnrf;jcif;?
avxknpfnrf;jcif;? ajrqDvTmrsm; avsmhusjcif; ponfh
tajctaersm; jzpfay:vsuf&dS&m vlwkdif;wGif obm0 ywf
0ef;usif xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh ywfouf rdrdwkdY\ ,Ofaus;rI
uJhodkY tod&dSaeoifhaMumif;} udk ajymMum;Muygonf/

xdkYtjyif uREkfyfwkdYtm;vkH; tNrJrSwfrdae&rnfh
qifjcif okH;oyf&rnfh xdkif;EkdifiH tajcpdkuf Fair Earth
Consulting Co. Ltd tBuHay; wpfOD;jzpfol obm0 ywf
0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; ynm&Sif Jeff Rutherford \ pum;
rSm ]vlom;awGu ajrqDvTmudk rdcifajrvdkY ajymMuw,f/
'gayrJh udk,fhrdcifudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef qufqHjcif;
r&dSbl;/ xGef,ufNyD; rD;IdUwm? tqdyfzsef;wm? aq;awG
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ajrBuD;tm; pdrf;vef;ap&ef tm;vkH; 0dkif;0ef; ulnDMuyg&ef
wdkufwGef;vdkuf &ygawmhonf/
aemf&kdrDxl;
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SAW txufwef;ausmif;

95

ynma&; okawoe

Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&;

Peace Education

(tydkif; 1) t,ltqESihf enf;pepf

96

odef;Ekdif

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vJrIrsm;pGm jzpfxGef;cJhygonf/ EkdifiHa&;? odyHESifhenf;ynm?
vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tp&Sdonfh e,fy,f toD;oD;wGif
txifu& wdk;wuf xGef;um;vmrIrsm;udk jrifawGYcJh Mu&
NyD;vnf; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh urmrIjyKjcif; jzpfpOfESifh
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usifhpOfrsm;rSm tusKd;quf taejzifh jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/
EdkifiHwum e,fedrdwfrsm;udk NydKvJapvsuf urmBuD; wck
vHk;udk &Gmi,fav;ozG,f (urm&Gm) jzpfay: vmapcJhyg
onf/

odkY&mwGif txifu& ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfpOf
rsm;rS rajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifonfh jyem rsm;pGmxJwGif wef;wl
nDrQrI? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGif; tnD
tnGwf vdkufavsmnDaxG &Sifoefaexdkifjcif; ponfwdkYrSm
vrf;p aysmufvsufyif &Sdaeao;acsonf/ tcsif;t&m
rsm;udk r&&Sdao;onfhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;
a&;qdkif&m rnDrQrIrsm;? aemufqufwGJ jyemrsm;ESifh
usifh0wfqdkif&m pHEIef; wefzdk;rsm;ESifh ywfoufvnf;
qdk;0g;pGm &ifqdkifaeMu&qJyif jzpfonf/

vlYordkif;wGif rBuHKbl;onfh odyHESifh enf;ynm
qdkif&m wdk;wufrIrsm;aMumifh "e<u,f0rIESifh oufawmifh
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vufeufqef;rsm;ESifh tPkjrLpGrf;tif enf;ynm

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jzwf tjrwfxkwfrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;/


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usOf;ajrmif;onfh yk*v tusKd;pD;yGm;tay: tajcjyK

pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif;ESifh twrme vGefuJrI (rdrd

vkyfief;? y&dk*sufESifh tzGJYtpnf;udkom t[kwfxif

jcif;)aMumifh vlom;rsKd;EG,fonf e,fy,f toD;

oD;wGif *dkPf;*P? tkyfpki,frsm;pGmjzifh uGJjym;vsuf

&Sdaejcif;/


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&eftwGuf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif usOf;ajrmif;onfh trsKd;
om;a&; tjrifrsm;xuf urmt0Srf; vGrf;NcHK pOff;pm;awG;
ac: jcif;? vlrsKd;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m tpGef; a&mufjcif;
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uGm[csufrsm;\ tusKd;qufaMumifh Opm"e em;vnfrIudk wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI A[k0g'
ydkifqdkifrIwGif csrf;omolrsm;ESifh qif;&Jolrsm;Mum; usifhoHk;jcif;? vltenf;pk twGufom tcGifhxl;cH jzpfae
BuD;rm;onfh uGm[csuf &Sdaejcif;? zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufNyD; onfh odyHESifh enf;ynmt& cGJjcm;jcif;xuf enf;ynmt&
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufqJ EkdifiHrsm; Mum;wGif
pkpnf;Ekdifjcif; tp&Sdonfh taMumif;csif;t&mrsm; yg0if
97

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onf;cHjcif;w&m; xGef;um;apjcif; paom vdkvm;tyf
onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;apjcif;jzifh ydkrdk Nidrf;csrf;
om,monfh ,Ofaus;onfh vlYabmifudk wnfaxmifEkdif
rnf jzpfonf/

ynma&;qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm;? tawG;tac:
ynm&Sifrsm;? odyHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;
taejzifh vlYpHEIef; wefzdk;rsm;udk jyefvnf &Sifoefap&ef
twGuf vdktyfcsufudk umvMumjrifhpGm uwnf;u od
jrifcJhMuonf/ ajrurm\ a&&Snf wnfwHhEkdifrnfh
Nidrf;csrf;a&; twGuf wpfckwnf;aom arQmfvifhcsufvnf;
jzpfonf/

tmPmESifh &kyf0wK ypnf;aemufodkY tarm
waum vdkufygvsuf vlom;wdkYonf obm0w&m;\
tajccH Oya'jzpfaom ]rdrdESifh tjcm;olrsm; twlwuG
&Sifoef aexdkif&jcif;} oabmw&m;udk arhavsmh aecJhNyD
vnf;jzpfonf/ tcsif;t&mudk todtrSwfjyK xnfh
oGif; pOf;pm;vsuf urmhukvor* ynma&;? odyHESifh
,Offaus;rI tzGJYtpnf; (,leufpudk) rS txl;cefYtyf
wm0efay;cJhonfh 'Davmf(pf) aumfrpf&Sif\ tpD&ifcHpm
jzpfonfh ]oif,ljcif; &wemtwGif;rSm - Learning: The
Treasure Within (1996)} wGif ]twlwuG touf
&Sifoef aexdkifzdkY oif,lavhvmpdkY} [laom tcsufudk
ynma&; r@dKifBuD; av;&yfteuf t"du ynma&;
axmufwdkif wpf&yftaejzifh vrf;nTef tBuHjyK cJhygonf/

rsufarSmuf urmBuD;wGif 0rf;enf;zG,f&m vdk
tyfaeonfh nDnGwfaom vlYtodkif;t0dkif; wnfaqmuf
a&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm tjrifoabmxm; zvS,fjcif;wdkYudk
tpD&ifcHpmwGif rD;armif;xdk; wifjycJhonf/ acwf tpOf
tqufwGif todynmESifh twwfynmqdkif&m uRrf;usif
onfh um,? P vkyfom;xkudk arG;xkwfay;&ef twGuf
ynma&;udk toHk;cscJhonf/ ,cktcgwGifrl yk*v zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wuf&efESifh vlrIqufqHa&; wdk;wufjrifhrm;ap&ef
twGuf ynma&;rSm tajccH tusqHk; jzpfonf[l tjrif
oabmxm; ajymif;vJvmcJhNyD jzpfonf/

Nidrf;csrf;aom vlrItodkif;t0dkif;twGuf rwl
uGJjym;onfh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; o[Zmw jzpfapa&;ESifh vlrI
jyKjyif ajymif;vJ a&;wdkYwGif tajccHynm ausmif;rsm;rSm
tc&musonfudk vspfvsL&I cJhMu\/ vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
twGif; ydkaeNrJ? usm;aeNrJ tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;xm;
Ekdif&ef twGuf vuf&Sd tajctaeESifh wpfyHkpHwnf;? wpf
98

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pdwfwGif;rS tpjyK jzpfay:
vmjcif;aMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk xdef;odrf;
umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&efrSm vlom;wdkY\
pdwfwGif;yif jzpfacsonf/}}
y#dyursm;? ppfyGJrsm;ESifh
twd jynfhESufaeqJ jzpfonfh
ajrurmwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk rnfodkY
rnfyHk &,lwnfaqmuf Ekdifygoenf;
qdkonfh ar;cGef;rSm acwftqufquf
'e jyem wpf&yf taejzifh
wnf&SdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/

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odkYjzifh pmoifausmif;rsm;\ tcef;u@rSm arS;rSdef
vm&onf/

pD;yGm;a&;t& zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufNyD; EkdifiHrsm;udk trD
vdkufedkif&efESifh ,SOfNydKifEkdif&eftwGuf BudK;pm;aepOf zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufqJ EkdifiH trsm;pkwGif vlYpHEIef; wefzdk;qdkif&m a&&Snf
&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh pm&dw? eDwdqdkif&mrsm;udk ynma&;
wGif OD;pm;ay;jcif; r&Sdygacs/ odkYjzpfyg ynma&;onf
EkdifiHom;wdkYtm; Nidrf;csrf;aom ywf0ef;usifESifh Nidrf;csrf;
aom ,Ofaus;rI zGHYNzdK;xGef;um;ap&ef? onf;cHHjcif;w&m;
xGef;um;ap&ef? 'Drdkua&pD pHEIef; wefzdk;rsm;? vlY tcGifh
ta&;ESifh wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnf vdkufem ap
&ef twGuf jyifqifay;Ekdif&rnf jzpfonf/

ausmif;ynma&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
ynma&; okawoe ar;cGef;

jrefrmEkdifiH ausmif;ynma&;ESifh Nidfrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf ynma&;qdkif&m okawoejyK avhvm wifjy
aqG;aEG;&m0,f ar;cGef;i,f (7) ck tay:wGif tajcjyK
avhvm wifjyygrnf/
okawoear;cGef;rsm;
(1) ajymif;vJaeonfh urmBuD;wGif Nidrf;
csrf;a&;qdkif&m jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk avhvm&ef/

(2) ]Nidrf;csrf;a&; t,ltq} udk &Sif;vif; zGifhqdk
&ef?

(3) Nidfrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&; tpDtpOf\
wefzdk;ESifh vdktyfcsufudk owdjyKrdap&ef/

(4) ausmif;oifbmom&yf e,fy,f toD;oD;
wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&;qdkif&m avhusifh oif
Mum;jcif;udk rnfodkY ,SufEG,faygif;pyf ]aygif;pnf;
oif&dk;nTef;wrf;} taejzifh oifMum;Ekdifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;
udk &SmazGaz:xkwf&ef/

(5) Nidrf;csrf;aom vlY tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudk
wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf vdkvm;tyfonfh vlrIywf0ef;
usifudk rnfonfh ynma&;tpDtpOfrsm;? enf;vrf;rsm;rS
wqifh jyKpk ysKd;axmifEkdifygoenf;/

(6) Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&; oif&dk; nTef;
wrf;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ vuf&Sd ausmif;ynma&;
oif&dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;ESifh rnfodkY qufpyf aygif;pnf; vkyf

aqmif&rnfenf;/

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Nidrf;csrf;om,m 0ajymap&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyf
onfh ]Nidrf;csrf;aompdwf ,Ofaus;rI} wnfwHh cdkifNrJ aeap
&ef rnfonfh oif,ljcif;-oifMum;jcif; enf;pepfrsm;udk
toHk;jyK&ygrnfenf;/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkonfrSm

Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tpOftquf t"dyg,f trsKd;rsKd;
zGifhqdkcJhMuonf/ IyfaxG; t"dyg,f zGifhqdk&ef cufcJonfh
t,ltq wpf&yftaejzifh wnf&SdaeqJvnf; jzpfonf/
y#dyursm;? ppfyGJrsm; r&Sdjcif;[laom &dk;&Sif;onfh t"dyg,frS
tpjyK y#dyursm;? ppfyGJrsm;ESifhtwl &Sifoefaexdkif
Edkifjcif; pGrf;&nf[lonfh ydkrdkIyfaxG;aom t"dyg,f zGifhqdk
csuf trsKd;rsKd;udk avhvm awGY&Sd&onf/

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csrf;omjcif; (pdwokc)? udk,fwGif; Nidrf;at;jcif;ESifh ,SOf wGJ
az: jycJhonf/ &Sifawmf jrwfAk'\ w&m;a'oemrsm;wGif
oabmw&m;? t,ltqESifh tusifhtBuHwdkYudk txif
t&Sm; avhvm awGY&SdEkdifonf/ ]avmuwGif pdwfonf
t&mtm;vHk; (trIcyfodrf;) \ a&SUaqmifyifjzpfonf}
(pdawe ed,awavmaum-"ry') [laom w&m;udk
`rGufMum;awmfrlcJhjcif;onf xif&Sm;onfh om"u jzpf
onf/ ukvor*? ,leufpudk\ zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'
aMunmcsuf ed'gef;wGif ]ppfyGJrsm;tm;vHk;onf vlom;wdkY\
pdwfwGif;rS tpjyK jzpfay: vmjcif;aMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
xdef;odrf; umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&efrSm vlom;wdkY\ pdwf
wGif;yif jzpfacsonf/} y#dyursm;? ppfyGJrsm;ESifh twd
jynfhESufaeqJ jzpfonfh ajrurmwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
rnfodkYrnfyHk &,lwnfaqmuf Ekdifygoenf; qdkonfh
ar;cGef;rSm acwftqufquf 'e jyem wpf&yf
taejzifh wnf&SdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif vlom;wpfOD;csif; pD\ udk,fwGif;?
pdwfwGif; Nidrf;at;jcif;ESifh todPfynm zGHYNzdK; wdk;wuf
jcif;udk &SmazGavhvm? usifhBuH tm;xkwfaeqJrSmyif vlY
todkif;t0dkfif;\ vlrIa&;ydkif;qdkif&mrsm;rSm vspfvsLI cHxm;
&qJ jzpfygonf/ tMuifyk*dKvf\ vGwfajrmuf&mESifh tod
Pfydkfif;qdkif&m jynfhpHka&;wdkYtwGuf BudK;yrf;jcif;rSm
vlrI todkif;t0dkif; twGif;yif jzpfav&m 19 &mpk

99

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umvtwGif; taemufwdkif; tawG;tac: ynm&Sifrsm;rS
vlrI ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf avhvmcJh
Muonf/

txl;ojzifh odyHenf;us qdk&S,fvpf0g' Scientific Socialism xGef;um;vmjcif;ESifh twl ydkrdk
xJxJ0if0if avhvmcJhMuonf/ okdY&mwGif rmhufpf0g'D
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tqudk OD;pm;ay;jcif; r&SdawmhbJ yk*voabm arS;rSdef
vmNyD; vl\ &Sifoefaexdkif&m vlrItodkif;t0dkif;\ wnf
aqmufyHkESifh vlYtzGJYtpnf; (vlrItaqmufttHk) udk
tav;xm; avhvmcJhMuonf/ ]Opm"eudk nDwlrQwl
cJGa0a&;} tay: tav;xm;onfh qdk&S,fvpf tjrif
oabmxm;t& yk*vydkifqdkifrIonf vlrItedXm&Hk tvHk;pHk
ESifh tMurf;zuf tEkdiftxuf jyKusifhjcif;wdkY\ taMumif;
&if; jzpfonf[l ,lqMuonf/ odkYjzpfav&m olwdkYrS
Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkonfrSm tpDtpOfwus tMurf;zufcH&jcif;
rS uif;pifjcif;yif jzpfonf/

vlom;wpfOD;pD\ todynmPfzGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJjcif;ESifh ,aeYacwf tMurf;zufjcif;? jyemudk
&kef;&if;qefcwf ajz&Sif;wwfonfh vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wnf
aqmufyHkudk jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;wdkYrSm cGJjcm; r&Ekdifygay/
vlrItaqmufttHkESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m vufawGY jzpfysuf
aerIrsm;udk OayumjyK tMuifolwpfOD;\ pdwfat;
Nidrf;csrf;omjcif; taMumif;w&m; (pdwokc)ESifh todPf
ynm wdk;wufjcif;wdkYudk ajymqdk aqG;aEG;&efrSm rjzpfEdkifyg/
xdkYtwl wpfOD;csif;pD\ tcef;u@ESifh vlom;tm;vHk;\
todynmPf wdk;wuf jrifhrm;a&;wdkYudk rsufuG,fjyK
tcGifhtmPmqdkif&m qufoG,f aqmuf&Gufjcif;onf
vnf; vdkvm;tyfonfh aumif;usKd; csrf;omw&m;rsm;udk
raqmifusOf;ay;Ekdifacs/ odkYjzpfav&m Nidrf;csrf;a&;\
t,ltq ESpf&yfpvHk;rSm '*Fg;jym;\ acgif;ESifh yef;ozG,f
avhvm awGY&SdEdkifNyD;vQif wpfck r&Sdygu tjcm;wpfck\
t"dyg,f &SdrIrSm ar;cGef;xkwfzG,f&m jzpfonf/

r[wr*EDrS ydkrdk us,fjyefYonfh t"dyg,f
zGifhqdkjcif;udk jyocJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk &Sif;vif;zGifhqdk&ef
tMurf;zufjcif;oabmudk azmfjycJhonf/ olYtaejzifh
tMurf;zufjcif; qdkonfrSm- EkdifiHwpfEdkifiHrS tjcm;EkdifiH
wpfEkdifiHtay:? vlwpfOD;rS tjcm;olwpfOD;tay:? trsKd;
om;rsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:? pepfwpfckrS tjcm;pepf
wpfcktay:? pufypnf;rsm;rS vlom;rsm;tay:wGif - EdkifiH
100

a&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;t& acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwf

jcif;? cs,fvS,fjcif;yifjzpfonf/ tMurf;zufjcif;\ qefY
usifbufjzpfaom tMurf;rzufjcif;wGif oGifjyifvuPm
&Spf&yf tenf;qHk; yg&Sdavonf/

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jcif;rS uif;a0;a&;? rdrdudk,fudk ESdrfhcsjcif;? cspfjcif;arwm?
rdrdudk,fudk xdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;? trSefw&m;ESifh onf;cHjcif;
w&m; (cED) wdkYjzpfMuonf/ tcsif;t&mrsm;rSm tjyef
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qdkonfrSm tMurf;rzufjcif;\ aemufcH taMumif;&if;yif
jzpfavonf/ r[wr*ED taejzifhrl rnfonfh yHkpHESifhrS
acgif;yHkjzwf cs,fvS,fjcif; vHk;0r&Sdonfh tMurf;zufrI
uif;pifaom vlrI todkif;t0dkif;udk arQmfrSef;cJhonf/ olY
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tqwGif trSefw&m;? tMurf;rzufjcif;? rdrdudk,fwdkif
tepfemcHjcif;? vlrIqufqHa&; enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh &v'frsm;
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yk*vtpGJtvrf;rsm;? bufvdkufrIrsm;? trkef;
w&m;rsm;? trsKd;Zmwdrmef vGefuJjcif;rsm;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f
jcif;rsm; uif;pifjcif;rsm;rSvnf; pwifygonf/ t&Snf
wnfwHhEkdifrnfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk &&Sd&efrSm rdrd\ pdwfwGif;
tajctaeudk od&Sd em;vnfjcif;pGrf;&nf zGHYNzdK;apjcif;jzifh
tpjyK&ygvdrfhrnf/ pOf;pm;awG;ac: jcif;rsm;? pdwfqErsm;?
tajymtqdkESifh tjyKtrlrsm; [efcsuf nDapjcif; jzpfonf/
pdwfwGif; tZswrS jzpfwnfvmonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGif
oefYpifaom tawG;tjrifrsm;? oefY&Sif; aom cHpm;csufrsm;?
oefY&Sif;aom pdwfqErsm;ESifh cH,lcsufrsm; yg&Sdavonf/

odkYjzpfav&m Nidrf;csrf;a&; t,ltqrSm pHwefzdk;
rsm;pGm yg&Sdvsuf vGefpGm us,fjyefY eufIdif;onfudk avhvm
awGY&Sd&onf/ a'oqdkif&m nDvmcHwpf&yf jzpfaom EkdifiH
wumynma&;ESifh vlYpHEIef; wefzdk;rsm;qdkif&m ynma&;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh rQwnDnGwfaom
vlyk*dKvf wpf OD;csif;pD taejzifh
uav;rsm; &SifoefBuD; jyif;&mwGif
oifhavsmfaom pdwfESvHk;om;ESifh
tjrifoabmxm;rsm; zGHYNzdK;ap&ef
wm0ef0w&m; wpf&yf taejzifh
ausmif;rsm;wGif wnf&Sdaeavonf/
onf;cHjcif;w&m;? wef;wl&nfwla&;?
w&m;rQwa&;? vdifydkif;qdkif&m
wef;wltcGifhta&;? tkyfpktvdkuf
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwwfrI? vlrI0efxrf;
pdwf"gwf &Sifoefa&;ESifh y#dyursm;
ajz&Sif;wwfonfh pGrf;&nf
zGHYNzdK;a&;wdkYtwGuf jyifqif xm;&Sdonfh
oif,lavhvm&ef ywf0ef;usifrS wqifh
uav;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;om;rsm;wGif
Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rIudk wnfaqmuf
Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/

101

twGuf tm&S-ypdzdwfuGef,uf (Asia-Pacific Network (rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;rsm; &Sdvsufyif twlwuG tvkyf

for International Education and Values Education vkyfEdkifjcif;)? y#dyursm;udk Nidrf;csrf;aom enf;vrf;rsm;
(APNIEVE 1995) rS Nidrf;csrf;a&;? vlYtcGifhta&;? 'Drdk jzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;? rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk av;pm;
ua&pDESifh t&SnfwnfwHhaom zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIESifh quf Ekdifjcif;? vufcHwefzdk;xm;jcif;? vlenf;pkrsm;? tkyfpki,frsm;
EG,faeaom pHwefzdk;rsm;? taxmuftyHhrsm;qdkif&m oGif tay: av;pm;jcif;? ,Ofaus;pGm ajymqdkjyKrljcif;? tjrif
jyif vuPmrsm;udk avhvmwifjycJhonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; us,f yGifhvif;aom pdwfxm;&Sdjcif;?
t,ltqwGif cspfjcif;arwm? u&kPm? nDnGwfjcif;?
onf;cHjcif;? ulnD jyKpk apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh rQa0jcif;? (5) ulnDjyKpk apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh rQa0jcif;
tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKjcif;? pmempdwf? eDwdESifh pdwfydkif;
cspfjcif;arwm? olwpfyg;twGuf pdk;&drfpdwfESifh
qdkif&m zGHYNzdK;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;w&m;udk odjrifjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/ apwem o'gw&m; xufoefjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/


yifrpHwefzdk;rsm;ESifh qufEG,faeonfh tjcm; (6) tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKjcif;?
aom pHEIef;rsm;rSm
touf&Sifoefjcif;wGif tjcm;aomolrsm;ESifh
(1) cspfjcif;arwm
qufpyfae&jcif; oabmudk odjrif cHpm;Ekdifjcif;? rnfolrQ

rdrdudk,fudk wefzdk;xm;jcif;? ,HkMunfjcif;? av; NyD;jynfhpHkjcif; r&Sdonfh w&m;oabmudk odjrifem;vnfjcif;?
pm;jcif;? tjyKoabmaqmifaom rdrdudk,fudk a0zefa&;? pGefYOD;wDxGifzefwD;vdkpdwfESifh twlwuG wm0ef,l vkyf
&dk;om;yGifhvif;jcif;? wm0efodpdwf&Sdjcif;? tjcm;olrsm; t aqmifvdkpdwf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYyg&Sdonf/
wGuf pOf;pm;ay;jcif;? opm&Sdjcif;? pGefYvTwftepfemcHvdk
pdwf? ajyvnf&majyvnfaMumif; aqG;aEGG;ndEIdif; wdkifyif (7) eDwdESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m pm&dwzGYHNzdK;jcif;
vdkpdwf? owd&Sdjcif;? El;nHhodrfarGYjcif;ESifh onf;cHEkdifjcif;wdkY
pdwfwGif;? udk,fwGif;Nidrf;at;jcif;? touf&Sif
yg&Sdygonf/
oefjcif; (b0) tay: tav;tjrwfxm;jcif;? vlwdkif;\
&kyfydkif;? pdwfydkif; taumif;qHk; jzpfwefpGrf;udk todt
(2) u&kPm
rSwfjyKjcif;? vlom;xk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf&ef trSefwu,f qE

Muifemoem;wwfjcif;? pdwf"gwfcGeftm;&Sdjcif;? &Sdjcif;? vlYpdwfpGrf;tm;tay: ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif;? vGwfvyfpGm
tjcm;olrsm;\ vdktifudk odjrif cHpm;Ekdifjcif;? pdwfaumif; awG;ac:pOf;pm;cGifh? ,HkMunf udk;uG,fcGifhESifh todynm
ESvHk;aumif;&Sdjcif;? jyKpkapmifha&Smufwwfjcif;? tultnD &SmazGcGifh&Sdjcif;? &dk;om;ajzmifhrwf rSefuefjcif;? rdrd tjyKtrl
taxmuftyHh ay;wwfjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/
tajymtqdkwdkYudk jyefvSefoHk;oyf avhvmwwfjcif;?
orm"dw&m; zGHYNzdK;apjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/
(3) nDnGwfjcif;


tjyeftvSef,HkMunfrIESifh em;vnfrI&Sdjcif;? yg
1999 ckESpfwGif *syefEkdifiH? wdkusKdNrdKUwGif
0if aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdjcif;? ,Ofaus;rI pHwefzdk;rsm; rQwjcif;? urmhukvor*? ,leufpudkrS BuD;rSL;usif;ycJhonfh ]Nidrf;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? twlwuG vkyfaqmifjcif;? xd csrf;a&;ESifh EkdifiHwum em;vnfrI xGef;um;a&;twGuf
a&mufaom qufqHa&;&Sdjcif;? bHktusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf q&mtwwfynm} Teacher Education for Peace
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;? ajyvnf&m ajyvnfaMumif; aqG; and International Understanding nDvmcHBuD;
aEG;ndEIdif; wdkifyifvdkpdwf? trsm;oabmxm;udk av;pm; rSvnf; tzGJY0ifEkdifiHwdkif;\ q&mtwwfynm oifwef;
rsm;wGif xnfhoGif; oifMum;&eftwGuf pHEIef;wefzdk; (10)
vdkufemjcif;wdkY yg&Sdonf/
&yfudk azmfxkwf aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
tjynfjynfqdkif&m em;vnfrI xGef;um;a&;twGuf &nf
(4) onf;cHjcif;

tjyeftvSef ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif;? &ifxJrS vufcH &G,f&if; jzpfonf/ pHEIef;wefzdk; (10) &yfrSm (1) vlY
Ekdifjcif;? tjcm;olrsm;udk ae&may;jcif;? ,Ofaus;rI pHEIef; tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0w&m;rsm;? (2) tjyeftvSef em;
rsm;ESifh yk*vrwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;rsm;udk av;pm;jcif; vnfrI&Sda&;? (3) 'Drdkua&pD? (4)onf;cHjcif;w&m; (cED)?
102

Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&;ESifh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf oifMum;jcif;[k
qdk&m0,f
]odrIe,fy,fESifh cHpm;rI e,fy,f}
ESpf&yfpvHk;twGuf jzpfygonf/
udk,f&nf udk,faoG;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufap&eftwGuf oifcef;pm
acgif;pOftvdkufESifh uav;\
touft&G,ft& oifMum;jcif;
enf;pepfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;
jzpfonf/

(5) udk,fwGif;pdwfwGif; Nidrf;at;jcif;ESifh nDnGwfrQwjcif;?

(6) vlY *kPfodum? (7) t&SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJaom wdk;
wufzGHYNzdK;rI? (8) EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI? (9) ul
nDapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifhrQa0jcif;? (10) touf&Sifoef jcif;
(owavmu) wGif w&m;rQwrI&Sdjcif;? rwluGJjym; jcm;em;
jcif;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyK wefzdk;xm;jcif;wdkY jzpf Muonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&; t,ltqESifh wpfxyfwnf;wnf&Sd
aeaom t"du pHEIef;rsm;jzpfonfh tjyeftvSef odem;
vnfa&;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;? onf;cHjcif;w&m; xGef;
um;a&;? owavmu wpfckvHk;twGuf w&m;rQwrI
&Sda&;? vlY tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef0w&m;rsm;rSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;onf/

4if;tjyif eDwdESifh pm&dwydkif;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK;a&;rSm
vnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&mwGif vspfvsLIxm;
r&ygacs/ pHwefzdk;rsm;udk vufqifhurf; oGm;Ekdif&ef tm;
xkwfMu&rnf jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfav&m ynma&;rSm ta&;
BuD;NyD; tjyKoabmaqmifonfh tcef;u@wpf&yf tae
jzifh ,cifumvrsm;uxuf ydkrdk vdktyfvsuf &Sdaeav
onf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh rQwnDnGwfaom vlyk*dKvf wpf
OD;csif;pD taejzifh uav;rsm; &Sifoef BuD;jyif;&mwGif oifh
avsmfaom pdwfESvHk;om;ESifh tjrifoabmxm;rsm; zGHYNzdK;
ap&ef wm0ef0w&m; wpf&yf taejzifh ausmif;rsm;wGif
wnf&Sdaeavonf/ onf;cHjcif; w&m;? wef;wl&nfwla&;?
w&m;rQwa&;? vdifydkif;qdkif&m wef;wltcGifhta&;? tkyfpk
tvdkuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwwfrI? vlrI0efxrf; pdwf"gwf
&Sifoefa&;ESifh y#dyursm; ajz&Sif;wwfonfh pGrf;&nf
zGHYNzdK;a&;wdkYtwGuf jyifqif xm;&Sdonfh oif,lavhvm&ef
ywf0ef;usifrS wqifh uav;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;om;rsm;wGif
Nidrf;csrf;a&; ,Ofaus;rIudk wnfaqmuf Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/

ausmif;ynma&;tpDtpOf - Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufynma&;

jrefrmEkdifiHonf wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHk rSDwif; ae
xdkifvsuf &Sdonfh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH
jzpfonf/ rwl? uGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh
vlrsKd;pkrsm; aygif;pnf; aexdkifvsuf &SdMu&m &dk;&m"avhrsm;
toD;oD;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh jrefrmh
ynma&;onf &kyfydkif;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; wpfckwnf;

103

udkomvQif OD;wnfxm;jcif; r[kwfrlbJ eDwd oabm

w&m;ESifh udk,fwGif;? pdwfwGif; Nidrf;at;jcif;rsm; yg0ifvsuf
bufpHk ynma&; twGufudk OD;wnf oifhygonf/

twlwuG touf&Sifoef aexdkifEkdifzdkY oif,l
avhvmpdkY t,ltqrSm jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ rsuf
arSmufordkif; vdktyfcsuf jzpfaMumif;vnf; avhvm
awGY&Sd&onf/ onfrSm A[k,Ofaus;rI vlrI todkif;
t0dkif;jzpfonfh jrefrmh vlYabmif\ tem*wf Nidrf;csrf;
om,mjcif;ESifh zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;twGufvnf; tajccH
jzpfavonf/ ordkif;tarGtESpf xkxnfBuD;rm;onfh
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ pdwfESvHk;om;wdkYwGif wnf&Sdonfh
arwmw&m;? onf;cHjcif;w&m;ESifh avmuygv w&m;rsm;
rSm t&SnfwnfwHhaom Nidrf;csrf;onfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;
wnfaqmufa&; twGuf 21 &mpk EkdifiHwum pHwefzdk;rsm;
jzpfonfudkvnf; avhvm awGY&Sd&ygonf/

rnfhonfh taMumif;w&m; (vdifydkif;? vlrsKd;a&;?
,HkMunfudk;uG,frI? vlrIpD;yGm; tqifhtwef;)aMumifhrS
wpfOD;csif; taejzifh wef;wl&nfwl &ydkifcGifh? w&m; rQwrI
&Sdjcif;ESifh vlrIvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk rxdcdkufap&ef tajccH
Oya'wGif jyXmef;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ onfrSm Nidrf;csrf;
aom? zdESdyfjcif;uif;aom? tMurf;rzufaom jrefrmh vlY
tzGJYtpnf;twGuf tajccH vdktyfcsufvnf; jzpfav
onf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmf\ ynma&;qdkif&m
rl0g'rsm; csrSwfa&;wGifvnf; tcsufrsm; tay:wGif
tajcjyK&ygrnf/

oif&dk;nTef;wrf;\ tqifhwdkif;wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf vrf;aMumif; azmfaqmif ay;Ekdifrnfhrlrsm;? vuf
awGY usifhaqmifEkdifrIrsm;udk xnfhoGif; ay;oifhygonf/
urmha&;&mrsm;ESifhtwl rsufarSmuf jrefrmh vlYtodkif;
t0dkif;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;? &ifqdkifae&onfh tusyftwnf;
rsm;? vlrI vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;?
tMurf;zufrI uif;pifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;
xGef;um;a&; ponfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk oif&dk;
nTef;wrf;? pHEIef;rsm; tnTef;abmifESifh oif&dk; rmwdum
rsm;wGif xnfhoGif; a&;qGJEkdifavonf/

q&mtwwfynm oifwef;rsm;wGifvnf;
ypu jrefrmh vlYabmifa&;&mrsm;ESifh Nidfrf;csrf;a&; ,Of
aus;rI xGef;um;ap&ef ynma&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk rdwf
quf oifwef;ay;jcif;? pmoifcef;twGif; vkyfaqmifEdkif
onfh oifMum;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;qGJjcif;wdkYudk
xnfhoGif; oifhygonf/
104

Nidrf;csrf;aom tdrf

rdbrsm;? nDtudkarmifESrrsm;? tjcm;aom
aqGrsKd;pk0ifrsm;jzifh xdawGY qufqHjcif;rS tpjyK
uav;\ vlrIqufqHa&; pwifygonf/ onf;cHjcif;
w&m;? tjcm;olrsm;udk av;pm;jcif;? pmempdwf&Sdjcif;?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;? tcsdefav;pm;jcif;? ulnD
apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh a0rQcHpm;jcif;? &dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;
tp&SdonfwdkYESifh oufqdkifaom yxrqHk; oifcef;pmrsm;
udk tdrfwGif pwif avhvm Mu&jcif; jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;rS
tzdk;tzGm;rsm;? aqG;rsKd;om;csif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ouf
BuD;&G,ftdkrsm;udk jyKrlqufqHyHkrsm;onf uav;rsm;\
udk,f&nfudk,faoG; zGHYNzdK;rItay: rsm;pGm oufa&mufrI &Sdyg
onf/

ndEIdif;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;? tjyeftvSef em;vnfrI
&Sdjcif;? o'gw&m;xufoefjcif;? bufvdkufrIr&Sdaom quf
qHa&;rsm;onf uav;rsm;\ udk,f&nfudk,faoG; xuf
jrufapjcif;? taumif;jrifoabmxm; zGHYNzdK;apjcif;wdkY
twGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftyHh jzpfapygonf/ aeYpOf
y#dyursm;? tdrfwGif; tMurf;zufrIrsm; tygt0if w
usufusuf &efjzpfaeaom rdom;pkESifh twlaexdkif
z&ko0gpm pum;rsm;jzifh qJa&;wdkif;xGmjcif;? &dkufESuf
tjypfay;jcif;rsm; tpOf cHpm;&onfh uav;rsm;rSmrl yk*v
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf&efESifh udk,f&nfudk,faoG;qdkif&m vdkvm;
tyfaom aumif;rGefonfh p&dkuf vuPmrsm; &&Sdap&efrSm
rsm;pGm tcuftcJ &Sdavonf/ arG;csif; nDtudk? armifES
rrsm; tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;rsm;rS wqifh
yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufwwfjcif;ESifh tEkdif,lvdkpdwfjzifh ,SOf
NydKifjcif;? a0rQ cHpm;jcif;ESifh remvdk0efwdkjcif; oabm wdkYudk
oif,l avhvm Muygonf/

vlrItodkif;t0dkif;ESifh ausmif;wGifjyKrlqufqHyHk
rsm;ESifh toHk;jyKonfh pum; toHk;tEIef;rsm;rSm tdrfwGif;
qufqHa&;ESifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmrsm;rS vufcH
&&Sdxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;tay: wpfyHkpHwnf;
qufqHjcif;? bufvdkufwwfjcif;? cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;? &efp
wwfjcif;? trsufa'go xGufvG,fjcif;ESifh tm;enf;oludk
ESdrfwwfjcif; oabmwdkYudk rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh xdawGY
qufqHjcif;rsm;rS yxrqHk; taejzifh vufcH oif,l vmMu
NyD;vQif &yf&Gm vlY todkif;t0dkif;ESifh ausmif;rsm;rS
tcsif;t&mrsm;udk avmifpmqDozG,f tm;jznfhjcif;udk BuHK

awGY&ygrl uav;rsm; ydkrdk qdk;0g; vmEkdifavonf/ odkYjzpf

yg tdrf? ausmif;ESifh&yf&Gm vlY todkif;t0dkif; tm;vHk;wGif
uav;rsm; rnfodkYaom yHkpHrsm;jzifh BuD;jyif;vmap&efrSm
wm0ef&Sdavonf/ vdkvm;tyfonfh ,Ofaus;rI pHEIef;
rsm;udk vufqifhurf; ay;&eftwGuf ae&mrsm;rS yHhydk;
jznfhqnf; ay;Ekdifygonf/

odkYjzpfyg Nidrf;csrf;a&; oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh
tpDtpOfrsm;udk uav;rsm;ESifh olwdkYtay: jyKrlqufqHyHk
rsm;udk rdbrsm; owdjyKrdapjcif;rsm;? udkf,f&nfudkf,faoG;
qdkif&m oufa&mufrIrsm;udk odem;vnfjcif;rsm;rS wqifh
OD;pGm pwif&rnf jzpfonf/ uav;rsm;rS arG;csif;rsm;?
aqGrsKd; om;csif;rsm;? &yf&GmwGif;&Sd tjcm;aomolrsm;ESifh
qufqHa&;Mum;wGif ndEIdif; aqmif&GufEkdifolrsm;rSm rdb
rsm;yif jzpfavonf/ qufqHa&;rsm;onf uav;\
vlrI aygif;oif;qufqHa&; 0ef;usifudk us,fjyefY vmap
jcif;ESifh rdrdudk,fudkESifh vlYtodkif;t0dkif; tay:wGif tjyK
oabm aqmifaom oabmxm; tjrifrsm; zGHYNzdK;vmap&ef
rdbrsm;rS ulnD yHhydk;Ekdifygonf/ enf;jzifh uav;
rsm;onf vlY todkif;t0dkif;twGuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk jrwfEdkf;
arwmw&m; jynfh0aom olrsm; jzpfvmEkdifygrnf/

Nidrf;csrf;aom &yf&Gm? vlY tzGJYtpnf;

vlwdkif;onf rdrd &Sifoefaexdkif&m &yf&Gm vlY
todkif;t0dkif;twGif;\ vlrIywf0ef;usifrS wpfoufwm
vHk; pOfqufrjywf oif,l avhvmvsuf &SdMuonf/
vlrIywf0ef;usifrSae vlwdkif;\ ynma&; tay:wGif
rsm;pGm vTrf;rdk;vsuf &Sdaeavonf/ &yf&Gm vlY todkif;t
0dkif;\ tawG;tac:? t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;? ,Of
aus;rIESifh &dk;&mtpOftvmrsm;? pHwefzdk;rsm;rSm vlwdkif;
tay:wGif oufa&mufvsuf &Sdaeonf/ wHcg;ydwf 0g'
usifhoHk; acwfaemuf jyefqGJaeonfh tawG;tac:
vTrf;rdk;aom &yf&Gm? vlY tzGJYtpnf;twGif; &Sifoef vlvm;
ajrmufvmMu&onfh uav;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyf yGifhvif;
wdk;wufa&; tjrif&Sdonfh vlY todkif;t0dkif;twGif; BuD;jyif;
vmMuonfh uav;rsm;\ rwl? uGJjym; jcm;em;csufrsm;udk
txift&Sm; avhvmEkdifygonf/

odkYjzpfav&m rdbrsm;? q&m? q&mrrsm; tae
jzifh uav;rsm;udk Nidrf;csrf;aom vlrIywf0ef;usif twGif;
wGif &Sifoef BuD;jyif;vmMuap&eftwGuf tcGifh tvrf;rsm;

ESifh Nidrf;csrf; om,maom ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;oifhyg

onf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh pmoifausmif;

,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifh pHwefzdk;rsm;udk vufqifhurf;
o,faqmifay;onfh ,OfrSm ynma&;yif jzpfygonf/ vlrI
qufqHa&; xGef;um;aponfh ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;
EkdifpGrf;rSmvnf; ynma&;yif jzpfavonf/ ,Ofaus;rI
rsm;ESifh &dk;&m pHwefzdk;rsm;t& tem*wf EkdifiHom;rsm;\
udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ESifh yk*vzGHYNzdK;rIudk yHkazmf&ef twGuf vlY
todkif;t0dkif;rS wnfaxmifxm;&Sdonfh w&m;0if Xmersm;
taejzifh pmoifausmif;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfxm;&SdMujcif; jzpf
onf/ uav;oli,fwdkY\ tzGJYtpnf;BuD; wpfck taejzifh
vnf;aumif;? ydkrdkus,fjyefYonfh &yf&Gm? a'o? EkdifiHawmf
ESifh urmhtqifhwdkif;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf EkdifMuapjcif;
tvdkYiSg oif,lavhvmjcif; "gwfcGJcef; wpfcktaejzifh
vnf;aumif; pmoifcef;rsm;u wm0ef ,lxm;ygonf/

ausmif;odkY rvmrDuwnf;uyif uav;rsm;
onf vlrIqufqHa&; qdkif&mrsm;pGmudk awGYBuHK em;vnf
xm;Muygonf/ ,aeYrsufarSmuf owif;ESifh enf;ynm
acwfwGif pdwful;,Of Zmwfvrf;rsm;? yuwdjzpf&yfrsm;?
&yf&Gm a'owGif;omru EkdifiHwumjzpf&yfrsm; tp&Sdonfh
urmBuD;\ tawGYtBuHK trsKd;rsKd;udk owif;pm? a&'D,dk?
wDAGD&kyfoHESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;rSwqifh tcsdefjynfh vufcH
&&SdaeMuygonf/ azsmfajzwifqufrIrsm;? owif; tcsuf
tvufrsm;? aMumfjim rD'D,mrsm;rS ae tcsuf
tvufrsm;pGmudk ausmif;ESifh pmoifcef;twGif; oif,l
avhvmrIrsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKifjzpfap? qefYusifbufrsm;udk
jzpfap uav;rsm; vufcH &&SdaeMuygonf/ vlBuD;rsm;?
&G,fwlrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rsm; twGufvnf; oufa&mufrI
rsm;pGmudk jzpfaponf/

,leufpudk\ 'Davmpfaumfrpf&SifrS wifjyxm;
&Sdonfhtwdkif; vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifh vlrIywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
jyemrsm;udk ausmif;0if;wHcg;? *dwf0 tjyifbufom
xm;&Sd r&Ekdifawmhyg/ ,aeY rsufarSmuf jrefrmESifh EkdifiH
wum vlrIjyemrsm; jzpfMuonfh- qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;?
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcH&jcif;? tMurf;zuf
jcif;? 'Drdkua&pD qdwfokOf;jcif;? vlY tcGifhta&; csKd;azguf
cH&jcif;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; jyem ponfwdkYrSm uav;

105

rsm;ESifh twl pmoifcef;rsm; twGif;odkY 0ifa&muf vmMu

avonf/ odkYjzpfav&m pmoifausmif;rsm;onf
jyemrsm;udk cGJjcm;odjrifjcif;? &ifqdkifEkdifjcif;wdkYtjyif
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkvdkvm;tyfonfh tjyK
trlESifh tavhtusifhrsm;udk zGHYNzdK;apjcif;jzifh olwdkY\
pGrf;tm;rsm;ESifh EkysKdopfvGifaom pdwfESvHk;om;rsm;wGif
tjyKoabmaqmifonfh tjrifrsm;? vlrIjyKjyif ajymif;vJ
a&; twGuf trSefw&m;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk jrwfEkd;pdwfrsm;
udef;atmif;aeap&ef jyKpk ysKd;axmif&rnf jzpfygonf/ xdkY
twGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;onf ,aeY rsufarSmufacwf
rNidrf;csrf;ao;aom urmBuD;wGif ydkrdkta&;ygonfh ae&m
wnf&Sdaeonfudk avhvm awGY&Sd&onf/

pmoifcef;twGif;rS a0'emrsm;


ae&mwGif q&m q&mrrsm;rS txl; owd
xm; *&kwpdkuf udkifwG,faqmif&Guf&rnfh ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm;\ tjyKtrlqdkif&m oGifjyifvuPm
wpf&yfjzpfonfh onf;rcHEkdifrIESifh ywfouf aqG;aEG;
vdkygonf/ ,leufpudkrS rlvwef;ESifh txufwef;tqifh
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ onf;rcHEkdifrIESifh ywfouf
q&mq&mrrsm; taejzifh pmoifcef;twGif; awGY&Sd
Ekdifonfh oGifjyifvuPm tcsuf (15) csufudk azmfxkwf
xm;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm - (1) uav;rsm; oHk;EIef; ajymqdk
onfh bmompum; (pum;vHk;) - emrnfzsufac: jcif;?
vlrsKd;a&;ESifh vlenf;pkwdkYudk xdcdkufaponfh ykwfcwf
ac:a0:jcif;? odkYr[kwf uav;tcsif;csif; xdcdkufaponfh
tykwfcs ac:a0:ajymqdkjcif;? (2) yHkaoum;cs owfrSwf
yHkpHoGif;jcif; - avSmifajymifoa&mfjcif;? jyuf&,fjyKjcif;?
t*wdw&m;jzifh rvdkrkef;xm;jcif;? bufvdkufjcif;? w,l
oef tpGJtvef;? rdrd (odkYr[kwf) rdrdtzGJY tm;enf;csufudk
tjcm;olwpfyg; tay: tjypfyHkcsjcif;? (Oyrm - tm;
upm;NydKifyGJwGif rdrd (odkYr[kwf) rdrdtoif;\ IH;edrfhrI?
ratmifjrifrI? ruRrf;usifrIwdkYudk tzGJY0ifwpfa,muf
a,muf (odkYr[kwf) tenf;pk tay:wGifom tjypfwif
jcif;? (3) cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; - MuOfz,fjcif;? 0dkif;z,fjcif;?
(twef;om;wpfOD;OD; (odkYr[kwf) tenf;pk tay:wGif
tjcm;olrsm;rS pum;rajymbJ aejcif;? twlwuG pmoif
cef;wGif; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif ryg0ifapjcif;)? (4)
taESmuft,Sufay;jcif;? apmfum;jcif;- rvdktyfbJ wrif

106

vkyfaqmifjcif;? pmtkyf? pm&GufponfwdkYudk a&;jcpf

zsufqD;jcif;? (tjcm; ausmif;om;wpfOD;\ yef;csDum;udk
zsufvdkzsufqD;pdwfjzifh rifpufvdkufcsjcif;? ausmif;pmudk
ysufpD;apjcif;? tv[ tcsdefjzKef;apjcif;? (5) tEkdif
usifhjcif;? &efvdkjcif;? &efpjcif;? Adkvfusjcif;? BuD;Ekdif
i,fnOf;jcif; - rdrdtzGJYrS wrifoufouf xkwfy,fjcif;?
0dkif;MuOfxm;jcif;? cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;? txD;usefjzpfapjcif;?
zdESdyfqufqHjcif;ESifh aESmuf,Sufjcif; ponfwdkY jzpfMu
onf/

oGifjyifvuPm tcsuf 15 csufwGif t
Ekdifusifhjcif;? &efvdkjcif;? &efpjcif;? Adkvfusjcif;? BuD;Ekdif
i,fnOf;jcif;udk jrefrm pmoifcef;wGif;ESifh ausmif;rsm;wGif
trsm; qHk; awGYBuHK&aMumif; avhvm awGY&Sd&onf/ q&m
q&mrrsm; taejzifh ydkrdk cufcJpGm &ifqdkif&wwfonfh
uJhodkY jyKrlaom uav;rsm;\ tjyKtrlESifh cHpm;csufwdkYudk
enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh udkifwG,f xdef;ausmif;jcif; rjyKygu
tMurf;zufvdkpdwfESifh &efvdkpdwfrsm;aMumifh Adkvfus pdk;rdk;
zdESdyf cs,fvS,fwwfonfh vlBuD;rsm;? txufzm; atmufzd
vlBuD;rsm;tjzpf BuD;jyif; vmEkdifavonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ynma&;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf oifMum;jcif;[k qdk&m0,f ]odrIe,fy,fESifh cHpm;rI
e,fy,f} ESpf&yfpvHk;twGuf jzpfygonf/ udk,f&nf
udk,faoG;qdkif&m zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufap&eftwGuf oifcef;pm
acgif;pOftvdkufESifh uav;\ touft&G,ft& oif
Mum;jcif; enf;pepfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; jzpfonf/
ausmif;ESifh pmoifcef;twGif;wGifomrubJ tdrf? &yf&Gm?
a'oywf0ef;usifvnf; usifhoHk; vdkufemMuap&ef pH
wefzdk;rsm;? tjyKtrlrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfapjcif;? oGefoif
qHk;rjcif;? yJhjyif xdef;ausmif;jcif;jzif jyKpk ysKd;axmif Ekdifyg
onf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGufynma&;? vlY tcGifhta&;ESifh
wm0ef0w&m;rsm;twGuf avhusifh oifMum;&m0,f oif
,ljcif;jzpfpOf (process of learning) twGif; ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; udk,fwdkif xJxJ0if0if yg0if aqmif&GufrI
&&Sdap&ef bufpHkrQwaom aygif;pnf; oif&dk; nTef;wrf;udk
wnfaqmuf&rnf jzpfygonf/
odef;Ekdif
(qufvufazmfjyygrnf/)

107

tufaq;

ynma&;&JU t"dym,fu bmvJvdkY ar;cJhMuzl;
ovm;/ usaemfwdkY ausmif;udk bmaMumifh oGm;&ovJ/
bmom&yfcGJ trsKd;rsKd;udk bmvdkY oif&ovJ/ wpfwef;NyD;
wpfwef;? wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifhwufzdkY bmvdkY BudK;pm;Mu
ovJ/

'g[m ynma&;&JU yHkpHtppf jzpfovm;/

ynma&; qdkwm bmvJ/

'Dar;cGef;awG[m ausmif;om;awG twGufom
ta&;BuD;wm r[kwfygbl;/ rdbawG? q&mawGtwGuf?
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ynmoifzdkY
ynmwwfawGjzpfzdkY b,ftaMumif;aMumifh usaemfwdkY BudK;
yrf;&ovJ/ pmar;yGJ tcsKdUudk ausmfjzwfNyD; vufrSwfpm&Guf
,l? tvkyfwpfck&SmzdkY twGufyJvm;/

b0qdkwm&JU jzpfpOfudk em;vnfEkdifzdkY i,f&G,f
vGef;aewJh uav;t&G,ftwGuf ynma&;qdkwmeJY rGrf;rH
ay;zdkY/ tJovdk &nf&G,fwm r[kwfvm;/ twwfynm
oifMum;NyD; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI jyKMuzdkYqdkwm vdktyf
ygw,f/ 'gayrJh ynma&;[m 'gyJvm;/ b0&JUJ tcsdef oHk;csKd;
wpfcsKd;? av;csKd;wpfcsKd;udk tukefcHNyD; ynmqdkwmudk 'Dt
wGufyJ wGef;ydkY vdkufMuwmvm;/

pifppf b0[m tvkyfwpfckoufouf r[kwf
bl;/ ydkifqdkifrItwGuf oufoufr[kwfbl;/ b0[m
av;eufNyD; xl;jcm;wJh wpfpHkwpfck jzpfygw,f/ eufeJw,f/

108

vlom;wpfckwnf; twGufrSmwif b0t"dym,fu us,f

jyefYw,f/

toufarG;rItwGuf jyifqif&HkrQ oufoufyJ
qdk&if usaemfwdkY &nf&G,f&m[m vGJrSm;aeNyDvdkY ajym&r,f/

b0&JU t"dym,f tjynfht0 em;rvnfawmhbJ
vGJaeNyDvdkY qdk&ygr,f/ b0udk em;vnfoabmaygufzdkYu
pmar;yGJajzzdkY jyifqifwmxufawmh ydkta&;BuD;r,f
r[kwfvm;/ ocsFm? lyaA' pojzifh bmom&yfawG oif
Mum;ae&Hkxufawmh ydkta&;BuD;w,f r[kwfvm;/

q&myJjzpfjzpf? ausmif;om;yJjzpfjzpf oifMum;
jcif;qdkwm bmvJ? ynma&;udk bmaMumifh jyKMu&ovJ
qdkwm ajcajcjrpfjrpf ar;cGef; &Sdoifhygw,f/ ynma&;[m
b0eJY qufEG,fr,fhtwGuf b0udkvnf; ar;cGef;xkwf
ygr,f/ b0&JU NyD;jynfhpHkaom? teufdIif;qHk;aom t"dym,f
u bmvJ/

iSufaus;om&um? opfyif yef;ref? aumif;uif?
ajrjyif? Mu,fpif pwmawGuvnf; b0xJ tusKH;0if
aer,f/ qif;&Jjcif;? csrf;omjcif;[mvnf; b0rSm &Sdr,f/
vlwef;pm;csif;? tkyfpkcsif;? EkdifiHcsif; wdkufyGJawGvnf; yg
r,f/ bm0emvnf; &Sdr,f/ bmoma&;vdkY usaemfwdkY ac:
qdkMuwmvnf; b0rSm&Sdw,f/ El;nHhodrfarGYwJh pdwf? eufeJ
r,fh p&dkufawGvnf; b0rSm yg0ifygw,f/ arQmfrSef;csuf
awG? &nf&G,fcsufawG? cHpm;csufawG? aMumuf&GHU pdwfawG?

usaemfwdkY bmtwGuf ynmoif

Krishnamurti

tmom&rufeJY pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIawG pwmawGvnf; b0rSm

&Sdaew,f/ 'gawG tm;vHk;[m b0 jzpfw,f/ 'ghxufvnf;
ydkr,f/

'gudk usaemfwdkY trsm;pku toufarG; 0rf;
ausmif;qdkwJh Iaxmifh wpfckwnf;uae uav;awGudk
('grSr[kwf) usaemfwdkY uav;b0udk - q,fhig;ESpf? ESpfESpf
q,favmuf tcsdefukefcHcJhNyD; jyifqif oGm;cJhMu&w,f/
pmar;yGJawG 0ifajz? tvkyftudkif wpfckvkyf? tdrfaxmif?
om;arG;? puf&[wfBuD; vnfovdk vnfywf aeMuw,f/

tJ'DtcsdefawGxd usaemfwdkY b0xJrSm aMumuf&GHU
pdwfawG? arQmfvifhcsufawG? pdk;&GHUrIawGu usef&pf aewkef;yJ/
tJawmh ar;cGef;a[mif;yJ xyfar;ygr,f/ ynma&;[m
tvkyftudkif &SmazGzdkY twGufyJvm;? b0udk em;vnf
oabmaygufatmif ulnDaxmufyHhay;zdkY r[kwfbl;vm;/

usaemfwdkY vlBuD;b0 a&mufvmwJhtcg bm
awG jzpfukefrSmvJ/ omrmef orm;&dk;us twdkif;- cifAsm;
tdrfaxmifusoGm;r,f/ udk,fhudk,fudk,f rdbjzpfvdkY jzpf
rSef;rod jzpfoGm;Mur,f/ tvkyfwpfckrSm ('grSr[kwf) rD;zdk
acsmifrSm csnfaESmif cHae&r,f/ tJvdkeJYyJ usaemfwdkY BuD;jyif;
vm&if; aysmufqHk; oGm;Mur,f/ usaemfwdkY b0jzpfpOfu
'gtukefyJvm;/ 'Dar;cGef;u ar;oifhr,f xifyg w,f/

cifAsm;&JU rdom;pku csrf;om <u,f0ae&ifawmh
'Dar;cGef;udk pdwfcsvufcs ajzcsifajzaevdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;

tazu cifAsm;twGuf tvkyfaumif;aumif; ay;Ekdifr,f/

wifhawmifhwifhw,f vufxyfay;r,f/ 'DvdkeJY aemuf
awmh BuD;jyif; qkwf,kwf uG,fvGefoGm;r,f/ jrifEkdifyg&JU
vm;/

tJawmh aocsmwmu - usaemfwkdY[m b0&JU
t"dym,fudk em;vnfEkdifpGrf;twGuf taxmuftyHh ray;
Ekdif&if? b0&JU qHk;IH;rI? b0&JU aysmf&TifrI? b0&JU tvSty?
b0&JU tusnf;wefrI 'Davmufudk em;vnfEdkifpGrf; ray;
Ekdifbl;qdk&if usaemfwdkY ynma&;[m t"dym,f r&Sdygbl;/
bGJYtvDvD ,lNyD;? udk,femrnfaemufrSm pmvHk;awG wpfvHk;
NyD; wpfvHk; wdk;r,f/ NyD;awmh tvkyf aumif;aumif; wpfck
,lr,f/ tJ'Daemufaum ----/

tJ'DaemufrSm cifAsm;u xHktaewkef;? awGa0
,pfrl;aewkef;? todPfrJhaewkef; - qdk&if ynma&;&JU
t"du vrf;aMumif;u bmjzpfoGm;rvJ/ cifAsm;&JU tod
Pfudk jrifhwifzdkY? jyKpk ysKd;axmifzdkY ynma&;udk *&kjyKcJhMu
wm r[kwfvm;/ todPf&SdwJholom b0&JU jyem?
tcuftcJawGudk &ifqdkif ajz&Sif;oGm;EdkifrSm r[kwfvm;/

'gqdk xyfar;&NyD/ todPfqdkwm bmvJ/
usaemf em;vnfwJh todPfqdkwm aMumuf&GHUrI r&Sd?
avSmifydwfrI r&SdbJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf awG;ac:EkdifpGrf; jzpf
ygw,f/ i,f&G,fpOfuae BuD;jyif;wJhtxd b0rSm b,f
[mu tppftrSefvJ? b,f[mu twkta,mifvnf;

109

todPfqdkwm bmvJ/
usaemf em;vnfwJh
todPfqdkwm
aMumuf&GHUrI r&Sd?
avSmifydwfrIr&SdbJ
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
awG;ac:EkdifpGrf; jzpfygw,f/

rdrdPfeJY vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ppfwrf; xkwfEkdif&r,f/

wu,fvdkYom cifAsm;u wpfckckudk aMumuf
vefY ae&r,fqdk&if b,fvdk ppfwrf; xkwfrvJ/ cifAsm;&JU
tawG;tac:u wpfckckudk rSDwG,fNyD; ydwfrdaew,f qdk&if
b,f[mudk pdppfrvJ/ arQmfrSef;csufawG? avmbawG?
pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIawG? aMumuf&GHUpdwfawG - 'DpdwfawG tukef
vHk;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom? pGrf;tm;&SdwJh todPfudk
twm;tqD; jzpfapygw,f/

&Sif;vif;jywfom;NyD; pGrf;tm;&SdwJh pdwfudkom
todPfvdkY usaemf qdkcsifw,f/

cifAsm;wdkYvnf; odygvdrfhr,f/ usaemfwdkY ae
xdkif&m ywf0ef;usifudk aMumuf&GHUrI uif;wJhae&m jzpfap
csifw,f/ 'Dywf0ef;usifrSm aMumuf&GHUrI? pdk;&GHU rIawGcsnf;
&SdaerSmudk rvdkvm;Mubl;&,f/ [kwfw,f [kwf/

'gayrJh wu,fwrf; usaemfwkdY BuD;jyif;vmwJh
tcg aMumufpdwfawGom ygvmcJhMuw,f/ touf&Sif ae
xdkif&qJ cPi,fudk aMumufw,f/ tvkyftudkif qHk;IH;&
rSm aMumufw,f/ ,Ofaus;rI? ukefoG,f pD;yGm;pojzifh
ysufokOf;rSm aMumufw,f/ udk,fhtdrfeD;em;csif;? udk,fh
ywf0ef;usifudk aMumufw,f/ aemufqHk; udk,fhZeD;r,m;
vifa,musfm;udk aMumufw,f/

wpfcgu pmwpfyk'f zwf&zl;w,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm
aMumuf&wJh taMumif;awGu 'gawGwif rubl;/ om;
110

ausmif;BudKzdkY aemufusrSm? bwfpfum; rrDrSm? rDwmcawG

trsm;BuD;wufvmrSm? ukefaps;EIef;awGwufrSm? a':vm
aps;awG usrSm pojzifh aMumufae&w,fqdkwJh t
aMumif;/ tJ'Dxuf tqHk;owf aMumuf&GHU&wmu- ao rSm
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ajz\/

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yk0grsm;? tpvmrf bmom0ifwdkif; txG#ftjrwf wefzdk;
xm;Muonfh trSwfw& atmufarhzG,frsm; pHkaeonf/
115


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vnf; tvGefoufomonf/ vdkcsif odrf;csif p&mav;awG/
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116

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rsKd;jrifhcsKd

117


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118

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119

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123

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wmudk awGYcsifrSmyg/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; twef;wkdif;[m
pmMunfhwkdufudk yHkrSef vnfywfcsdef xm;&SdwmrsKd;/ q&m
q&mrrsm;uvnf; pmoifcef;twGif;rSm pmzwfcsdef trsm;
BuD; ay;NyD;? pmawG? yHk0wKawG zwfjyMuwmrsKd;/

rlBudKeJY oli,fwef; t&G,frsm;rSmawmh pmzwf
EkdifzdkYtwGuf tajccHususudk avhusihf oifMum; ay;wmrsKd;
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i,f cspfpzG,f} qdkwJh oHaygufvuFmrSm ygyHkrsKd;/
(3) ocsFm[m tpuwnf;u ta&;ygvSw,f/

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ocsFm t,ltq? oabmw&m;udk pwif rdwfqufzdkY
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qefwJh} pum;awG ajymEkdifvmwJh txd apmihfaep&m rvdk
bl; qdkwmyg/ olr&JU pmtkyfxJrSm xnhfaqG;aEG;xm;wmyg/

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oabmav;udk awGYjrif Mu&ygNyD/ ]qdkvdkwmuawmh oihf&JU
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125

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cJhbl;vm;/ tJovdkrsKd;awmh uav;awG a&SUrSm oGm;rajym
vdkufygeJY/

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tajymtqdkrsKd;[m uav;awGtwGuf temw& jzpfap
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nHhwJhol} qdkNyD;awmh ajymqdkMuzdkY&m 0efrav; wwfMuyg
bl;/ 'gayrJh (ocsFm xl;cRefMuaom) tjcm;aom wkdif;jynf
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q&mrsm;eJY tjcm; oli,fcsif;awGu ocsFmudk ydk BudK;pm;&
r,fvdkY tm;ay;pum; ajymwwfMuw,f/

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pl;pdkufrI&SdwJh q&maumif;udk [kd[dk'D'DrSm &Smxm; Munfhay
awmhwJh/ ]ocsFmaMumufwJh q&mrsKd;udkawmh rvdkcsifbl;
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126

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twGufom &nfpl;NyD; pmoifay;aewm jzpfEkdifao;w,f/

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tvkyf jzpfw,fwJh/ ]yk*vduausmif; taumif;pm;? oD;
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Ref: 7 Things You Need to Know About a School
(Before You Enroll Your Kid) by Kayla Webley
Time

127

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128


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129

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140

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4. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess

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5. For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway

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6. War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy

&k&Sm;pma&;q&mBuD; vD,dkawmfvfpwGdKif; a&;
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7. The Rights of Man by Tom Paine

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141

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8. The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rous- a&mif;cJh&onf/
seau

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vIHYaqmfay;cJhonf/

9. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel

Garcia Marquez

13. The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Graham

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14. The Art of War by Sum Tzu

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a&S;a[mif; w&kwf ppfa&;usrf; pmtkyf jzpfonf/
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10. The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

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atmif pGJaqmifEkdifwJh pmtkyfjzpfonf/

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ywfoufNyD;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;&JU tawG;tjriftay: xl; 16. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens
xl;jcm;jcm; *,uf&dkufapcJhwJh pmtkyfjzpfonf/ 1859
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11. The Wisdom of the Desert by Thomas Merton
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tar&duef c&pf,mef bkef;awmfBuD; aomrwfpf rmwif&JU 17. Four Quartest by T.S Elliot
pmtkyfjzpfonf/

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12. The Tipping Point by Maclolm Gladwell

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142

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18. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

1961 ckESpfrSm tar&duefoa&mf pma&;pma&;
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19. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

1920 jynfhESpfrsm;rS *sufZf aw;*Dwacwfudk

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b0rSm udk,fwefzdk;xm;wJh t&mudk xajrmufatmif vkyfzdkY
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20. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger

tar&duef pma&;q&m a*s'Dqvif;*smu 1951
ckESpf q,fausmfoufrsm; twGuf &nf&G,fa&;wJh pmtkyfjzpf
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21. Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky

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pma&;q&m a'gYpwdk,AfpuD;u qmbD;,m;rSm jynfajy; 5
ESpf aeNyD;aemuf &k&Sm;udktjyef? 1866 ckESpfrSm a&;cJhwJh em
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22. The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

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qJyif jzpfonf/

143

23. Walden by Henry David Thorean

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24. The Republic by Plato

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25. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov

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onf/

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ajymif;vJoGm;ygu urmha&jyif? ajrjyif wpfpwk&ef;rDwm
ywfvnfwGif tylpGrf;tif 0 'or 3 0yf xyfwdk;vmrnf
jzpfaMumif;} aemfa0EdkifiH 0if&dk;pGef; okawoeXmerS
[wf'qifu wGufcsuf jycJhonf/ ol\ wGufcsufrIrsm;
onf tmwdwfa'o a&cJ vkH;0r&Sdawmhonfh tajctae
udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

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pGrf;tif ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh taetxm;jzpfonf/ urmh
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aMumif; rifeDqdkwm;jynfe,f pdefYaomruf wuodkvfrS
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a'owGif yxrqkH; jzpfay: NyD;? tmwdwfa'o\ tylcsdefrSm
vGefcJhaomESpf 30-40 u &SdcJhaom tylcsdefxuf 3 - 5
pifwD*&dwfxuf ydkrdk jrifhrm;aeonf/ ,ck aqmif;&moDwGif
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&Sdaernf jzpfonf/

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tm;vkH;udk xdcdkufaprnf jzpfonf/ (Global Governance Project) rS az: jycsuft& ou&mZf 2050
ta&mufwGif &moDOwk ajymif;vJrIaMumifh urmw0Srf;
'kuonfOD;a& oef; 200 &Sdrnf jzpfonf/

urmh&moDOwk ajymif;vJrIonf urmh tem
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a&;twGuf a':vm x&DvD,HESifhcsDum okH;pGJcJhMuonf/
tD&wfESifh tmz*efwGif ppfa&;twGuf okH;cJhaom aiGaMu;
onf av? aea&mifjcnf? a&vIdif;ESifh ajratmuf tyl
avmifpmwkdYrS vQyfppfpGrf;tif xkwf,l okH;pGJygu tar&d
uefEkdifiH taejzifh 100 &mcdkifEIef;txd atmifjrifrI &&SdEkdif
rnf jzpfaMumif; u,fvDzdk;eD;,m; tajcpdkuf umAGef okaw
oeXmerS &pf&Spf [rf;bwfrS axmufjycJhonf/
apmjynfhndK
Source: IPS/ Record Arctic Ice Melt Threatens
Global Security

wdk;wufjzpfxGef;rI rSeforQ vlYtzGJYtpnf;eJY

wkdufcdkuf ppfcif;&wmcsnf;ygyJ/
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
jyZmwfq&mESihf a0zefa&;ynm&Sif/
pmayEkdb,fqk (1925)? atmfpumqk (1938)
154

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qm;iefa&rS a&csKd jyKvkyfjcif;xuf ukefusp&dwf ydkrdk ouf
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Source: Reuter

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