INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, touch screen equipped displays have become common features in applications ranging from kiosks, point of sale systems, industrial control, and medical instrumentation. There are more choices in touch screen technologies and branded manufacturers than ever. Paradoxically, the more choices that exist, the harder it is to ensure that the best touch screen technology for your application has been selected. The aim of the project is to build an ultralow cost touch screen kiosk for rural areas. Booths can be setup by the local village authorities for awareness of the people. A specially designed application running at the kiosks will allow the user to interface the touch screen. Unlike conventional touch screens which either replace/replicate mouse, this touch screen will provide very restricted access to the system. A centralized system will be provided that would assist the administrator in creating, compiling and uploading presentations for individual kiosks over internet. These presentations can be identified by their respective URLs. Each kiosk will check and download the updated presentations from internet at regular intervals. Each kiosk is given a unique URL to download its presentation from internet. An application will be designed to run at kiosks that will take care of downloading the presentations in the background whereas keep displaying presentations in the front end. The application will also take input from touch screen and process presentation accordingly. An application will be designed for administrator to create, compile and upload presentation. It will provide the administrator with image processing tools, text editing tools, drawing tools, image scaling tools, etc. to create presentations. The software will also allow the user to create regional language presentations. These would assist even a novice user to interface the touch screen. Village specific presentations would allow the administrator to create presentations with specific regional information, area wise awareness, information on health education programs being held in that region, etc. Information regarding farming, medical treatments, hygiene, AIDS, etc. can be displayed for awareness of the masses. Education and teaching help can be provided for children (Animated Story Books & Alphabets, etc.).

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KIOSK:
Kiosk systems are small, freestanding enclosures that are usually designed to provide information or services to consumers. Typically, kiosk design entails having an open side of the enclosure or a window cut out that transactions can be conducted. Interactive kiosk which are computerized touch screen systems growing in popularity. In general, an interactive kiosk consists of a physical structure that holds any necessary hardware, such as a touch screen monitor, stereo speaker, a printer and a CPU.In addition, interactive kiosk systems hold software applications that can store data, administer transaction, exchange messages or dispense products to consumers. There is a continuing trend to develop terminals to deliver information and services to the general public, accessible in public locations. These terminals, or kiosks, can deliver services at the point of need and at low cost. The information contained within a stand-alone kiosk can be updated at regular intervals via CD Rom. If the kiosks are networked, information can be transmitted electronically to many sites rapidly to update the database or provide on-line user access. Kiosk may have been given introductory information on it beforehand, but the system must also appear simple and intuitive if they are to start using it. The general public will include people with very different levels of skill, experience and confidence in using interactive computer-based systems. Therefore to be inclusive, kiosks must be designed to cater for those with limited skills or experience, physical and cognitive impairments, and should be supportive towards those who are inhibited in interacting with them in a public area. This also means that kiosk systems should be as self explanatory as possible. We are designing touch screen for our project. A key benefit of touch technology is that touch is intuitive and instantaneous. The process is simple, in that a set of instructions is followed by just pointing and touching the screen; there is no complicated tool bar or function keys. From a commercial viewpoint, touch screens make technology easy-to-use and accessible to all and can significantly reduce the hours and cost involved in training employees. It also enables much faster access to information as touch technology simplifies and speeds up the process.

APPLICATION
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Indoor/outdoor kiosks. ATMs. Ticketing machines. Medical instrumentation. Process control systems. Hospital operating rooms. Commercial transportation. Commercial food preparation and service. Large plasma displays.

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LITERATURE SURVEY
Twenty years ago, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) were practically the only choice from which to view highly graphical information content. CRTs were used for mainframe and mid-frame terminals in emerging PC workstations; and embedded applications including cash registers, avionics, medical instrumentation, industrial controls, and medical diagnostics. The promise of increased productivity through computer automation was limited because specialized training was required of workers to facilitate computer use. Only specialized vocational users knew the arcane commands of UNIX, DOS, and machine computer commands. Product designers sought a means of making their applications intuitive so that users would not have to be trained in computer use. Combining the CRT, graphical user interface (GUI), and touchscreen delivered an intuitive means of accessing the power of computer based applications. The ubiquitous CRT mandated that early touch screen designs had to accommodate the curved face of the CRT. The viewing area of a cathode ray tube can be molded in one of 3 ways: spherical, cylindrical and flat screen. Flat screen CRTs were size and cost prohibitive for mainstream applications, so spherical and cylindrical touch screen form factors became the most widespread options. Touchscreen designs for CRTs were based upon three technical approaches: 1. Resistive, capacitive, and acoustic technologies utilizing a direct sensor overlay affixed to a curved glass plate that conformed to the curved glass surface of the CRT, similar to the manner that a contact lens conforms to the shape of an eye. 2. Infrared (IR) LED based sensors affixed to the perimeter of the active area of the CRT (sensors embedded within the bezel and directed across the face of the curved CRT surface). 3. Strain gauges that measured changes in deflection or balance of the CRT. (Strain gauge sensors mounted inside the CRT enclosure or inside a pizza-box-shaped platform that supported the CRT).

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PRESENT THEORY AND PRACTICES

PRESENT SCENARIO:
A low cost touch screen kiosk is basically a public information provider. Kiosk systems are small, freestanding enclosures that are usually designed to provide information or services to consumers. Typically, kiosk design entails having an open side of the enclosure or a window cut out that transactions can be conducted. Today personal computer have become need for everyone, it is no more luxury for the people living in metros. Also, it has been a high time for people living in rural areas get access to personal computer & internet so that they are not left behind. The need for computers & internet is established however the cost of computer, software, internet, maintenance & upgrade is still not affordable to many. Information poverty is a widespread social problem throughout developing countries. The rural internet kiosk can provide the following solutions: e-commerce, e-learning, relief service, skills training, employment opportunities. India is a country with a wide variety in almost in every field-ranging from food, clothing, language, religion, festivals, to a great divide in academic & socio-economic background. Information kiosks are being popularised both for delivering goverment services & for socio-economic development of rural areas. Delivering relevant knowledge & services in local languages is the promise of village kiosks in India. So we have decided to work on making touch screen kiosk for rural area.

EXISTING SYSTEM:
Touch screens best suit applications that require frequent interaction with non-technical users or must work in dirty environments. The devices are easy to use and can tolerate dirt and moisture that would quickly disable a keyboard or a mouse. Some Touch screens can work through a 2-inch thick barrier. This feature can protect both the system from user abuse and the user from the systems environment. Compact designs can also benefit from touch screen technology. Because Touch screens are integral to the display device, the screens eliminate the need for a separate keypad. You can make hand-held devices with Touch screens as small as the display itself. Touch screen technology comprises a variety of options that let you match the technology to your application. For example, a touch screens sensor uses one of five mechanisms; resistance, capacitance, acoustics, optics, and mechanical force. Page | 5

Types of Touch Screens: 1. Capacitive Type 2. Resistive Type 3. Surface acoustic wave 4. Infrared

Design Approach Direct Sensor Overlay (contact lens) IR

Inherent Advantage Packaging advantage, touch zone accuracy. No reduction in display clarity.

Inherent Disadvantage Display image clarity and contrast reduction. Cost of LEDS. X & Y axis touch resolution is proportional to the number of LEDs Parallax caused by curvature in CRT face lessened touch accuracy. Mechanical approach to calibration proved too unreliable.

Market Acceptance Winner!

Loser

Strain Gauge

No reduction in display clarity.

Loser

Table No.1 Touch screen Market Adoptions The Early Years

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Table No. 2: CRT Era: Touchscreen Technology Comparison

Design Approach 4-wire resistive

Inherent Principal Advantages 1. Inexpensive to manufacture, no glass substrate required. hand, hard or soft stylus, and finger. 3. Easily sealable. 4. Low power.

Inherent Principal Disadvantages 1. Wrinkle prone when bonded to spherically curved surfaces. 2. Display image reduction; only

Market Acceptance 1. Very limited acceptance in CRT applications. 2. Widely used in small Monochrome. (like a PDA).

2. Actuated by gloved 75-80% transmissibility. after heavy use. 4. Screen becomes worn in frequently touched areas obscuring image, especially in high ambient light conditions. 5. Polymer coversheet can be torn 5-wire resistive 1. Durable, precise touch calibration without drift. 2. Easily sealable for wet applications. 3. Could bond to curved glasssubstrate without wrinkles. hand, hard or soft stylus, and finger. 5. Will continue to function even if sensor is torn or cut. or cut which disables sensor. 1. Display image reduction; only 75-80% transmissibility. 2. Plastic can be torn. 3. Screen becomes worn in frequently touched areas obscuring image. 4. Proprietary drivers common. 5. Curved glass design is

3. ITO on polymer sheet degrades 3. LCD designs

1.Market share leader, particularly in point-of-sale applications.

4. Actuated by gloved expensive to manufacture.

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Surface capacitive

1. Very good image clarity. 2. Hard glass surface is resistant to vandalism. 3. Foreign objects on screen (like food or mud) do not trigger a touch because they are not a path to ground.

1. Occasional re-calibration required. 2. Conductive stylus required. 3. Changes in users skin moisture, relative humidity, or proximity to metal can create cursor drift. 4. ITO on surface can create reflection. 5. Curved glass design is expensive to manufacture. 6. No gloved hand functionality. 1. Foreign objects on screen such as food, liquid, or mud will create a touch event. 2. Difficult to seal edges of screen to a bezel because the gasket can interfere with acoustic wave form. 3. Expensive to manufacture.

1. Market share leader, particularly in gaming.

SAW

1. Best image clarity. 2. All glass construction no conductive films. 3. Precise touch calibration without drift. 4. Actuated by gloved hand, soft stylus, and finger. 5. Z axis sensing.

1. Widely adopted for indoor use.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
The aim of the project is to build an ultralow cost touch screen kiosk for rural areas. Booths can be setup by the local village authorities for awareness of the people. A specially designed application running at the kiosks will allow the user to interface the touch screen. In this project we are using infrared touch screen technology. This touch technology is best suited to applications such as ATMs. Infrared technology has no limitations in terms of objects that can be used to touch the screen, so we are using infrared touch screen for our project. In addition to the other relative to the capacitance, resistance, and surface acoustic wave touch screen outside of the various advantages, compared with other infrared touch screen also has the following salient features: First: Super anti-Light interference performance. Easy to excellent special (EDU-Touch) infrared touch screen using the most advanced current international fifth-generation infrared transmitter and receiver, and through unique settings, with the most advanced communications using optical filter materials so that the product is greatly increased resistance to light, so that the sun shone directly at the sun environment (100,000 lux) of the normal work in light of anti-industry peers did better. Second: Super-fast response time. Easy to excellent special (EDU-Touch) Infrared touch screen response speed of the 8.5ms, compared with other infrared touch screen response industry has doubled the speed to make your operation more quickly. Third: a longer life .Easy to excellent special (EDU-Touch) Infrared touch screen life of more than 60,000,000 hits life. Fourth: versatility plus personalized designs. Easy to excellent special (EDU-Touch) Infrared touch screen design is both versatile and also can according to your needs "tailored" to make your use more convenient, beautiful, meet all your kinds of individual needs and special use functions. Fifth: One of sealed waterproof .Easy to excellent special (EDU-Touch) Infrared touch screen unique one-time fully sealed process, so that touch-screen water level reached the IP65, you can rest assured in a variety of environments, to make your operation more safe and worry.

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PROJECT OVERVIEW AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

Electrical Specifications:
Infrared LED (QED233): = 940 nm Chip material =GaAs with AlGaAs window Medium Emission Angle, 40 High Output Power Package material and color: Clear, untinted, plastic Infrared Receiver (TSOP1738): Photo detector & pre-amplifier in one package. Internal filter for PCM frequency Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL & CMOS compatibility Low power consumption(50mW)

Microcontroller-ATMEGA16: 16K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM 4.5V to 5.5V Operating Range 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate prescalers and Compare Modes. One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture. Programmable Serial USART

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Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator.

Serial Interface: MAX 232: Operates from a single 5V power supply with 1.0uF charge pump capacitors Operate up to 120kbit/s Two drivers and two receiver +/- 30v input levels Low supply current 8mA typical

RS232: It is the interface between DTE & DCE using serial binary data exchange. SPECIFICATIONS:

Transmitted signal voltage levels: Binary 0:+5 to 15 Vdc Binary 1:-5 to 15 Vdc

Received voltage levels: Binary 0:+3 to +13Vdc Binary 1:-3 to 13Vdc

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TOUCHSCREEN

MICROCONTROLLER

MAX 232

COMPUTER

Figure 1: Block diagram of low cost touch screen

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Figure 2: Touch screen with panel

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WORKING
IR touchscreens have sensors mounted around the active area of the display. Unlike other touch technologies, the IR array is not part of the display overlay. The display overlay is not an active part of the touch system. Provided one uses a glass window, the active area of the display cannot be marred by wrinkles, tears or wear spots. Horizontal and vertical sensors mounted in the bezel emit and receive IR light energy. Breaking the horizontal and vertical light paths provides a simple, all digital grid that identifies the touch location. The digital nature of the IR touchscreen makes it immune to drift, thereby eliminates the need for re-calibration in the field. On the down side, the IR sensors are occasionally susceptible to false touches caused by objects which break the IR light beam path, such as a rain drop or fly landing atop the display and breaking the IR path. Software is improving to reject raindrop touches. IR overload from direct sunlight can also create false touches, but only in extremely bright, direct light.

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Explanation of each Block:Touch screen: A touch screen is an assembly that is mounted in front of a video display. It is activated by touching, with a stylus or finger, the selected area on. The display that indicates the desired function. The touch screen or frame has an independent X-Y coordinate system that is calibrated to the display matrix. The X-Y coordinates of the position of the stylus are communicated to the host computer causing the desired action. Here we have used Infrared touch screen technology. Infrared technology relies on the interruption of an IR light in front of the display screen. The touch frame contains a row of IR LEDs & photo detector, each mounted on two opposite sides to create grid of invisible infrared light. When touching the screen one or more of the beams the pass are obstructed resulting in an X & a Y coordinate being sent to the controller to indicate the exact touch point.

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How it Works.

F i g u r e 3 : Obstacle detection sensor TSOP Based obstacle detection sensor module: The TSOP-OBSD single is a general purpose proximity sensor. The module consists of an IR emitter & TSOP receiver pair. The high precision TSO receiver always detects a signal of fixed frequency. Due to this, errors due to false detection of ambient light are significantly reduced. The module consists of 555 IC, working in astable multivibrator configuration. The output of TSOP is high whenever it receives a fixed frequency & low otherwise. The on-board LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital output & false detection due to ambient light is low.

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Microcontroller (ATMEGA16): The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. MAX 232: This 16 pin IC is used to interface between the pc & the microcontroller, which is used for serial communication. It converts TTL voltage level to CMOS level & vice-versa. It operate with single 5v supply, operate up to 120 Kbit/s, two drivers & two receivers, 30-V input levels, low supply current 8mA typically. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. RS 232: For serial communication there is need of baud rate that transmits data as bits per second, so in our project we have set baud rate at 9600.Use of RS-232 cable for full duplex data transmission. RS-232 communication, a low level (-3V to -15V) is defined as a logic 1 & referred as marking. Similarly, a high level (+3V to +15V) is defined as logic 0 & is referred as spacing. Here we are using serial communication. For serial communication RS232 is used.

Design details of each block: Page | 17

Oscillator Circuit:Any Microcontroller requires circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all internal operations are synchronized.

Figure 4: Oscillator Circuit In AT89S52 two pins viz. pin no. 18 & 19(XTAL1 & XTAL2) are provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. A quartz crystal is used with ceramic capacitors as shown in above circuit diagram. The range of the can be connected to the microcontroller is 1MHz to 16 MHz. Different crystals are available such as the quartz Rochelle salts, and Tourmaline etc. We have preferred to use Quartz crystal because it is inexpensive and readily available. C1 and C2 are between 1pF to 40 pF. The capacitors C1, C2 are used for stable frequency operation i.e. in the condition where there is high noise and humidity as in the case of factories. Due to this oscillator frequency can alter, for the suppression or do we can say deletions of these two capacitor are used for stable frequency.

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Reset Circuit: The 89S52 uses an active high reset pin. The reset input must go high for two machine cycles. When power is first applied and then sink low.We have used simple RC circuit, which provide system voltage (Vcc) to the reset pin until the capacitor begins to charge. The time for which the reset pin is kept high depends on the time constant of the reset circuit. Recommended time=1ms Rc time constant=10K*10f=100ms

Figure 5: Reset Circuit The value of the capacitor used is calculated using following steps, The value of the resistor is assumed as 10K and the value of the capacitor is calculated using following formula, Capacitor Voltage during charging Vc=Vcce(-t/RC) And during discharging is Vc=Vcc(1- e(-t/RC))

Reset: Page | 19

A reset can be considered be the ultimate interrupt because the program may not block the action of voltage on the RST pin. This type of interrupt is often called non maskeable because no combination of bits in any register can stop, or mask, the reset action Unlike other interrupt, the PC is not stored for later program resumption; a reset is an absolute command to jump to program address 0000h and commence running from there. RS232 Most of the people think that RS232 is a type of cable or connector but this is misunderstanding. RS232 is the name of serial communication standard. In this standard logic 1 is denoted by voltage range (-3v to -15v) and logic 0 is denoted by voltage range (+3v to +15v). MAX 232: MAX 232 is the name of IC which is used for TTL to RS232 or RS232 to TTL conversion. To communicate serially between two devices, that devices must be TTL compatible. TTL compatibility means TTL logic levels (logic 1/ logic 0) must be same for both the devices. For example if you want to communicate between 8051 and PIC microcontroller, you need to connect them as shown in following diagram. LOGIC 1 = 5v LOGIC 0 = 0v PIC R x T x Figure 6: Communication between 8051 and PIC Here you can see Rx and Tx of both controllers are cross connected directly. There is no need to connect them through MAX232 (as they are TTL compatible means LOGIC 1 = 5v LOGIC 0 = 0v these logic levels are same for both the controllers) 8051 Tx Rx LOGIC 1 = 5v LOGIC 0 = 0v

Now consider example, you want to connect 8051 with ARM (LPC 2138), you can not connect these two controllers as shown below Page | 20

LOGIC 1 = 5v LOGIC 0 = 0v

8051 R x T x

ARM Tx Rx Rx

LOGIC 1 = 3.3v LOGIC 0 = 0v

Figure 7: Communication between 8051 and ARM As you can see TTL logic levels are different for these controllers (they are not TTL compatible). So the connections shown above are incorrect.Correct way to connect these two controllers is shown below, 8051 TTL R 5v MAX x 232 T x

RS232 Standard

ARM MAX Tx 232 3.3v Rx Rx

Figure 8: Communication between two controllers As shown in above diagram, data sent by 8051 in TTL (5v) format is converted in to RS 232 standard by MAX232. Then MAX3232 converts data in RS232 standard in to TTL (3.3v) format and vice versa. MAX232 converts TTL of 5v in to RS232 standard or RS232 standard in to TTL of 5v. Whereas MAX3232 converts TTL of 3.3v in to RS232 standard or RS232 standard in to TTL of 3.3v.

Controller R x T x

MAX 232

Other serial device with on-board MAX232 (RS232 out) (PC, GSM, GPS, XBEE, Page | 21 FP Module, etc)

Figure 9: Interfacing technique of controller with serial devices

Above diagram shows the interfacing technique of controller with other serial devices like PC, GPS, GSM, XBEE, BLUETOOTH, FP module. These devices have RS232 out means these devices give out data in RS 232 standard, so to connect microcontroller with these devices, you need to convert data coming from other serial devices in RS232 standard in to TTL using MAX 232. This is the reason why MAX232 is used while interfacing microcontroller with these kinds of serial devices.

t o

R X

o f

t h e

M i c r o C o n t r o l l e r

t o

T X

o f

t h e

M i c r o C o n t r o l l e r
1 3 R 8 R 1 2 I NR I NR T 1 T 2 1 2 O O O O 1 2 U T 9 U T 1 4 U7 T U T

1 1 1 0 T 1 I N T 2 I N 1 0 M F DC 1 1 0 C V C C C 1 0 3 M F D M 2 F 1 3 4 D 5 2 6 M C C C C V V A 1 1 2 2 + + + -

t o t o

T X R X

o f o f

t h e t h e

o t h e r o t h e r

s e r i a l s e r i a l

d e v i c d e v i c

X 2 3

1 0

F CD

Figure 10: Circuit diagram for MAX232

Why to use external capacitors with MAX232? Page | 22

The capacitors used around MAX232 are called as Pumping capacitors. These are used for level conversion (TTL to RS232 / RS232 to TTL). The capacitor type used for C1C4 is not critical for proper operation. The MAX232E and MAX241E require 1F capacitors, although in all cases capacitors up to 10F can be used without harm. Ceramic, aluminum-electrolytic, or tantalum capacitors are suggested for the 1F capacitors. When using the minimum recommended capacitor values, make sure the capacitance value does not degrade excessively as the operating temperature varies. If in doubt, use capacitors with a larger (e.g., 2x) nominal value. The capacitors effective series resistance (ESR), which usually rises at low temperatures, influences the amount of ripple on V+ and V-. Use larger capacitors (up to 10F) to reduce the output impedance at V+ and V-. This can be useful when stealing power from V+ or from V-. LCD Display Interfacing Most of the projects with the any processor/microcontroller CPU (8085/8051/AVR/ARM) require some form of display. In market various displays are available like 7-segment, 5*7 matrix LED and LCD, bar graph, LCD, etc. Its important for deciding the required display set for our project. Selection of display depends on various factors like power consumption, ambient light conditions, surrounding temperature, visibility from long distance, total information to be display, cost of display, circuit/lines required for display interfacing, etc. The most common way to accomplish this is with the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). LCDs have become a cheap and easy way to get text display for an embedded system. Common LCD displays are set up as 16 to 20 characters by 1 to 4 lines and noted as 16*2, 20*2, 16*4, 20*4, etc. Following figure shows the basic pin diagram of 16*2 LCD display.

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Figure 11: Pin diagram of 16*2 LCD Display Data pins D7-D0: Pins 7-14: Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format. As shown in figure, there are 8 pins, Pin No.7-14 used for data lines. RS: Register Select: Pin No.4: RS = 0; Command Register is selected RS = 1; Data Register is selected R/W: Read or Write: Pin No.5: R/W=0; Write. R/W=1; Read E: Enable (Latch data): Pin No.6: Used to latch the data present on the data pins. A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data. Vo: contrast control: Pin No.2: LCD Commands: The LCDs internal controller accepts several commands and modifies the display accordingly. These commands would be things like: Clear screen, Return home, Shift display right/left

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Table no. 3: L C D C o m m a n d s

Instruction Function set (8-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7 Pixels) Function set (8-bit interface, 1 line, 5*7 Pixels) Function set (4-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7 Pixels) Function set (4-bit interface, 1 line, 5*7 Pixels) Entry mode set Scroll display one character right (all lines) Scroll display one character left (all lines) Home (move cursor to top/left character position) Move cursor one character left Move cursor one character right Turn on visible underline cursor Turn on visible blinking-block cursor Make cursor invisible Blank the display (without clearing) Restore the display (with cursor hidden) Clear Screen Set cursor position (DDRAM address) Set pointer in character-generator RAM (CG RAM address)

Decimal 56 48 40 32 See Below 28 24 2 16 20 14 15 12 8 12 1 128 + addr 64 + addr

HEX 38 30 28 20 See Below 1E 18 2 10 14 0E 0F 0C 08 0C 01 80+ addr 40+ addr

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 12: C i r c u i t d i a g r a m f o r l o w c o s t t o u c h s c r e e n

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PCB LAYOUT:

Figure 13: PCB layout of low cost touch screen

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SOFTWARE DESIGN

Programming language:
We have used VISUAL BASIC 6.0 as a programming language to construct our system. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0: The power of visual basic 6.0 comes from the main source i.e simple & efficient way in which one can program. Visual basic is an ideal programming language for developing sophisticated applications for Microsoft Windows it makes use of graphical user interface for creating powerful applications with graphics. Visual basic provides you with a complete set of tools simplify rapid application development. The Visual basic programming system, application edition include in MS Access & many other applications. A complete installation of most powerful version of Visual Basic 6.0 the enterprise edition requires more than 250MB. Features of Microsoft visual basic: It is graphic user interface. Easy to get program up & running quick. Easy to learn. Provide wizard to assist users. Develop windows base applications, using & customizing toolbar, menu bar & shortcut menus working with data.

FLOW CHART:
START Page | 28

INITIALISE LCD, SERIAL PORT & CONTROLLER

SCAN FOR 5 COLUMNS

NO

CHECK IF ANY COLUMN (IR) CUT

YES
STORE THE STATUS & SCAN FOR ROWS

NO

CHECK IF ANY ROW (IR) CUT

YES
STORE THE STATUS

TRANSMIT ROWS & COLUMNS

FLOW CHART FOR VB MODULE:

STOP Page | 29

START

Form Load Event Close COM Port Select, initialize & Open resp. COM Port Load Front Page

Wait For Serial Event to Occur

If Valid Data YES Load resp. Image

NO

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FIGURE 14: PROJECT FLOW DIAGRAM

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HARDWARE TESTING: Component testing:

1. Transformer testing: For identifying the primary & secondary sides of transformer, we have measured the resistance on two sides of transformer with the help of multi meter. The side which has large resistance value is primary side & other is secondary.

2. Testing of resistor: For checking the resistor values select the proper range on multi meter. If the measured value is not within the limit then the resistor is faulty. If the multi meter shows the infinite, then the resistor is not fixed Properly . If the multi meter shows the zero, then the resistor is shorted.

3. Testing of capacitors: It is checked by using multi meters. The capacitor shows zero value if it is leaky.

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Circuit testing:

1. TESTING OF MICRO CONTROLLER (89S52): a) Voltage at pin 40 of micro controller= 5V b) Frequency at pin 18 & 19=11.0592V 2. TESTING OF LCD DISPLAY (16*2): a) Voltage at pin 2 of LCD= 5V b) Using contrast pot at pin no. 3 we have observed contrast change. 3. TESTING OF MAX232: a) The Vcc at pin no. 16=5V. b) The current of MAX232=30mA.

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RESULTS

ADVANTAGES:

Best screen clarity as there is no overlay. Even a novice user can interface with the system Village specific presentations would allow the administrator to create presentations with specific regional information

Touch screens can be used million times without losing performance. IR touch screen kiosk can handle dusty and harsh conditions.

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APPLICATION:
1. Public Information Systems: Information kiosks, tourism displays, and other electronic displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The user-friendly touchscreen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than other input devices, especially for novice users, making information accessible to the widest possible audience. 2. Restaurant/POS Systems: Time is money, especially in a fast paced restaurant or retail environment. Because touchscreen systems are easy to use, overall training time for new employees can be reduced. And work can get done faster, because employees can simply touch the screen to perform tasks, rather than entering complex key strokes or commands. 3. Customer Self-Service: In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed up. Self-service touchscreen terminals can be used to improve customer service at busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more. Customers can quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time, and decreasing wait times for other customers. 4. Control/Automation Systems: The touchscreen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display, valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the screen. 5. Computer Based Training: Because the touchscreen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices, overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators.

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CONCLUSION
Twenty years ago, PCs were just arriving on the scene and simple GUI interfaces were almost unheard of. Designers strove to use touchscreens to simplify computer input commands for largely unsophisticated computer users. The proliferation of touch-enabled self-service kiosks, the conversion from cash registers to point of sale systems, and countless automotive, medical, training, and industrial products that use touchscreens as operator interfaces have validated the touchscreen concept. Today, a larger share of our population is PC literate, yet the touchscreen has become adopted by computer users of all abilities because it is simple, fast, and intuitive. Todays product designer or system integrator would be served to remember yesterdays technology adoption challenges and flexibly adopt new technological approaches if they wish to solve todays application challenges. With the advances in LCDs, it is time to revisit the potential for IR touch technology as an effective solution for bringing touch capabilities to the current generation of computing devices.

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FUTURE SCOPE

1. In future we can use internet to update the presentations in kiosks. 2. IR technology can be adapted to enable multi-touch input. 3. Shrinking package size of IR LEDs will increase the quantity of X & Y axis sensors, which will improve touch resolution. 4. Use of highlighting or sounds to indicate a key has been successfully pressed can be used.

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REFERENCES
BOOKS: 1. 2. Programming and customizing the AVR Microcontroller (By-Dhananjay V.Gadre) Visual Basic 6 programming (By- Steven Holzner)

WEBSITES: www.planar.com www.atmel.com www.alldatasheet.com www.vishay.com

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