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Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLS)

Principle FTIR/Grating Spectroscopy:
Broad-band radiation source (Globar) Frequency analysis by grating or interferometer
Gas

Principle Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy:

Narrow-band laser diode Measurement of spectrum by tuning laser diode

R. Engelbrecht, J. Euring, F. Kuntz, L.-P. Schmidt. A Fibre-Optic Diode Laser Spectrometer for Sensitive Simultaneous Measurement of CO2 and CO Gas Concentrations. 10. Int. Fair and Conf. SENSOR 2001, Germany.

Experimental Set-Up for TDLS

P.W. Werle et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A 60 (2004) 16851705

Principle: Laser Diode

Matti Kaivola:http://omm.hut.fi/optics/l_o/2005/luennot/kalvot.shtml

Spectral Coverage

P.W. Werle et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A 60 (2004) 16851705.

Materials
Compound GaN/AlGaN ZnSSe ZnCdSe AlGaInP/GaAs Wavelength/nm blue/green 447-480 490-525 620-680 Applications (Examples) Disc data storage Disc data storage Disc data storage Replacements for HeNe lasers, eg bar code scanners Ga0.5In0.5P/GaAs GaAlAs/GaAs GaAs/GaAs (pure) In0.2Ga0.5As/GaAs InGaAsP/InP In0.73Ga0.27As0.58 P0.42 In0.58Ga0.42As0.9 P0.1 AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb GaAs/AlGaAs PbEuSeTe PbSSe PbSnTe 670-686 750-870 904 980-1050 1100-1650 1330 1550 2000-3000 6000-12000 3300-5800 4200-8000 6300-29000 Chemical sensors Optical communication, metrology Optical communication, metrology Chemical sensors Quantum cascade laser chemical sensors Cryogenic, high resolution spectroscopy Cryogenic, high resolution spectroscopy Cryogenic, high resolution spectroscopy
http://www.chemsoc.org

Tuning of a Lead-Salt Diode Laser

Tunable Laser Diode Spectrometer

Polychromator
SAE Technical Paper No. 840470, Staab, Klingenberg & Riedel; 1984

Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer

R. Engelbrecht, J. Euring, F. Kuntz, L.-P. Schmidt. A Fibre-Optic Diode Laser Spectrometer for Sensitive Simultaneous Measurement of CO2 and CO Gas Concentrations. 10. Int. Fair and Conf. SENSOR 2001, Germany.

Exhaust Measurement: DEGAS System for Measurement of Car Exhausts

Based on Lead-Salt Laser Diodes Temporal resolution: 5 ms Number of gases: 3 Determined by selection of diodes One diode per gas

Gas CO NO CO2 CH4 NO2 NH3 (at 1600 cm-1) NH3 (at 1050 cm-1)

Range (ppm) 2000 4000 4000 2000 2000 10000 2000

Limit of Detection (ppm) 10 20 20 5 10 50 10

www.ipm.fraunhofer.de

Exhaust Measurement: DEGAS System for Measurement of Car Exhausts

before Cat.-Conv. after Cat.-Conv.

10

before Cat.-Conv.

after Cat.-Conv.

Time (s) www.ipm.fraunhofer.de

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New Laser Source: Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL)

Series of Quantum Wells (QW)
QW: thin layer which can confine particles in the dimension perpendicular to the layer surface Produced by layers of different materials Example: GaAs quantum well embedded in AlGaAs Energy states in quantum wells are quantized Transitions between states: Absorption or Emission of Photon possible Typical layer thickness: - nm
Principle (simplified):

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Quantum Cascade Laser

Interband transition photon energy limited by bandgap Eg of material Telecom, CD, DVD,

Intersubband transition photon energy depends on layer thickness and can be tailored Wavelength selection

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QCL Laser
Cascade
each electron emits N photons

Bonetti, Blaser: Developments in the Field of Quantum Cascade Lasers, 34. IR-Kolloquium, 2004

Available wavelengths (room temperature!): 3.4 17 m

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New Lasers for Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometry

Quantum Cascade Laser

Laser Sources

Absorption Signatures of Gases

(Overtone)

Wavelength (m) www.ipm.fraunhofer.de