SLIDE 2-1 LAN OVERVIEW LAN Applications Personal computer LANs Low cost Limited data rate

Back end Network Backbone LANs

Interconnecting large system High data rate Distributed access Limited distance Number of devices

Interconnect low speed local L:ANs Reliability Capacity cost

Provides much protection as possible from interruption of service Each host has its own connections to all other hosts Transmission Media Types: Copper twisted pair / coaxial cable Twisted Pair Inexpensive Paired wire medium , each pair is twisted around each other

Mesh

Types:

Coaxial Cable

Unshielded utp 4 wire pairs Shielded stp 2 wires with extra shielding Screened unshielded sctp - 4 wires extra shielding per pair

Storage Area Network

Copper conductor surrounded by a layer by layer of flexible insulation Types:

Baseband coaxial digital signals Broadband coaxial analog signals

Optical Expensive

Dedicated, high performance network used to move data between servers and storage resources Allow high-speed server-to-storage, storage-to-storage or server-to-server connectivity Shared storage facility across high-speed network Direct storage comm for backup High speed office networks Desktop image processing High capacity local storage Network Topologies define the structure of the network Selection criteria Reliability Expandability Performance Medium, wiring layout, access control needs Types Tree / bus Multipoint medium Transmission propagates throughout medium Heard by all stations Full duplex connection between station and tap Need to regulate transmission (avoid collisions and hogging) Terminator absorbs frames at the end Ring Repeaters joined by point to point links in closed loop Data in frames Media access control determines when station can insert frame Very high speed links over long distances Single link or repeater failure disables network Star / extended star Each station directly connected to central node 2 point to point links Central node can broad cast: Physical star / logical bus Only one station can transmit at a time Can act as frame switch

High speeds, high capacity gbps Uses light to transmit, usually infrared or laser

Can transmit over very long distances Installed in pairs (receive + transmit) Wireless Lower speed compared to wired media Greater mobility Higher security risks Selection Criteria Capacity support traffic Reliability availability requirements Data type support Environmental scope provide service for required environments LAN Protocol Architecture IEEE 8oz Reference Model relates LAN protocols o OSI architecture Operates on lower layers of OSI model: Physical Data link (divided into 2 sublayers) Logical link control Media access control

802 Layers physical Encoding / decoding

Preamble generation generation / removal

Bit transmission / reception Transmission medium and topology -logical link control * provides interface to higher layers *performs flow and error control *appends header as higher level data is passed down Supports multi-access, shared medium Multiplexing using LSAPs -media access control * assembly of data into frame with address and error detection fields *disassembly of frame (address recognition, error detection) Govern access to transmission medium

Several amc options may be available

LLC Services Unacknowledged connectionless (Type 1

Assumes higher layers will provide reliability

and flow control Minimum logic and overhead Application example- monitoring systems Connection mode (Type 3) Flow control and reliability mechanisms Establishes connections before data exchange Application terminal controllers Acknowledged connectionless(Type 3) Guaranteed delivery without need for connections Example : automated factory environment

Bridges Ability to expand beyond single LAN Provide interconnection to other LANs/WANs Use Bridge or router Bridge is simpler Connects similar LANs Identical protocols for physical and link layers Minimal processing Router more general purpose Interconnect various LANs and WANs Why bridge? Reliability avoid single point of failure Performance reduced network traffic Security isolate different types of traffic Geography connect LANS that are physically apart Functions of bridge Read all frames transmitted on one LAN and accept those address to any station on the other LAN Using MAC protocol for second LAN, retransmit each frame Do the same the other way round BRIDGE DESIGN ASPECTS No modification to content or format of frame No encapsulation Exact bitwise copy of frame Minimal buffering to meet peak demand Contains routing and address intelligence Must be able to tell which frames to pass

Media Access Control Where Central Greater control Simple access logic at station Avoids problems of coordination Single point of failure Potential bottleneck Distributed How Synchronous Specific capacity dedicated to connection Asynchronous In response to demand Asynchronous Systems Round robin Transmitters take turns Good if many stations have data to transmit over extended period Reservation Transmitters reserves slots Good for stream traffic Contention Transmitters compete for time Good for bursty traffic Simple to implement Efficient under moderate load but tend to collapse under heavy load Mac Frame Format MAC control protocol control info (e.g. priority levels) Destination MAC address Source MAC address LLC CRC MAC layer detects errors and discards frames LLC optionally retransmits unsuccessful frames

May be more than one bridge to cross May connect more than two LANs Bridging is transparent to stations Appears to all stations on multiple LANs as if they are on one single LAN
BRIDGE PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE IEEE 802.1D MAC level Station address is at this level Bridge does not need LLC layer It is relaying MAC frames Can pass frame over external comms system e.g. WAN link Capture frame Encapsulate it Forward it across link Remove encapsulation and forward over LAN link Connection of 2 lans

FIXED ROUTING Complex large LANs need alternative routes Load balancing Fault tolerance Bridge must decide whether to forward frame Bridge must decide which LAN to forward frame on Routing selected for each source-destination pair of LANs Done in configuration

Usually least hop route Only changed when topology changes

SPANNING TREE Bridge automatically develops routing table Automatically update in response to changes Frame forwarding Address learning Loop resolution FRAME FORWARDING Maintain forwarding database for each port List station addresses reached through each port For a frame arriving on port X:

Search forwarding database to see if MAC address is listed for any port except X If address not found, forward to all ports except X If address listed for port Y, check port Y for blocking or forwarding state If not blocked, transmit frame through port Y

Multiplying capacity of LAN BENEFITS No change to attached devices to convert bus LAN or hub LAN to switched LAN For Ethernet LAN, each device uses Ethernet MAC protocol Device has dedicated capacity equal to original LAN Layer 2 switch scales easily Additional devices attached to switch by increasing capacity of layer 2 Types of layer 2 switch Store-and-forward switch

Accepts frame on input line, buffers it briefly, then routes it to appropriate output line Delay between sender and receiver

Boosts integrity of network Cut-through switch Switch begins repeating frame onto output line as soon as it recognizes destination address Highest possible throughput

ADDRESS LEARNING Can preload forwarding database Can be learned When frame arrives at port X, it has come from the LAN attached to port X Use the source address to update forwarding database for port X to include that address Timer on each entry in database Each time frame arrives, source address checked against forwarding database SPANNING TREE ALGORITHM Address learning works for tree layout i.e. no closed loops For any connected graph there is a spanning tree that maintains connectivity but contains no closed loops Each bridge assigned unique identifier Exchange between bridges to establish spanning tree LAYER 1 LAN DEVICE Repeater Receives a signal from one station , regenerates it, and passes it on Hub Multi-port repeater Physically star, logically bus

Risk of propagating bad frames PROBLEMS WITH LAYER 2 SWITCHES Flat address space All users share common MAC broadcast address If any device issues broadcast frame, that frame is delivered to all devices attached to network connected by layer 2 switches and/or bridges

Malfunctioning device can create broadcast storm Cannot handle closed loops

Only one path between any two devices Need multiple paths through multiple switches between devices for performance and reliability.

Transmission from any station received by all other stations If two stations transmit at the same time, collision

Two level star topology

SWICTH BRIDGE SWITCH

VS BRIDGE Software handling 1 frame at a time Store and forward only Hardware frame handling Multiple parallel data paths Store and forward or cut-through

PROBLEM WITH PROUTERS Routers do all IP-level processing in software

LAYER 2 SWITCHES Switches are multiport bridges Incoming frame from particular station switched to appropriate output line Unused lines can switch other traffic More than one station transmitting at a time

High-speed LANs and high-performance layer 2 switches pump millions of packets per second

Software-based router only able to handle well under a million packets per second Solution: layer 3 switches Implementpacket-forwarding logic of router in hardware Two categories Packet by packet Flow based

PACKET BY PACKET OR FLOW BASED Operates in same way as traditional router Order of magnitude increase in performance compared to software-based router Flow-based switch tries to enhance performance by identifying flows of IP packets

Same source and destination

Done by observing ongoing traffic or using a special flow label in packet header (IPv6) Once flow is identified, predefined route can be established