King Saud University College Of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

ChE 413: Desalination and Water Treatment Final Examination 2nd Semester 1427/1428 Instruction: answer all questions

413

Question 1 A. Assuming that the effect of dissolved salts on ion activity is negligible and that the temperature of the water sample is 25 oC, if the pH of the water sample is 10.3 and the carbonate concentration is 120 mg/L as CO3--. Estimate the bicarbonate ion concentration in mg/l. Find also total alkalinity of this sample of water. (Carbonate dissociation constants are: Ka1 = 4.45x10-7; Ka2 = 4.69x10-11).
B.

Calculate the total hardness, total alkalinity, Cl- and bicarbonate concentrations for the following water analyzed at 25 oC. The pH of the water is 7.9. Ions CO2 mg/l 3.0 Ca++ 45.5 K+ Mg++ 37.5 21.0 Cl? HCO3- SO4 -? 46.5

The equilibrium constant for the reaction H2CO3 * == H+ + HCO3- at 25 oC is 5.012x10-7. Question 2 A. A sample of water with a pH of 7.8 is to be softened by the lime-soda ash process. Analysis of the water shows the following composition:
Cl- , mg/l Ca++ , mg/l Mg++, mg/l SO4 , mg/l Alkalinity, mg/L as HCO3CO2, mg/l 90 65 26 57.5 244 12

1. 2.

3.
B.

Estimate the Carbonate and non-carbonate hardness. Determine the lime and soda-ash requirements if the lime supply is quick or free lime (CaO) at 90% purity and the soda ash is 98% Na2CO3 . Use an excess of 1 meqv/l of CaO. Compute the volume of sludge produced per million gallons of water treated.

A double effect evaporator is used to produce fresh water from seawater containing 3.5 wt.% dissolved salts. Seawater enters the first effect at 300 K at a rate of 5000 kg/hr (hl = 113.1 KJ/Kg), and saturated steam at a pressure of 4 bars (Ps = 2133 KJ/Kg) is fed into a tube bundle in the first effect. The steam condenses at 4 bars, and the condensate is withdrawn at a saturated temperature corresponding to this pressure. The heat given up by the steam condensing in the tubes causes water to evaporate from the brine at a pressure of 0.6 bar maintained in the effect (hv =2654 KJ/Kg). The existing brine contains 5.5 wt% salt (hl =360 KJ/Kg). The steam generated in the first effect is fed to a tube bundle in the second effect. The condensate from the bundle and the steam generated in the second effect at a pressure of 0.2 bar (hv =2610 and hl =252 KJ/Kg) constitute the

fresh water produced in the process. Assume the brine solutions in both effects have physical properties of pure water, and that each effect operates adiabatically, find: a) The amount of steam that fed to the first effect? b) the production rate of fresh water?
Continued.......

Question 3
A.

Prove that the capacity of MEE system is the same as that of a single effect, operating with the same total temperature difference and having an area equal to that of one MEE unit.

B.

An MSF process fed with saturated steam at 1 atm is used to produce 20 m3/d of product water. The following specifications are made to obtain the system design parameters and performance characteristics: Feed seawater is heated to a temperature = 60 oC. Top brine temperature= 70 oC. Brine temperature in the last stage = 40 oC. Heat capacity of liquid streams, Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg oC. Find the GOR of this process. The correlation for latent heat of water evaporation is given by P = 2501.897149 2.407064037 t + 1.192217x10-3 t2 1.5863x10-5 t3 where t is the saturation temperature in C and P is the latent heat in kJ/kg.

Question 4
A.

Only 41 Btu of an input energy is required to evaporate 1 lb of water in vapor compression process as compared to 970 Btu/lb the necessary heat of vaporization. Discuss why such a process with low energy consumption has little commercial use. With a help of a schematic diagram explain the basic principle of electrodialysis that is utilized for the production of fresh water from saline water. Also explain a methodology that can be used to find the maximum limiting current in ED units before polarization may occur. A reverse osmosis membrane to be used at 25 oC for NaCl feed solution containing 2.5 gm NaCl/L with a density of 999 kg/m3 has a water permeability constant Aw = 4.81 x 10-4 kg/sec m2 atm and solute (NaCl) permeability constant Ks = 4.42 x 10-7 m/sec. Calculate the water flux, solute flux through the membrane and the product salt concentration when the applied differential pressure is 27.20 atm.

B.

C.

Good Luck
(Useful data: 1 m=3.28 ft, 1 gpd =0.347 lb/hr, 1 mgd=3785 m3/d, 1 Ib=.454 kg, water density=8.33x.454 kg/gal, joule= volt.amp.s= amp2.s, 1 kWh =3412 Btu, 1 HP=2545 Btu). (Atomic Wt: C=12, O=16, Ca=40, H=1, Mg=24.3, Fe=56, S=32, Na=23, Cl=35.5, K=39.1, N=14, F=19)