Cellular Communication Technologies

P.Sree Ram l8it341 M.R.KTeja y7it307 P.V.Dixit y7it315

Email: l8it341@klce.ac.in,mrkteja@gmail.com,vijayraj_dixit@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT This presentation involves the two hot telecom technologies fighting out in the markets, namely GSM and GPRS. It also includes a detail explanation of the advantages they offer, how they work, and their limitations. Also explained are some of the possible applications that can be made possible with them. Before going in detail into these technologies, a look towards the Basic Cellular Architecture has been made. This paper will outline the Mobile Communication

the basic geographic service area of a wireless communication system. Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a

particular region. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are handed off between cells in order to maintain seamless service. Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away. Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new cells in un served areas or overlaying cells in existing areas.

Principles with a clear depiction. Additionally, the concept of packet switching and circuit switching is mentioned. A greater emphasis is laid on highlighting the credibilities of both these network mechanisms

2.

MOBILE

COMMUNICATION

PRINCIPLES Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site

1. Introduction The success of any technology largely depends upon its widespread usage, which in turn depends upon the number of applications that can be made from it. A cellular mobile communication system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells

talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair off frequencies for communication one frequency, the forward link, for transmitting from the cell site and one frequency, the reverse link, for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to maintain

communications. The basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone systems and radio services.

spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. 4.1 Cells Cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base station transmitting over small geographic areas that are

3. MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM USING THE CELLULAR CONCEPT Inference problems caused by mobile units using the same channel in adjacent areas proved that all channels could not be reused in every cell. Areas had to be skipped before the same channel could be reused. Even though this affected the efficiency to the original concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to the problems of mobile telephony systems.

represented are hexagons. 4.2Clusters A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. The below figure illustrates a seven- cell cluster.

5. SWITCHING 5.1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING While using circuit switching the sender 4. CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency seeks a connection right unto the receiver before it begins transmitting. Data transmission begins only after the sender has verified that a dedicated connection to the receiver exists. 5.2

Packet Switching:

Using

packet

switching,

6.1 Architecture A GSM based PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) can broadly be broken up into 3 parts y y y The Mobile Station. The Base Station Subsystem, and The Network Subsystem.

however, eliminates the need to establish a connection before transmission can begin. The information to be sent is broken down into packets (of fixed size) and sent on to the network one after the other. 5.3 Advantages Of Packet Switching Over Circuit Switching network 1. Packet Switching Networks has dynamic allocation of bandwidth packets are sent to the physical medium as and when there is data to be sent 2. It allows the bandwidth to be used for other purposes during pauses between conversations. Contrast this with the circuit switching technique where in the path between the sender and receiver is reserved for their exclusive use, which means that the bandwidth is wasted during moments of silence. 6. GSM TECHNOLOGY On the telecom front, numerous wireless technologies have been introduced in the country. It started with GSM based mobile phones The developers of GSM choose an unproven digital system and provided 8000 pages of recommendations that had enough flexibility to allow competitive innovation but at the same time ensured proper internetworking between the components of the system

6.2 THE MOBILE STATION The Mobile Station (MS) is the subscriber end of the network and consists of the GSM device (cell phone) and the SIM (Subscriber Entity Module). Each mobile device has a globally unique IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) and each SIM has an IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). 6.3 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS) Mobile networks consist of many BTS (Base Transceiver Stations), each of which forms a cell covering a certain geographical area. The BTSs are the ones responsible for directly communicating with mobile devices. Several BTSs are controlled together by a BSC (Base Station Controller). The BSC provides connectivity to the network subsystem.

6.4 Network S ubsyste m The MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) is the central component of the network subsystem. It communicates with all the BSCs and is responsible for providing all the functionalities to mobile devices like,

7. GPRS Technology General Packet Radio Service or GPRS is relatively a new technology that offers packet based radio service to mobile networks.

Designed to supplement the existing mobile technologies, like GSM, CDMA, TDMA etc, GPRS aims to provide anytime-anywhere always-on network connections to mobile devices. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) It is a packet switched wireless protocol for global system for mobile communications (GSM) that mirrors the Internet model and enables seamless transition towards 3G networks..

registration, authentication, call routing etc. a network also, usually, has GMSC (gateway MSCs) to communicate with external (land line) networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. 6.5 When making a call When a mobile unit is switched on, it tries to contact a BTS i.e., in range and logs onto the network. The BTS also transmits the frequencies of neighboring BTSs to the mobile unit so it can determine if its getting better reception from any one of them. It transmits these measurements back to the BTS, which in turn passes this information to the BSC. 6.6 Diligences SMS (Short Text Messages): SMS was the killer application on GSM networks, which allowed Short Text Messages to be sent through mobile phone. The capability to send short text messages from one phone to another. 6.7 DATA TRANSFER RATE AS A

 Features : Several features of 3G wireless networking are deliver ed by GPRS: Its main features can be categorized from user perspective and networking perspective. y User features : The real advantage of GPRS is that it provides an ALWAYS ON connection between mobile terminal and the network. Always on does not mean that there is always a steady stream data connection; It just means that, because data packets can be transmitted almost immediately. y Network features :

LIMITATION One limitation of GSM is that currently it has a maximum data transfer rate of only 9 kbps, but new developments like HSCSD (high speed circuit switched data) and GPRS (general packet switched radio) are pushing this up quite a bit.

Packet switching replaces the circuit switched transfer mechanism of GSM. Just like data transfers over internet, GPRS splits information into separate related data packets that are transmitted and reassembled at the termination. This allows the operators to implement IP (Internet Protocol) based

GPRS network nodes : Since existing network nodes use circuit switch technology, they cannot handle packet traffic. Base stations for instance, would have to be upgraded to include packet control units, mobility management, and security features. In addition to deploy GPRS on GSM, two kinds of network nodes are needed : 7.1 Why GPRS? Though GSM uses circuit switching like a telephone line, data transfer over GSM is not quite the same as that over the PSTN line. For each of our data requests (Over GSM), first, a connection is established without network, our request sent, the data received and then, and this is important, that call is disconnected. Thus, we have a dedicated connection as long as a transaction transactions.. lasts, but not in between

infrastructure for tomorrows 3G voice and data applications.  Working of GPRS : Since the main goal of GPRS is to provide an intermediate step towards 3G, it needs to be both straightforward so that it can deploy on existing systems and also provide a logical upgrade path to 3G. However it is very important to note that GPRS signaling and data transfer does not in fact travel through GSM networks.

GPRS NETWORKING

RADIO ACCESS NETWORK(GSM )

PUBLIC INTERNET

GRPS NETWORK

OPERATOR IP NETWORK

Firewall

connect to the INTERNET (and other IP and X.25 networks). 2.5GGPRS is considered to be the next step towards the 3G networks. As it offers pretty good speeds GPRS has the potential to move beyond cell phones and move into the PC world. Laptops connected to GPRS phones would offer 7.2 IMPLEMENTING GPRS Integrating GPRS into a GSM network does not involve any major changes to the GSM architecture. A new class of nodes, GSN (GPRS support nodes) has been introduced two types of GSNs defined. A SGSN (serving GPRS support node) interacts with the mobile devices and is responsible for delivery packets from and to these devices. 8. CONCLUSION GPRS, which uses packet switching network, offers a better data transfer rate and proved to be a better communication system than circuit switched GSM. GPRS enables an existing GSM network to communicate with any applications and/or network that uses packet switching. Thus it allows mobile networks to Tenenbaum. [5]. G.H. Forman and J. Zahorjan, The Challenges of Mobile Computing, Computer, [3]. PC quest 2003 (edition February 2003). [4]. Computer Networks by Andrew .S. [1]. Comm. ACM, special issue on Intelligent Agents, vol. 37, no. 7, 1994. [2]. IEEE Internet Computing, special issue on Internet-Based Agents, vol. 1, 1997. speeds fast, and may be even faster, than our PC connected to our landline. 9. REFERENCES: