For Official use only

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS (Railway Board)

INDIAN RAILWAY STANDARD

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROWAVE TOWERS OF SELF SUPPORTING TYPE
(SELF SUPPORTING MICROWAVE TOWER CODE)

ADOPTED 1974 INCORPORATING A & C SLIP NO. 1, YEAR : 2000

ISSUED BY RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION LUCKNOW - 226011

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CONTENTS

Page No. 0. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 Foreword Scope Materials Loads Load combinations Calculation of stresses Factor of Safety Permissible Stresses Slenderness Ratio Minimum thickness Net effective area of angle sections in tension Bolting Connections Permissible deformations of the tower Design of foundation 1 2 2 2 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 9

ANNEXURES: Annexure A The Effect of a cliff or escarpment On the height above ground H Examples of determination of Slenderness ratio *******

10

Annexure B

11

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IRS CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MICROWAVE ANTENNA TOWERS OF SELF SUPPORTING TYPE

[SELF SUPPORTING MICROWAVE TOWER CODE]

(Incorporating the Recommendations of 61st B.S.C.)

0.0

Foreword.

0.1 Till about 1968, Indian Railways depended on foreign firms for the design of lattice towers supporting antenna/reflectors for microwave communication system. In their letter No.67/W3/WW/1 dt. 4.3.68, Railway Board directed the RDSO to take up the design of microwave towers as a measure of import substitution. As a first step, RDSO formulated the criteria to be adopted for the design of the towers. This was discussed in the 54th BSC meeting and their recommendations were approved by the Railway Board. The design criteria were issued to the Railways for adoption. 0.1.1 In the formulation of these criteria, assistance of the following IS Codes was mainly taken:i) IS-800-1962 - Code of Practice for use of structural steel in general building construction.

British Standard Specification (CP 3 Chapter V Part 2 1972 Code of basic data for the design of buildings Part 2 wind loads). The force coefficient method of assessment of wind loads on open lattice type tower structure is an easy method which caters simultaneously for pressures due to face on wind and the suction effect on each member of the tower. The procedure indicated in BSI-CP3 Chapter V Part 2-1972 is being followed. ii) The IS draft code takes into account the considerably high wind pressure arising out of squalls of very short duration which have great impact on the stability of the high microwave towers. iii) The IS draft code specifies that space frame/truss analysis of the tower structure should be made for proper design of the structure, though the procedure of analysis by substituting the structure into plane trusses is not ruled out. 0.2.1 These features of the IS draft code have been carefully examined and incorporated in the revised design criteria. 0.3 The revised criteria also incorporates revision in clauses relating to the permissible stresses to be adopted in the design of compression members. The earlier criteria adopted the formula for permissible stress in axial compression as given in IS : 802-1967. This is since revised and the formula as given in the draft IS code is adopted. Illustrated examples showing the method of calculation of slenderness ratios are appended. 0.4 While framing the code, it has been assumed that antenna that will be mounted on the tower shall not be greater than 3.3m in diameter and flat reflectors not greater than 3.6M x 2.4M in size. The weight shall not be more than 850 kg or 650 kg in the case of antennae and flat reflectors respectively. Not more than 4 such antennae shall be considered for the design of the towers.

ii) IS-802-1967 - Code of practice for use of structural steel in design of overhead transmission line towers. iii) IS-875-1964 Code of practice for structural safety of buildings. 0.1.2 For the assessment of wind loads on antenna, reference was made to the American, Canadian, Japanese and Australian standards. The American practice was followed. 0.2 ISI have since circulated a draft code of practice for use of steel in microwave antenna towers/masts Part-I Loads and permissible stresses. Comparison with the design criteria adopted on the Indian Railways revealed that there were departures in some aspects as indicated below: i) The method of assessment of the wind forces on the structure is based on the concept of force coefficient as evolved from wind tunnel tests on structures in foreign countries. This is outlined particularly in the

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1.0

SCOPE:

xi) xii)

1.1 The design criteria stipulates the various design considerations to be adopted in the design of self-supporting microwave antenna towers. This deals with materials, loads, combinations of loads, permissible stresses and design considerations. 1.2 Details regarding fabrication, erection, inspection and testing of such towers are intended to be covered separately. 1.3 While formulating this design criteria, it has been assumed that the tower consists of flat sided members and the structural connections are through bolts only. NOTE: The local and provincial building byelaws, fire and safety laws and the civil aviation regulations pertaining to such structures may be kept in view while designing such towers. 1.4 Any revision or addition or deletion of the provisions of this code shall be issued only through the correction slip to this code. No cognizance shall be given to any policy directives issued through other means. 2.0 MATERIALS: 2.1 Materials shall be in accordance with the following specifications: i) IS: 226-1975 Structural steel (Mild steel) ii) IS: 961-1975 Structural steel (High Tensile) iii) IS:1148-1964 Rivet, Bars for structural purposes. iv) IS:1367-1967 Technical supply conditions for threaded fasteners. v) IS:3063-1965 Spring washers. vi) IS:3502-1966 Sp. For steel chequered plates. vii) IS:3757-1966 High tensile friction grip bolts. viii) IS:4000-1967 Code of Practice for assembly of structural joints using High Tensile Friction Grip Fasteners. ix) IS:6639-1972 Hexagonal Bolts & Nuts of M.S (12 to 39 mm dia) x) IS:6649-1972 High Tensile friction grip washers.

IS:8500-1977 Weldable structural steel (Medium and High strength quality) Electrodes of approved quality as per report of the M&C Directorate of RDSO issued from time to time. LOADS: Dead Load:

3.0 3.1

The Dead Load (DL) shall include the self weight of the tower, ladder, cage, platforms, wave guides and their fixtures, lightening arrestors, electric light installations and antennae/reflectors, radomes with their fixtures. Snow load (where applicable) shall be considered. 3.1.1 Weight of each antenna including fixtures shall be assumed to be 850 Kg. unless otherwise specified. This load shall be applied at a point 1 m away from the face of the tower at a height depending upon the load case considered. 3.2 Live Load No Live Load (LL) shall be considered in design of the tower to act in conjunction with wind load. For the design of individual members such as platforms, an EUDL of 200 kg/m2 and on the railings a horizontal load of 75 kg/m acting inward or outward may be considered. In addition, the individual parts of the platform should be checked for a moving load of 300 kg at the most unfavourable place. 3.3 Wind loads: 3.3.1 The wind load on any panel shall be calculated as follows and shall be assumed as acting horizontally: W = Cf P Ae where Cf = over-all force co-efficient and depends on the solidity ratio (Table I). P = Dynamic wind pressure to be obtained from Table II depending upon the height of the top of the panel above the mean retarding surface. The Mean retarding surface is the imaginary datum level above which the height is measured for the purpose of computing the wind pressure at a point. On plain ground, the mean retarding surface coincides with the base of the tower.

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Annexure A may be seen regarding the mean retarding surface for towers located on hill or escarpment. Ae = Effective projected area which is obtained as a sum of the projected areas of all members on one face of the tower. Forces on each panel computed as above should be distributed equally amongst all 8 nodes in X-braced panels and amongst all 12 nodes in K-braced panels. These are shown in fig. 1(a) and 1(b).

Note: i) For intermediate values of solidity ratio the force coefficient Cf may be obtained by interpolation. ii) The solidity ratio is equal to the effective area of the tower frame normal to the wind direction divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the wind direction. 3.3.3 Wind load on the antenna shall be calculated as follows:For standard Parabolic antenna WLA = 400CfA P. A WLS = 400CfS P.A For shielded parabolic antenna WLA = 400 CfA P.A WLS = 400 CfS P.A

Fig.1(a) Typical X-Braced panel

CfA, CfS = Constants as given in the Table III. WLA = Axial force (in kg) WLS = Side force (in kg) P = Wind pressure (in kg/m2) = Angle between the wind direction and normal to antenna. A = Projected area of standard parabolic antenna in the direction normal to antenna. A = Projected area of shielded parabolic antenna in the direction normal to antenna. 3.3.4 In case of towers of special shape Cf should be determined by wind tunnel tests. 3.3.5 Dynamic pressure of wind, P: On the basis of measured maximum wind velocities for different parts of the country including winds of short duration as in sqall, the country has been divided into three zones of low, medium and heavy wind pressures. The map of India showing areas covered by different wind zones is given in Fig.1 of IS: 802(pt.I) 1973 or fig. 1A of IS: 875-1964. 3.3.6 The dynamic wind pressure P shall be decided by the appropriate authority having regard to local meteorological data. In the absence of any authentic meteorological data the map appended as fig.1A in IS:875-1964 may be referred to determine whether the station is located in an area of high or medium or low wind pressure area and the dynamic wind pressure shall be assumed as given in Table II. This will apply for towers up to height of 150m only.

Fig.1(b) Typical K-Braced panel 3.3.2 Overall force coefficient Cf for four legged and three legged lattice towers in relation to the solidity ratio shall be assumed as given in Table I. TABLE-I Over-all force Co-efficient Cf for towers Solidity Ratio Upto 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Force Co-efficient Cf for Square Equilateral towers triangular towers 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.5

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TABLE II : BASIC WIND PRESSURE : P

Zone (as given in fig.1A of IS: 875) Green Yellow Orange Upto a height of 30 metres above the mean retarding 35 surface 80 120 160 83.2 124.8 166.4 Pressure in kg/m2 at height (in metres) of

Intensity of pressure

40 84.0 126.4 168.0

45 86.4 130.4 173.6

50 88.8 133.6 177.6

60 92.0 137.6 184.0

70 94.4 141.6 188.8

80 97.6 146.4 195.2

100 101.6 152.8 203.2

120 105.6 158.4 211.2

150 110.4 165.6 220.8

Low Medium Heavy

Standard parabolic antenna

TABLE III

Shielded parabolic antenna

Standard parabolic antenna CfA CfS 0.00400 0.00000 0.00400 0.00000 0.00400 0.00000 0.00400 0.00000 0.00414 0.00014 0.00428 0.00050 0.00428 0.00085 0.00350 0.00120 0.00175 0.00110 0.00000 0.00100

Shielded parabolic antenna CfA 0.00320 0.00320 0.00320 0.00320 0.00320 0.00320 0.00295 0.00235 0.00190 0.00095 0.00000 CfS 0.00000 0.00015 0.00030 0.00045 0.00060 0.00075 0.00090 0.00105 0.00120 0.00135

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

maximum load occurs when wind blows on to a corner. It may be taken as 1.2 times the load for the face on wind. For triangular lattice towers, the wind load may be assumed as constant for any inclination of wind to face. 3.3.8 Unless otherwise specified, for purposes of design of towers, the dia of antenna shall be assumed to be 3.3 m and depth/dia ratio as 0.2. Alternatively, flat reflectors of size 3.6m x 2.4m and 0.15 m thick weighing 650 kg and placed at 450 to the horizontal shall be considered. Number and position of antennae: Unless otherwise specified, microwave towers shall be designed to carry three antennae, two mounted at the top and the third placed at a lower height at one of the levels of intersection of diagonal members. The antenna at the top shall face opposite directions along the directions of the wind. For the third antenna, two cases shall be 3.3.9

58.5 0.00440 -

3.3.7 Wind loads calculated as indicated in para 3.3.6 above shall be assumed as acting horizontally. For square lattice towers,

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considered, one facing the windward direction, and the other perpendicular to it. In case where four antennae are to be considered, two antennae shall be considered at the top facing opposite directions along the wind direction. The other two antennae shall be erected at lower levels as indicated above. However, not more than three antennae shall be placed along the direction of wind. 3.3.10 Where two antennae are attached to a structure at the same level and are aligned in the direction of wind so that one may shield the other, the total wind load on the antenna so aligned shall be considered equal to 1.5 times the wind load for one antenna. 3.3.11 The wind load in ladders, power conductors or conduits, wave guides, service struts or those members occurring in only one face of the structure, shall be obtained by considering the unit basic wind pressure with a force coefficient of 2.5 as acting normal to one time, the exposed projected area, including the specified ice covering, if any, of such attachments. Seismic loads: Seismic loads (EL) shall not be considered for the design of microwave towers. 4.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS: 4.1 For design of leg members, wind shall be assumed to act parallel to a diagonal direction. The diagonal wind load case. (Fig.2a) 4.2 For design of diagonal members and main horizontals, plan bracing in K type panels, wind force shall be assumed to be acting parallel to one side of the tower the normal wind case (Fig.2b). 4.3 To compute the max. twist of the tower one antenna shall be mounted facing direction perpendicular to wind (Fig.2c). The force in diagonals shall be computed for this load case also. 5.0 CALCULATION OF STRESSES: 5.1 To compute forces in members, the towers may be assumed to be a space truss or frame. Bracing members provided primarily for improving the stiffness of members shall be considered for computation of loads but may be ignored in such analysis. Fig. 2(c) Twisting wind load case. 5.2 Bracing members shall be designed to provide adequate lateral restraint to compression members. Forces in bracing members shall be computed by assuming that at each point of restraint in a braced compression member, a minimum resistance of 2% of the force in compression member is provided in at least two mutually perpendicular directions normal to the axis of compression member. 3.4 Fig. 2(b) Normal wind load case

Fig . 2(a) Diagonal wind load case

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6.0

FACTOR OF SAFETY;

6.1 For the design of foundations a minimum factor of safety of 2.0 shall be reckoned against lifting, tipping and sliding of the structure as a whole. 6.2 A minimum factor of safety of 2.0 shall be assumed in the design of all load bearing members in tension, and compression. Factor of safety of 1.7 shall be adopted for design of joints and splices provided with HSFG bolts and 2.0 for those provided with bolts of class 4.6 and 6.6. 7.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES: 7.1 The permissible stresses for design of tower shall generally be in accordance with IS:800-1962 except as indicated in paras below:7.2 Permissible tensile stresses shall be computed based on the yield stress specified for type of steel used and the factor of safety in para 6.0. For mild steel, permissible stress shall be 13kg/mm2 and for HTS conforming to IS: 961-1975, 18 kg/mm2. 7.3 Axial stresses in compression. 7.3.1 The estimated compressive stresses in various members multiplied by the appropriate factor of safety shall not exceed the value given by the formulae given in 7.3.2. 7.3.2 The permissible stresses on the gross section of the axially loaded compression member shall be: a) b)

KL/r = largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment of the member. These formulae are applicable provided the largest width-thickness ratio b/t is not more than the limiting value given by

(b / t ) lim = 662.5 / F y
where, b = distance from edge of fillet to the extreme fibre, and t = thickness of material 7.3.2.1 For steel conforming to IS:226-1975 the formulae given in 7.3.2 will reduce to the following provided the width-thickness ratio does not exceed 13. a)

b)

( KL / r ) 2 where,KL/r 120 12 20000000 Fa = where, KL/r >120 ( KL / r ) 2 Fa = 2600

7.3.3 Where the width-thickness ratio exceeds (b/t)lim formulae given in 7.3.2 shall be used substituting FY the value Fcr given by a)

Fcr = [1.8

0.8(b / t ) ].F y (b / t ) lim

where, (b / t ) lim < (b / t ) < 1000 / F y b)

Fcr =

590000 (b / t ) 2

where, (b / t ) > 1000 / F y 7.3.3.1 For steel conforming to IS:226-1975 the formulae given in 7.3.3 will reduce to the following: a)

Fa = F y .[1

( KL / r ) 2 ] where, KL/r Cc 2C c2 20000000 Fa = where, KL/r > Cc ( KL / r ) 2

Fcr = 4680 160(b / t )

where, 13 < b/t < 20

in which,

C c = . (2 E / F y )

Where Fa = permissible stress in compression (Kg./sq.cm) Fy = guaranteed yield strength of material (kg./sq.cm) K = fixity factor L = Length of the compression member (see Annexure B) E = Modulus of elasticity of steel 2047000 kgf/cm2 and

b) 7.4

Fcr =
Bolts

590000 where, b/t >20 (b / t ) 2

7.4.1 Bolts: HSFG bolts, nuts and washers of class 8.8 shall be provided in all connections involving primary structural members. For this purpose leg members and diagonals, as well as horizontals through the intersections of main diagonals in K-braced panels and plan bracings shall be considered as primary structural members. Strength of joints provided

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with HSFG bolts shall be computed based on provisions in IS:4000. For galvanized surfaces the slip factor shall be assumed to be 0.08. 7.4.2 Black bolts of class 4.6 or 6.6 in secondary members such as bracings may be used depending upon the steel used in such members. 7.4.3 Where black bolts are provided, holes shall be deducted while computing the effective sectional area in compression and tension members. Where HSFG bolts are provided the gross sectional area shall be assumed for design of compression members. 7.4.4 Permissible stresses in black bolts of class 4.6 and 6.6 based on factor of safety of 2.0 shall not exceed the values in Table 4 below: Table 4: Permissible Stress in Black Bolts provided in bearing type joints kg/mm2. Black bolts of Class Description Tensile Axial stress on net area of bolts (i) less than 20 mm (0.277 fy) (ii) 20 mm to 38 mm (0.336 fy) (iii) More than 38 mm (0.445 fy) Shear stress on gross area of bolt (0.31 fy) Bearing stresses on gross dia of bolt (0.73 fy) 8.0 4.6 fy = 24 6.6 fy = 36

in different planes. While computing slenderness ratio for angle members ryy shall be used when the member is restrained in two lateral directions and rxx when the member is restrained in x-x plane only Type of Members a) Leg sections or joint members bolted at connections in both faces (curves 1 and 4 of Fig.3) b) Members with concentric loading at both ends of the unsupported panel with value of L/r up to and including 120 (curve 1 of Fig.3). c) Member with concentric loading at one end and normal eccentricities at the other end of the unsupported panel with values of L/r up to and including 120 (curve 2 of Fig.3). Value of KL/r L/r

L/r

( 30+ 0.75L/r )

6.65 8.06 10.68 7.44 17.52

9.97 12.10 16.02 11.16 26.28

d) Members with normal framing eccentricities at both ends of the unsupported panel for values of L/r up to and including 120 (curve 3 of Fig.3). e) Members unrestrained against rotation at both ends of the un-supported panel for values of L/r from 120 to 200 (curve 4 of Fig.3) f) Members partially restrained against rotation at one end of the unsupported panel for values of L/r over 120 up to and including 225 (curve 5 of Fig.3).

( 60+ 0.50L/r )

L/r

( 28.6+ 0.762L/r)

SLENDERNESS RATIO:

8.1 Effective length of a compression member shall be computed as the distance between the points at which it is adequately restrained in the lateral direction. For this purpose the restraint shall be considered as adequate if the bracing members are designed in accordance with para 5.2 above. Where such restraint is in one plane only, different effective lengths shall be computed for stability

g) Members partially restrained (46.2+ against rotation at both ends 0.615 L/r) of the unsupported panel for value of L/r over 100 up to and including 250 (curve 6 of Fig.3).

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Fig. 3 : UNIT STRESSES IN COMPRESSION FOR DIFFERENT L/r RATIOS 8.1.1 A single bolt connection shall not be considered as offering restraint against rotation. A multiple-bolt connection properly detailed to minimize eccentricities shall be considered to offer partial restraint if connection is to a member having adequate flexural strength to resist rotation of the joint. Points of intermediate support shall not be considered as offering restraints to rotation unless they meet the criteria outlined above. 8.1.2 Where prior test experience has demonstrated that specific connections provide greater restraint than assumed above, the values, specified in 8.1 may be modified accordingly. In the design of members, the length L shall be the distance between intersection at either end of the member. Example showing the application of the procedure contained in 8.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 and methods of KL/r determine the slenderness ratios of leg and bracing members are given in Annexure B. 8.2 8.2.1 Maximum slenderness ratio: Compression members:

The ratio l/r shall not exceed the following values: L/r a) For main members such as legs of 150 towers and antenna fixtures. b) For other members having 200 calculated stresses c) For members having nominal 250 stresses Note: The minimum number of bolts for members (a) and (b) above shall be two. 8.2.2 Tension members:

The slenderness ratio of members carrying axial tension only shall not exceed 375. 9.0 MINIMUM THICKNESS: 9.1 Minimum thickness of angle members shall be as follows: Primary load bearing members such as legs, diagonals (and horizontals in K-braced panels)

6 mm

Secondary members such as bracings 5 mm

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10.0

NET EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLE SECTIONS IN TENSION:

12.0

CONNECTIONS:

10.1 In the case of single angles in tension connected by one leg only, the net effective section of the angle shall be taken as (A+ B.k), where, A = net sectional area of the connected leg. B = area of the outstanding leg = (1-t)t l = length of the outstanding leg. t = thickness of the leg and k = 1/[1+0.35(B/A)] 10.2 In the case of pair of angles back to back in tension connected by only one leg of each angle to the same side of the gusset, the net effective area shall be taken as A + B.k, where, A = net sectional area of the connected leg B = area of the outstanding, and k = 1/[1+0.2(B/A)] 10.2.1 The angles shall be connected together along their length in accordance with the requirements of 28.4 and 29.2 of IS 800-1962. 11.0 BOLTING:

12.1 The angle between any two members common to a joint of a trussed frame shall preferably be greater than 200 and never less than 150 , due to uncertainty of the amounts of stress distribution between two closely spaced members. 12.2 Stresses in welds: Permissible stresses in welds shall be in accordance with clause 7 of IS:816-1969 Code of Practice for use of metal arc welding for general constructions in mild steel. 13.0 PERMISSIBLE DEFORMATIONS OF THE TOWER

13.1 Permissible deformations of the tower at the top as calculated shall not exceed 80 of arc in the vertical plane and 60 of arc in the horizontal plane, exclusive of the differential settlement of the foundation assumed as 1/1000. 14.0 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS

11.1 The minimum diameter of bolts used in connections shall be 12 mm, provided that at least two bolts of 12 mm dia shall be used in primary structural members. 11.2 In case of black bolts, if the threaded portion of the bolt lies in the shearing plane, the net area of the bolt shall be used for assessing its strength. In case of HSFG bolts the gross area may be used. 11.3 Pitch of bolts: The minimum distance between the centers of bolt holes shall not be less than 2.5 times the diameter of bolt hole. For this purpose the diameter of bolt hole shall be assumed to be 1 mm more than the dia. of bolt. For edge distances and other dimensions provisions of para 28 of IS:800-1962 may be used. 11.4 The bolt area for bearing shall be taken as d x t where d=diameter of bolt, and t = thickness of the thinner of the parts jointed. 11.5 The net area of a bolt in tension shall be taken as the area of the root of the thread.

14.1 The design and construction of concrete open foundation including fixing of anchor bolts, etc. shall be in accordance with IS:4091-1967 Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Foundations for transmission line towers and poles 14.2 The size of foundation shall be based upon the necessary site investigations for permissible bearing capacity of the soil. While working against the uplift, a factor of safety of two shall be assumed for which the soil above the foundation may be taken and should be ensured throughout the service. For efficient functioning of the microwave communication, no relative settlement of the foundation is considered desirable. However, due to soil characteristics under the isolated footing and due to transference of different loads at each isolated footing, there is possibility of relative settlement. The angular distortion due to calculated relative settlement shall be within 1/1000.

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ANNEXURE A THE EFFECT OF A CLIFF OR ESCARPMENT ON THE HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND H.

Z1 is the general level of the ground at the foot of the escarpment. Z2 is the general level of the top of the escarpment. The difference of level Z2 Z1 = z. (1) The average slope tan of the escarpment is 0.3. The artificial base Zc is that of the ground immediately around the building. The artificial base from which H is measured is Zc. is the inclination of the mean slope of the cliff to the horizontal. Three cases are considered as shown in fig.4, 5 and 6.

(2) 0.3 < tan < 2 The following points serve for reference: A B is the point of inter -section of the level Z1 and the mean slope of the escarpment. is the point of intersection of the level Z2 and the mean slope of the escarpment. BC = z, CD = 3z. ZC = Z1 ;

C is such that D is such that

Zc is then taken such that : In front of A, From B to C, ZC - - - - Zc ZC = Z2 ;

Zc = Z1 +[( 2-tan )/1.7] z ; Beyond D, Between A and B and between C and D, ZC is obtained by linear interpolation. (3) tan 2 A, B, C and D are as defined in case (2) In front of A, From A to C, Beyond D, Zc Zc Zc = Z1 = Z1 = Z2.

Between C and D, Zc is obtained by linear interpolation.

Note: This method of defining the effective height of a building is taken from the French code of practice Regles N.V.65.

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ANNEXURE - B (Clause 8.1.2) EXAMPLES OF DETERMINATION OF SLENDERNESS RATIOS B-0. Example of determining the effective length of compression members of towers based on the provision given in 8 are given below: B-1 LEG MEMBER USING SYMMETRICAL BRACING . Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Concentric loading Slenderness Ratio L/rvv from 0 to 120 (curve 1 fig.3)

No restraint at ends

L/rvv from 120 to 150 (curve 4 in fig.3)

B-2

LEG MEMBER USING STAGGERED BRACING. Method of loading / Rigidity of joints L/rxx or L/ryyor 0.50 L/rvv From 0 to 120 (Curve 1 in fig.3) Slenderness Ratio

Concentric loading

No restraint at ends

L/rxx or L/ryy or 0.5 L/rvv From 120 to 150 (curve 4 in fig.3)

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B-3

EFFECT OF END CONNECTIONS ON MEMBER CAPACITY:

Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Tension system with Compression strut (eccentricity in critical axis)

Slenderness Ratio

L/rvv from 0 to 120 (Curve 3 in Fig.3).

Bracing requirements (single angle members) Single bolt conne- ction; no restraint at ends.

Slenderness Ratio L/rvv from 120 to 200 (Curve 4 In Fig.3).

Multiple bolt connection L/rvv from 120 to 250 partial restraint both ends (Curve 6 in Fig.3). (See 8.1.1).

B-4

CONCENTRIC LOADING TWO ANGLE MEMBER: Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Tension system strut, Compression strut, concentric loading Slenderness Ratio L/rxx or L/ryy from 0 to 120 (Curve 1 in Fig.3).

Bracing requirements (two angle members) Single bolt connection; no restraint at ends. L/rxx or L/ryy from 120 to 200 (Curve 4 in Fig.3).

Multiple bolt connection; L/rxx or L/ryy from 120 partial restraint both ends to 250 (Curve 6 in (See 8.1.1). Fig.3).

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B-5

K- BRACING TWO ANGLE MEMBERS: Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Tension-compression system with compression strut, Multiple bolt connection partial restraint at ends and intermediate (see 8.1.1) 0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 120 to 250 (Curve 6 in Fig.3). Slenderness Ratio

Bracing requirements (two angle member) Concentric load at ends, concentric loading at intermediate in both directions

0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 0 to 120 (Curve 2 in Fig.3).

Concentric loading at 0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 0 ends and at intermediate. to 120 (Curve 1 in Fig.3).

B-6

L/r DETERMINATION DIAGONAL BRACING: Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Tension-compression system (member carrying equal and opposite stresses) Eccentricity in critical axis. 0.5L/rvv or 0.75 L*/rxx from 0 to 120 (Curve 2 in Fig.3). 0.5L/rvv or 0.75 L*/rxx from 120 to 200 (Curve 4 in Fig.3). Slenderness Ratio

Single bolt connection, no restraint at ends.

Multiple bolt connection and concentric loading

Other curves as stated in these examples may be used.

* Partial support from tension member

VIIB-13

B-7

EFFECT OF SUBDIVIDED PANELS AND END CONNECTIONS ON MEMBER CAPACITY:

Method of loading / Rigidity of joints Tension system with compression strut Eccentricity in critical axis.

Slenderness Ratio

0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 0 to 120 (Curve 3 in Fig.3).

Bracing requirements Single bolt connection, no restraint at ends for intermediate.

0.5L/rvv or L/rxx from 120 to 200 (Curve 4 in Fig.3).

Multiple bolt connection at ends, single bolt connection at intermediate point; Partial restraint at end, no restraint at intermediate Partial restraint at both ends

0.5L/rvv from 120 to 225 (Curve 5 in Fig.4).

L/rxx from 120 to 250 (Curve 6 in Fig.3).

Multiple bolt connection. Partial restraint at ends and intermediate 0.5L/rvv or L/rxx from 120 to 250 (Curve 6 in Fig.3).

VIIB-14

B-8.

CONCENTRIC LOADING TWO ANGLE MEMBERS, SUBDIVIDED PANELS.

Method of loading / Rigidity of panel Tension system with compression strut Concentric loading

Slenderness Ratio

0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 0 to 120 (Curve 1 in Fig.3).

Bracing requirements Single bolt connection, no restraint at ends and intermediate. 0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 120 to 200 (Curve 4 in Fig.3).

Multiple bolt connection at ends, single bolt connection at intermediate joints; Partial restraint at one 0.5L/ryy from 120 to end, no restraint at inter- 225 (Curve 5 in Fig.3). mediate Partial restraint at both L/rxx from 120 to 250 (Curve 6 in Fig.3). ends

Multiple bolt connection. Partial restraint at ends and intermediate 0.5L/ryy or L/rxx from 120 to 250 (Curve 6 in Fig.3).

VIIB-15