UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Course Name Course Code Academic Year Tutorial Topic Electric Machines and Drives BEE 4123 2011/2012 Electrical Transformers

Semester

II

Review Questions 1. Name the principal parts of a transformer. 2. Explain how a voltage is induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. 3. Name the losses produced by a transformer. 4. What purpose does the no-load current of a transformer have? 5. Explain why the secondary voltage of a practical transformer decreases with increasing resistive load. Problems 1. The primary of a transformer has twice as many turns as the secondary. The primary voltage is 220 V and a 5 load is connected across the secondary. Calculate the power delivered by the transformer as well as the primary and secondary currents. A 66.7 MVA transformer has an efficiency of 99.3 percent when it delivers full power to a load having a power factor of unity. Calculate i. the losses in the transformer under these conditions. ii. the losses and efficiency when the transformer delivers 66.7 MVA to a load having a power factor of 0.8. Three single-phase transformers rated at 350 kVA, 7200V/600 V, 60 Hz, are connected in wye-delta on a 12470 V, 3-phase line. If the load is 450 kVA, calculate the following currents: i. in the incoming and outgoing transmission lines ii. in the primary and secondary windings [Ans. .(i) 20.8 A, 433 A; (ii) 20.8 A, 250 A] A 20-kVA, 8-kV/277-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and reactances: Rp = 32 ; Rs = 0.05 Xp = 45 ; Xs = 0.06 Rm = 0.225 ; Xm = 30 k

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3.

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The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of the transformer. i. Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the high-voltage side. ii. Find the per-uniit equivalent circuit of this transformer. iii. Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277 V and 0.8 p.f. lagging. What is the transformers input voltage? What is its regulation? iv. What is the transformers efficiency under the conditions of part ((iii)? 5. The following information is given for the transformer equivalent circuit shown in the figure below.
Rp = 18 Xp = j40 Rs = 0.005 Xs =j0.01

Ep = 14.4 kV

Es = 240 kV

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) 6.

If the transformer has a nominal rating of 75 kVA, calculate the following: the transformer impedance referred to the primary the percent impedance of the transformer the impedance [] referred to the secondary the percent impedance referred to the secondary side the percent resistance and percent reactance of the transformer. During a short-circuit test on a 10 MVA, 66 kV/7.2 kV transformer, the following results were obtained: VSC = 2640 V ISC = 72 V PSC = 9.85 kW Calculate the following: (i) the total resistance and total leakage reactance referred to the 66 kV primary side (ii) the nominal impedance of the transformer referred to the primary side (iii) the percent impedance of the transformer

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A 20 kVA, 20-kV/480-V, 60 Hz, distribution transformer is tested with the following results: Open-circuit test VOC = 480 V IOC = 1.51 A POC = 271 W Short-circuit test VSC = 1130 V ISC = 1.00 A PSC = 260 W

(i) (ii)

Find the per-unit equivalent circuit for this transformer at 60 Hz. What would the rating of the transformer be if it were operated on a 50-Hz power system. (iii) Sketch the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the primary side if it is operating at 50 Hz.. 8. Three 25-kVA, 24-kV/227-V distribution transformers are connected in Y . The open-circuit test was performed on the LV side of this transformer bank, and the following data were recorded: VOC = 480 V ; IOC = 4.10 A; POC = 945 W

The short-circuit test was performed on the HV side of this transformer bank, and the following data were recorded: VSC = 1400 V; (i) (ii) ISC = 1.80 A; PSC = 912 W

Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer bank. Find the voltage regulation of this transformer bank at the rated load and 0.9 p.f. lagging. (iii) What is the transformer banks efficiency under these conditions. 9. A single-phase 10-kVA, 480V/120V transformer is to be used as an autotransformer tying a 660-V distribution line to a 480-V load. When it is tested as a conventional transformer, the following values are measured on the primary (480V) side of the transformer: Open-circuit test VOC = 480 V IOC = 0.41 A POC = 38 W Short-circuit test VSC = 10.0 V ISC = 10.6 A PSC = 26 W

(i)

(ii) (iii) 10.

Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer when it is connected in the conventional manner. What is the efficiency of the transformer at rated conditions and unity power factor? What is the voltage regulation at those conditions? Sketch the transformer connections when it is used as a 600/480-V step-down autotransformer. What is the kVA rating of this transformer when it is used in the autotransformer connection.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) 11. (i) (ii) (iii)

Three single-phase transformers are connected in delta-delta to step down a line voltage of 138 kV to 4160 V to supply power to a manufacturing plant. The plant draws 21 MW at a lagging power factor of 0.86. Calculate the apparent power drawn by the plant the apparent power furnished by the HV line the current in the HV lines the current in the LV lines the currents in the primary and secondary windings of each transformer The load carried by each transformer. Three single-phase step-up transformers rated at 40 MVA, 13.2 kV/80 kV are connected in delta-wye on a transmission line. If they feed a 90 MVA load, calculate the following: the secondary line voltage the currents in the transformer windings the incoming and outgoing transmission line currents