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A CI Engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. An SI engine uses volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene. Gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke.
A CI Engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. An SI engine uses volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene. Gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke.
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A CI Engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. An SI engine uses volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene. Gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Lecture-3 2 Background 3 Classifications 1. Engine Cycle Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions of the crankshaft Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes of the Piston movements over 1 revolution of the crankshaft 4 Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke (converted to gaseous fuel outside the engine in a gas producer) Using viscous fuels like diesel Using dual fuel methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) CI Engine gasoline + alcohol (gasohol) Classifications Contd. 2. Fuel Used 5 Fuel Used - at a Glance Gasoline Diesel Gas, Natural gas, Methane Liquid Petroleum Gas Alcohol, Methanol Hydrogen Dual Fuel 6 Classifications Contd. 3. Method of Ignition Spark Ignition: An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. In early engine development, before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms of torch of torch holes were used to initiate combustion form an external flame. Compression Ignition: The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high compression. 7 Classifications Contd. 4. Position & Number of Cylinders Single Cylinder Inline Cylinders V Engine Opposed Cylinder Engine W Engine Opposed Piston Engine Radial Engine 8 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 9 Single cylinder: Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft. In-Line: Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other along the length of the crankshaft. Number of cylinders may vary from 2 to 11 or even more. In- line four-cylinder engines are very common for automobiles. In-line engines are also referred to as straight such as straight six or straight eight. Cylinder Arrangement 10 V Engine: Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft. The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within 60-90. V engines have even numbers of cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8 are the common engines with six and eight cylinders respectively. 11 Opposed Cylinder Engine: Two banks of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These are mostly used in small aircraft and some automobiles with an even number of cylinders from two to eight or more. These engines are also called flat engines such as flat four. 12 W Engine: Similar to that of V engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some racing cars. Opposed Piston Engine: Two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber located centrally between the pistons. A single- combustion process causes two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being pushed away from the center and delivering power to a separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder Engine output is either on two rotating crankshafts or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex mechanic linkage. 13 Radial Engine: Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more. Many medium-and large- size propeller-driven aircraft use radial engines. For large aircraft, two or more banks of cylinders are mounted together, one behind the other on a single crankshaft, making a powerful and smooth engine. 14 Cylinder Arrangement 15 16 Single Cylinder Engine Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution (360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two revolutions for 4 stroke. The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are significant problems. Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important 180 CA 0 CA (TC) 720 CA (TC) 540 CA 360 CA (TC) 180 CA 4-stroke 2-stroke 17 Multi-cylinder Engines Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume amongst multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power strokes produces smoother torque characteristics. Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6: Engine balance (inertia forces associated with accelerating and decelerating piston) better for in-line versus V configuration. 18 V-6 Engine Air intake manifold Inlet runner 19 Classifications Contd. 5. Valve Locations Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I-head engine. Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head engine. Some historic engines with valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T-head engines. One valve in head (usually intake) and one in block, also called F-head engine. 20 (a) (b) (c) (d) 21 Classifications Contd. 6. Air Intake process Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure boost system. Supercharged: Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven off the engine crankshaft. Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine exhaust gases Crankcase Compressed: Two-stroke cycle engine that uses the crankcase as the intake air compressor. 22 Air Intake Aftercooler Turbine Compressor Air Intake Exhaust 23 Where the turbocharger is located in the car Where the turbocharger is located in the car 24 How a turbocharger is plumbed (including the charge air cooler) 25 Roots Blower Vane Compressor Screw Compressor Axial compressor Radial compressor 26 Classifications Contd. 7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines Carbureted Multi Point Fuel Injection - One or more injectors at each cylinder intake. Throttle Body Fuel Injection - Injectors upstream in intake manifold. 27 Fuel Float Vent Float Chamber Throttle Fuel discharge nozzle Fuel metering jet lip, h Choke Air Inlet Valve Fuel from supply Carbureted System 28 Multi Point Fuel Injection System Throttle Body Injection System 29 Classifications Contd. 8. Combustion Chamber Design Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-piston) Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers) 30 31 Classifications Contd. 9. Type of Cooling Air Cooled Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled Radiator Cylinder Piston 32 The cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and water pump. Water circulates through passages around the cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off. 33 Classifications Contd. 10. Applications Car, buses, two-wheelers, trucks Locomotives Stationary Marine Light Aircraft Portable Power Systems Lawnmowers 34 35 J. J. Crouse WH, Crouse WH, and and Anglin DL Anglin DL, ,1985,, .vtovotire vgive., 1ata McGraw lill. 2. 2. Lastop 1D, Lastop 1D, and and McConkey A, McConkey A, ,1993,, .tiea 1bervoa,vavic. for vgg. 1ecbvotogi.t., Addison \isley. 3. 3. Iergusan CR, Iergusan CR, and and Kirkpatrick A1 Kirkpatrick A1, , ,2001,, vtervat Covbv.tiov vgive., John \iley & Sons. 4. 4. 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