Electrical Circuit Analysis lab

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Experiment No: 2
AIM:

To experimentally verify Kirchhoffs Law (KVL and KCL)

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl.No Apparatus 1 2 3 Multimeter Power Supply Bread Board Specifications Digital DC regulated -quantity 1 1 1

COMPONENT REQUIRED: Sl.No 1 2 Apparatus Resistors Resistors Specifications 1 K 4.7 K quantity 2 1

THEORY: There are two Kirchhoff Laws: (a) Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL); and (b) Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL). E 2.1 KVL states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages encountered as one goes around a complete loop is zero. The word algebraic implies that the polarity of each of the voltages is duly taken into account. The application of KVL is illustrated using the simple circuit given in Fig. E2.1 where the existence of three loops is readily identified so that one can write down the three equations given in Eq. (E2.1).

Fig. E2.1. A simple circuit for illustrating KVL and KCL Lab Code : 07B11EC701 1 Dept of ECE

Electrical Circuit Analysis lab V1- R 1I 1 R2 I 2= 0 R2 I 2 - R3 I 3 = 0 V1- R 1I 1 - R3 I =0 (E2.1a)

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(E2.1b)

(E2.1c)

Although KVL yields three simultaneous equations in three unknowns, only two of the three equations are independent. This you can prove by doing a lit bit of algebra and deriving one of the equations from the other two. When solving simultaneous equations in three unknowns, one needs three independent equations in the three unknowns. E 2.2 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) KCL states that the algebraic sum of all the currents entering (or leaving) a junction or node is zero. This law is simply a statement of the physical requirement that charge cannot simply accumulate at a node point; it simply must keep moving. This is entirely analogous to the hydraulic problem in which a pipe carrying water branches out, say, into two pipes; clearly the total incoming water flow in the first pipe must equal the sum of the outgoing water flows in the other two pipes, i.e., water simply does not accumulate at the junction point. The equation yielded by KCL applied to the top junction of three branches in figure E.2.1. I1 - I 2 I 3 = 0 (E2.2)

Note that since currents are algebraic quantities, one can assign either direction to each of the currents.

OBSERVATION TABLE: For the different values of input voltage V1 , measure the
currents through the resisters and voltage drops across the resisters. Input Voltage Voltage Voltage Current Current Current across across through through through Voltage across R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 V1 (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Amps)

Calculation: Put the values of voltages and currents in equations (E2.1a - E2.1c and E2.2 ) Lab Code : 07B11EC701 2 Dept of ECE

Electrical Circuit Analysis lab Verify that in each loop Vi = 0 And at the node Ii = 0

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Result:

Precaution:

Learning outcomes:

Lab Code : 07B11EC701

3 Dept of ECE